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hydraulics

calculus notes to read

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21 views10 pages

hydraulics

calculus notes to read

Uploaded by

Alien Messi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 6.

2: THE KERNEL AND RANGE OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

When you are done with your homework you should be able to…

 Find the kernel of a linear transformation


 Find a basis for the range, the rank, and the nullity of a linear
transformation
 Determine whether a linear transformation is one-to-one or onto
 Determine whether vector spaces are isomorphic

THE KERNEL OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

We know from Theorem 6.1 that for any linear transformation ______________,

the zero vector in ____ maps to the __________ vector in _____. That is,

_____________. In this section, we will consider whether there are other

vectors ____ such that ______________. The collection of all such

________________ is called the _______________ of _____. Note that the

zero vector is denoted by the symbol_____ in both _____ and _____, even

though these two zero vectors are often different.

DEFINITION OF KERNEL OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation. Then the set of all vectors v in V

that satisfy _______________ is called the ________________ of T and is

denoted by _________________.

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 166


Example 1: Find the kernel of the linear transformation.

a. T : R  R , T  x , y , z    x , 0, z 
3 3

 2 3

b. T : P3  P2 , T a0  a1 x  a 2 x  a3 x  a1  2 a 2 x  3a3 x
2

c.
T : P2  R ,
1
T  p   p  x dx
0

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 167


THEOREM 6.3: THE KERNEL IS A SUBSPACE OF V

The kernel of a linear transformation T : V  W is a subspace of the domain V .

Proof:

THEOREM 6.3: COROLLARY

Let T : R  R be the linear transformation given by T  x   A x . Then the


n m

kernel of T is equal to the solution space of ___________________.

THEOREM 6.4: THE RANGE OF T IS A SUBSPACE OF W

The range of a linear transformation T : V  W is a subspace of W .

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 168


THEOREM 6.4: COROLLARY

Let T : R  R be the linear transformation given by T  x   A x . Then the


n m

Column space of ________ is equal to the ______________ of _____.

Example 2: Let T  v   A v represent the linear transformation T . Find a basis


for the kernel of T and the range of T .

 1 1
A   1 2 
 0 1 

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 169


DEFINITION OF RANK AND NULLITY OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation. The dimension of the kernel of T is

called the ____________________ of T and is denoted by

______________________. The dimension of the range of T is called the

______________ of T and is denoted by ____________________.

THEOREM 6.5: SUM OF RANK AND NULLITY

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation from an n-dimensional vector space V

into a vector space W . Then the ________ of the ______________________

of the _______________ and ______________________ is equal to the

dimension of the ___________________. That is,

Proof:

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 170


Example 3: Define the linear transformation T by T  x   A x . Find ker  T  ,
nullity  T  , range T  , and rank  T  .

3 2 6 1 15 
A   4 3 8 10 14 
 2 3 4 4 20 

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 171


3 3
Example 4: Let T : R  R be a linear transformation. Use the given information
to find the nullity of T and give a geometric description of the kernel and range
of T .

T is the reflection through the yz-coordinate plane:

T  x, y , z     x , y , z 

ONE-TO-ONE AND ONTO LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

If the _______________ vector is the only vector ____ such that

_____________, then ____ is _______________________. A function

_______________ is called one-to-one when the __________________ of

every _____ in the range consists of a _________________ vector. This is

equivalent to saying that ____ is one-to-one if and only if, for all ____ and ____

in _____, ____________________ implies that _______________.

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 172


THEOREM 6.6: ONE-TO-ONE LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation. Then T is one-to-one if and only if

________________________.

Proof:

THEOREM 6.7: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation, where W is finite dimensional. Then T

is onto if and only if the ____________ of T is equal to the

______________________ of W .

Proof:

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 173


THEOREM 6.8: ONE-TO-ONE AND ONTO LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Let T : V  W be a linear transformation with vector spaces V and W ,

___________ of dimension n. Then T is one-to-one if and only if it is ________.

Example 5: Determine whether the linear transformation is one-to-one, onto, or


neither.

T : R 2  R 2 , T  x, y   T  x  y , y  x 

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 174


DEFINITION: ISOMORPHISM

A linear transformation T : V  W that is _______________________ and

____________ is called an _________________________. Moreover, if V

and W are vector spaces such that there exists an isomorphism from V to W ,

then V and W are said to be ________________________ to each other.

THEOREM 6.9: ISOMORPHIC SPACES AND DIMENSION

Two finite dimensional vector spaces V and W are _______________________

if and only if they are of the same ________________________.

Example 6: Determine a relationship among m, n, j, and k such that M m , n is


isomorphic to M j ,k .

CREATED BY SHANNON MARTIN GRACEY 175

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