Akhuwat College

Spring 2023

CC-215L: Database Systems-Lab

Lab-07 Manual

Displaying Data from Multiple Tables- SQL Joins

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Introduction to Lab
This lab introduces students to selecting data from multiple tables. A join is used to view
information from multiple tables. Hence, you can join tables together to view information from
more than one table. Various types and joins are explained and examined with the use of examples.
The main topics of this lab include:

1. Creating Joins with the ON Clause

2. Self-Joins Using the ON Clause
3. Applying Additional Conditions to a Join
4. Creating Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause
5. Non-Equijoins
6. Retrieving Records with Non-Equijoins
7. Outer Joins
8. INNER Versus OUTER Joins
9. LEFT OUTER JOIN
10. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
11. Creating Cross Joins
12. SQL Subqueries
13. Practice SQL Statements

Objectives of this Lab

At the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1. Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using SQL:1999 joins
2. Join a table to itself by using a self-join
3. View data that does not meet the join condition by using outer joins
4. Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or more tables

1. Creating Joins with the ON Clause

Use the ON clause to specify a join condition. This lets you specify join conditions separate from any
search or filter conditions in the WHERE clause.
SELECT e.empno, e.ename, d.deptno, d.loc FROM emp e JOIN dept d ON
(e.deptno = d.deptno);

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In this example, the deptno columns in the emp and dept tables are joined using the ON clause.
Wherever a department ID in the emp table equals a department ID in the dept table, the row is
returned.
You can also use the ON clause to join columns that have different names.

2. Self-Joins Using the ON Clause

Sometimes you need to join a table to itself. To find the name of each employee’s manager, you need
to join the emp table to itself, or perform a self-join. For example, to find the name of Martin’s
manager, you need to:

• Find Martin in the emp table by looking at the ename column.

• Find the manager number for Martin by looking at the mgr column. Martin’s manager number
is 7698.
• Find the name of the manager with empno 7698 by looking at the ename column. Blake’s
employee number is 7698, so Blake is Martin’s manager.
In this process, you look in the table twice. The first time you look in the table to find Martin in the
ename column and mgr value of 7698. The second time you look in the empno column to find 7698
and the ename column to find Blake.

The below example is a self-join of the emp table, based on the empno and mgr columns.
SELECT e.ename "Employee", m.ename "Manager" FROM emp e JOIN emp m ON
(e.mgr = m.empno);

The ON clause can also be used to join columns that have different names, within the same table or
in a different table.

3. Applying Additional Conditions to a Join

You can apply additional conditions to the join.
This example performs a join on the emp and dept tables and, in addition, displays only employees
who have a manager ID of 7698. To add additional conditions to the ON clause, you can add AND
clauses. Alternatively, you can use a WHERE clause to apply additional conditions:
SELECT e.empno, e.ename, e.deptno, d.deptno, d.loc FROM emp e JOIN
dept d ON (e.deptno = d.deptno) WHERE e.mgr = 7698;

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4. Creating Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause

We want to write a query to display employee number, his work location, department name and salary
grade. The information we want to display is spread in three tables. These tables are emp, dept and
salgrade. This calls for a three-way join as shown below. We see the keyword JOIN used twice.

SELECT empno “Employee No”, d.loc “Location”, d.dname “Dept Name”,

s.grade AS "Grade" FROM emp e JOIN dept d ON d.deptno = e.deptno JOIN
salgrade s ON e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;

A three-way join is a join of three tables. In SQL:1999–compliant syntax, joins are performed from
left to right. So, the first join to be performed is emp JOIN dept. The first join condition can
reference columns in emp and dept but cannot reference columns in salgrade. The second join
condition can reference columns from all three tables.

5. Non-Equijoins

A non-equijoin is a join condition containing something other than an equality operator.

The relationship between the emp table and the salgrade table is an example of a non-equijoin. A
relationship between the two tables is that the sal column in the emp table must be between the
values in the losal and hisal columns of the salgrade table. The relationship is obtained using
an operator other than equality (=).

SELECT e.empno "Employee No", e.ename "Employee Name", e.sal "Salary",

s.grade FROM emp e JOIN salgrade s ON e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND
s.hisal;

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6. Retrieving Records with Non-Equijoins

SELECT e.empno "Employee No", e.ename "Employee Name", e.sal "Salary",
s.grade FROM emp e JOIN salgrade s ON e.sal BETWEEN s.losal AND
s.hisal;

The above example creates a non-equijoin to evaluate an employee’s salary grade. The salary must
be between any pair of the low and high salary ranges.
It is important to note that all employees appear exactly once when this query is executed. No
employee is repeated in the list. There are two reasons for this:
 None of the rows in the job grade table contain grades that overlap. That is, the salary value
for an employee can lie only between the low salary and high salary values of one of the
rows in the salary grade table.
 All of the employees’ salaries lie within the limits that are provided by the job grade table.
That is, no employee earns less than the lowest value contained in the losal column or
more than the highest value contained in the hisal column.
Note: Other conditions (such as <= and >=) can be used, but BETWEEN is the simplest. Remember
to specify the low value first and the high value last when using BETWEEN. Table aliases have been
specified in the slide example for performance reasons, not because of possible ambiguity.

7. Outer Joins

If a row does not satisfy a join condition, the row does not appear in the query result. For example,
in the equijoin condition of emp and dept tables, deptno 50 does not appear because there are
no employees with that deptno recorded in the emp table. Instead of seeing 15 employees in the
result set, you see 14 records.

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To return the department record that does not have any employees, you can use an outer join.

8. INNER Versus OUTER Joins

Joining tables with the NATURAL JOIN, USING, or ON clauses results in an inner join.

Any unmatched rows are not displayed in the output. To return the unmatched rows, you can use
an outer join. An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join condition and also returns some or
all of those rows from one table for which no rows from the other table satisfy the join condition.
There are three types of outer joins:

 LEFT OUTER
 RIGHT OUTER
 FULL OUTER

9. LEFT OUTER JOIN

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees
e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
;
This query retrieves all rows in the EMPLOYEES table, which is the left table even if there is no
match in the DEPARTMENTS table.

10. RIGHT OUTER JOIN

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SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees

e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id =
d.department_id) ;
This query retrieves all rows in the dept table, which is the right table even if there is no match in
the emp table.

11. Creating Cross Joins

SELECT ename, dept.dname FROM emp CROSS JOIN dept;
The above example produces a Cartesian product of the emp and dept tables.

12. SQL Subqueries

A Subquery or Inner query or a Nested query is a query within another SQL query and embedded
within the WHERE clause.

A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further
restrict the data to be retrieved.

Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements along with
the operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN, etc.
There are a few rules that subqueries must follow −
 Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.
 A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause, unless multiple columns are in
the main query for the subquery to compare its selected columns.
 An ORDER BY command cannot be used in a subquery, although the main query can use an
ORDER BY. The GROUP BY command can be used to perform the same function as the
ORDER BY in a subquery.
 Subqueries that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value operators
such as the IN operator.
 A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function.
 The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery. However, the BETWEEN operator
can be used within the subquery.

Subqueries with the SELECT Statement

Subqueries are most frequently used with the SELECT statement. The basic syntax is as
follows −
SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
(SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE])

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Example:

Write a query to display the name ( first name and last name ) for those employees who gets more
salary than the employee whose ID is 7499.

SELECT emp.ename FROM emp WHERE sal > (SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE
empno = 7499);

13. Practice SQL Statements

1. Write a query to display the name, department number, and department name for all
employees.
2. Create a unique listing of all jobs that are in department 30.
3. Write a query to display the employee name, department name, location ID, and city of all
employees who earn a commission.
4. Display the employee name and department name for all employees who have an A in their last
names.
5. Write a query to display the name, department number, and department name for all
employees who work in Seattle.

6. Display the employee name and employee number along with their manager’s name and
manager number. Label the columns Employee, Emp#, Manager, and Mgr#, respectively.
7. Modify query # 6 to display all employees including King, who has no manager. Order the
results by the employee number.
8. Create a query that displays employee name, department numbers, and all the employees who
work in the same department as a given employee. Label the columns Department, Employee,
Colleague.
9. Create a query that displays the name, job title for all employees
10. Create a query to display the name, department_name and hire date of all employees
11. Write a query to display the name ( first name and last name ), salary, department id, job id for
those employees who works in the same designation as the employee works whose id is 169

The End

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