Seaborn is a statistical data visualization library built on top of Matplotlib.

It provides a high-level interface for

drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics. Key features include:

• Statistical plots: Seaborn includes built-in themes for visualizing statistical relationships, distributions,
and categorical data.
• Integration with Pandas: Works seamlessly with DataFrames and Series, making it easy to visualize
data from Pandas structures.
• Complex visualizations: Can create complex visualizations with just a few lines of code, such as violin
plots, box plots, and heatmaps.

4. Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in Python. It's
widely used for 2D plotting and supports various plot types, including line, bar, scatter, and histogram plots.
Key features include:

• Figure and axes: Provides objects for the figure (overall plot) and axes (individual plots within the
figure).
• Customization: Extensive capabilities to customize plots, including colors, labels, and legends.
• Interactive plots: Support for interactive plotting, useful in environments like Jupyter notebooks.

Add the dataset path and import the dataset.

The shape attribute of a DataFrame in Pandas returns a tuple representing the dimensions of the DataFrame. It provides
the number of rows and columns in the DataFrame. And The columns attribute of a Pandas DataFrame returns an Index
object containing the column labels of the DataFrame.

The describe() method in Pandas provides a summary of the statistics pertaining to the DataFrame's numerical
columns. It returns a DataFrame that includes statistics such as the count, mean, standard deviation, minimum, 25th
percentile (Q1), median (50th percentile or Q2), 75th percentile (Q3), and maximum.
Matplotlib Configuration:

o plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"] = (10, 5): Sets the default figure size to 10 inches by 5

inches.
o plt.rcParams["xtick.labelsize"] = 7: Sets the default font size for x-axis tick labels to 7.
o plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 300: Sets the dots per inch (DPI) for the figure, improving
the resolution of the plot.
o plt.rcParams['savefig.dpi'] = 300: Sets the DPI for saved figures, ensuring high-
resolution output.

The line matplotlib.rcParams.update(matplotlib.rcParamsDefault) resets the Matplotlib

configuration to the default settings, which might override the previous customizations.

Plotting Missing Values:

o plot_missing_values(null_columns): This function takes a dictionary null_columns where

the keys are column names and the values are the count of missing values in those columns. It
then creates a bar plot with this data.
o The plot is customized with labels, rotated x-tick labels, and a title. The bar labels show the
count of missing values above each bar.

Calculating Missing Values:

o null_sum = dict(df.isna().sum()[df.isna().sum()>0]): This line calculates the number

of missing values in each column of the DataFrame df and filters out columns with no missing
values, storing the result in the dictionary null_sum.

Running the Function

The function plot_missing_values(null_sum) will visualize the missing values in the DataFrame df.
However, if df has no missing values, the plot will be empty. Make sure that the plots_path variable is
defined and points to a valid directory where the plot can be saved.
The function replace_mean(x) fills missing values in a Pandas Series or DataFrame column with the mean of
that column, but only if the column's data type is not object (i.e., non-numeric). If the column is of type
object (usually representing categorical data), the function leaves it unchanged.
The provided code snippet creates a new DataFrame, df_permission, by concatenating two subsets of the
new_df DataFrame:

1. The first subset includes the 'App' column.

2. The second subset includes all columns from the 11th column onwards ( iloc[:, 10:]).

Here's a breakdown of the code:

• new_df['App']: Selects the 'App' column from new_df.

• new_df.iloc[:, 10:]: Selects all columns from the 11th column onwards (0-indexed) using iloc.
• pd.concat([...], axis=1): Concatenates these two subsets along the columns (axis=1).

This operation will create a new DataFrame, df_permission, containing the 'App' column and the columns
from the 11th onward. If 'App' is not present in new_df or if the DataFrame has fewer than 11 columns,
Handling Missing Values

The first block of code identifies columns with missing values in df_permission and replaces NaN values with
the mean of the column if the column's dtype is numeric.

Key Points:

• df_permission.columns[df_permission.isna().any()]: This line identifies columns with any

missing values.
• The for loop iterates through these columns and replaces missing values with the mean of the column.
 • df_permission[c].replace(np.nan, np.nanmean(df_permission[c].unique()),
inplace=True): The .replace() function is used here, but this might not be necessary since
df_permission[c].fillna(np.nanmean(df_permission[c].unique()), inplace=True) could be
simpler and more intuitive. Using np.nanmean() is appropriate if you have NaNs in the data, but if the
unique values are not what you intend to use for mean calculation, it might not work as expected.

Plotting Class Distribution

Key Points:

• np.unique(vals, return_counts=True): This returns unique values and their counts.

• colors = sns.color_palette('bright')[0:5]: Defines a color palette for the pie chart.
• plt.pie(...): Creates a pie chart with labels and percentage annotations.
• plt.savefig(...): Saves the plot to the specified path.

Potential Issues:

• Ensure plots_path is defined and has the correct directory path.

• Ensure sample_type is defined when calling plot_class_distribution().
• The labels ['Benign', 'Malware'] should match the unique values in the 'Class' column; otherwise,
the chart might not reflect the correct class distribution.

Calling the Function

Make sure that 'Class' is a valid column in df_permission, and 'unsampled' is defined or appropriately
replaced with the correct sample type. If df_permission['Class'] does not have the exact values expected for
labels, you might need to adjust the labels parameter accordingly.
The df_permission DataFrame is constructed from new_df by concatenating two subsets:

1. The 'App' Column: This column contains information about the application or entity.
2. Columns from the 11th Onward: This subset includes all columns starting from the 11th column of
new_df.

The code you provided sets the 'App' column as the index of the df_permission DataFrame and then drops the
'App' column from the DataFrame. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Set 'App' as Index:

python
df_permission.index = df_permission['App']

This line sets the 'App' column as the index of df_permission. After this operation, the DataFrame's
index will be the values from the 'App' column.
 2. Drop 'App' Column:

python
df_permission.drop('App', inplace=True, axis=1)

This line drops the 'App' column from df_permission. The inplace=True parameter modifies the
DataFrame in place, so df_permission will no longer have the 'App' column.

3. Result: After executing these lines, df_permission will have the 'App' column as its index and all other
columns starting from the 11th column onward from the original new_df.

Checking the Updated DataFrame

To verify the changes, you can use:

• df_permission.head(): To see the first few rows and confirm that the 'App' column is now the index.
• df_permission.index: To check the current index of the DataFrame.

Here's a summary of what df_permission will look like after these operations:

• Index: The 'App' values.

• Columns: All original columns from the 11th onward, minus the 'App' column

It looks like you are preparing to split the df_permission DataFrame into features (X) and target (y). Here's a
breakdown of what each line of code does and what the X variable should represent:
 • Target Variable: The target variable 'Class' is included in the final DataFrame, allowing you to use this
combined DataFrame for classification tasks.

• Data Preparation:

python
Copy code
X_feature = df_feature.iloc[:, :-1] # Select all columns except the last one as features
y_feature = df_feature.iloc[:, -1] # Select the last column as the target variable

• Splitting the Data:

python
Copy code
X_feature_train, X_feature_test, y_feature_train, y_feature_test = train_test_split(
X_feature, y_feature, test_size=0.2, random_state=42
)

• X_feature_train: Features for training.

• X_feature_test: Features for testing.
• y_feature_train: Target variable for training.
• y_feature_test: Target variable for testing.
• test_size=0.2: 20% of the data is used for testing.
• random_state=42: Ensures reproducibility of the split.

• Check Shapes: