MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC
THEORY
THEORY
G
If v and B are in the plane of paper, then according to
G
1. MAGNETIC FIELD AND FORCE
Right-Hand Rule, the direction of F on positively charged
G
G
In order to define the magnetic field B , we deduce an expression particle will be perpendicular to the plane of paper upwards
for the force on a moving charge in a magnetic field. as shown in figure (a), and on negatively charged particle will
Consider a positive charge q moving in a uniform magnetic field be perpendicular to the plane of paper downwards, figure (b).
G
B , with a velocity V . Let the angle between V and B be T.
G G G

G
(i) The magnitude of force F experienced by the moving charge
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge i.e.
Fvq
G
Definition of B
If v = 1, q = 1 and sin T = 1 or T= 90°, the nfrom (1),
G
(ii) The magnitude of force F is directly proportional to the
component of velocity acting perpendicular to the direction F = 1 × 1 × B × 1 = B.
of magnetic field, i.e. Thus the magnetic field induction at a point in the magnetic
F v vsin T field is equal to the force experienced by a unit charge moving
G with a unit velocity perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
(iii) The magnitude of force F is directly proportional to the field at that point.
magnitude of the magnetic field applied i.e.,
Special Cases
FvB Case (i) If T = 0° or 180°, then sin T= 0.
Combining the above factors, we get
? From (1),
F v qv sin TB or F = kqv B sin T F = qv B (0) = 0.
where k is a constant of proportionality. Its value is found It means, a charged particle moving along or opposite to the
to be one i.e. k = 1. direction of magnetic field, does not experience any force.
? F = qv B sin T ...(1) Case (ii) If v = 0, then F = qv B sin T= 0.
It means, if a charged particle is at rest in a magnetic field, it
G G G
F q vu B ...(2)
experiences no force.
G
The direction of F is the direction of cross-product of Case (iii) If T= 90°, then sin T= 1
G
velocity vG and magnetic field B , which is perpendicular to ? F = qv B (1) = qv B (Maximum).
G G
the plane containing vG and B . It is directed as given by the Unit of B . SI unit of B is tesla (T) or weber/(metre)2 i.e. (Wb/m2)
Right-handed-Screw Rule or Right-Hand Rule. or Ns C–1 m–1

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 MAGNETISM

Thus, the magnetic field induction at a point is said to be speed, velocity, momentum and kinetic energy of charged
one tesla if a charge of one coulomb while moving at right particle will change.
angle to a magnetic field, with a velocity of 1 ms–1 experiences G G G
a force of 1 newton, at that point. Case II. When v, E and B are mutually perpendicular to
G G
each other. In this situation if E and B are such that
MLT 2
Dimensions of B ª MA 1T 2 º G G G
AT LT 1 ¼ F Fe  Fm 0 , then acceleration in the particle,
G
G F
a 0 . It means the particle will pass through the fields
2. LORENTZ FORCE m
without any change in its velocity. Here, Fe = Fm so qE = q v B
The force experienced by a charged particle moving in space or v = E/B.
where both electric and magnetic fields exist is called Lorentz This concept has been used in velocity-selector to get a
force. charged beam having a definite velocity.
Force due to electric field. When a charged particle carrying
G 3. MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A
charge +q is subjected to an electric field of strength E , it
experiences a force given by UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
G G
Fe qE ...(5) Suppose a particle of mass m and charge q, entering a
G
G
whose direction is the same as that of E . uniform magnetic field induction B at O, with velocity vG ,
making an angle T with the direction of magnetic field acting
Force due to magnetic field. If the charged particle is moving
G in the plane of paper as shown in figure
in a magnetic field B , with a velocity vG it experiences a
force given by
G G G
Fm q v u B

G G
The direction of this force is in the direction of v u B i.e.
G
perpendicular to the plane contaning vG and B and is
directed as given by Right hand screw rule.
Due to both the electric and magnetic fields, the total force
experienced by the charged particle will be given by
G G G G G G G G G
F Fe  Fm qE  q v u B q E  v u B
Resolving vG into two rectangular components, we have :
G G G G v cos T (= v1) acts in the direction of the magnetic field and
F q E  vuB ...(6) v sin T (= v2) acts perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
field.
This is called Lorentz force. G
Special cases For component velocity v2 , the force acting on the charged
particle due to magnetic field is
G G G
Case I. When v, E and B , all the three are collinear.. In G G G
this situation, the charged particle is moving parallel or F q v2 u B
antiparallel to the fields, the magnetic force on the charged G
G
particle is zero. The electric force on the charged particle or F q v2 u B qv 2 Bsin 90q q vsin T B ...(1)
G
G qE G
will produce acceleration a , The direction of this force F is perpendicular to the plane
m G G
containing B and v 2 and is directed as given by Right
along the direction of electricl field. As a result of this, there
hand rule. As this force is to remain always perpendicular to
will be change in the speed of charged particle along the G
direction of the field. In this situation there will be no change v 2 it does not perform any work and hence cannot change
in the direction of motion of the charged particle but, the G
the magnitude of velocity v 2 . It changes only the direction

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 MAGNETISM

of motion of the particle. Due to it, the charged particle is G G

angle between v1 and B is zero. Thus the charged particle
made to move on a circular path in the magnetic field, as
shown in figure covers the linear distance in direction of the magnetic field
with a constant speed v cos T.
Therefore, under the combined effect of the two component
velocities, the charged particle in magnetic field will cover
linear path as well as circular path i.e. the path of the charged
particle will be helical, whose axis is parallel to the direction
of magnetic field, figure

Here, magnetic field is shown perpendicular to the plane of

paper directed inwards and particle is moving in the plane
of paper. When the particle is at points A, C and D the
direction of magnetic force on the particle will be along AO,
CO and DO respectively, i.e., directed towards the centre O
of the circular path.
The force F on the charged particle due to magnetic field
2
provides the required centripetal force = mv 2 / r necessary
for motion along a circular path of radius r.

? Bq v 2 mv22 / r or v2 Bq r / m
or v sin T = B q r/m ...(2)
The angular velocity of rotation of the particle in magnetic
field will be

vsin T Bqr Bq
Z The linear distance covered by the charged particle in the
r mr m magnetic field in time equal to one revolution of its circular
The frequency of rotation of the particle in magnetic field path (known as pitch of helix) will be
will be
2Sm
d v1T v cos T
Z Bq Bq
v ...(3)
2S 2Sm Important points
The time period of revolution of the particle in the magnetic
1. If a charged particle having charge q is at rest in a magnetic
field will be G
field B , it experiences no force; as v = 0 and F = q v B sin T = 0.
1 2Sm G
T ...(4)
v Bq 2. If charged particle is moving parallel to the direction of B , it
also does not experience any force because angle T between
From (3) and (4), we note that v and T do not depend upon G G
v and B is 0° or 180° and sin 0° = sin 180° = 0. Therefore,
velocity vG of the particle. It means, all the charged particles
the charged particle in this situation will continue moving
having the same specific charge (charge/mass) but moving
along the same path with the same velocity.
with different velocities at a point, will complete their circular
paths due to component velocities perpendicular to the 3. If charged particle is moving perpendicular to the direction
magnetic fields in the same time. G
of B , it experiences a maximum force which acts
G G
For component velocity v1 vcos T , there will be no force perpendicular to the direction B as well as v . Hence this
on the charged particle in the magnetic field, because the force will provide the required centripetal force and the

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charged particle will describe a circular path in the magnetic sufficiently high energy with the help of smaller values of
oscillating electric field by making it to cross the same electric
mv 2 field time and again with the use of strong magnetic field.
field of radius r, given by Bqv .
r

4. MOTION IN COMBINED
ELECTRON AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

4.1 Velocity Filter

Velocity filter is an arrangement of cross electric and
magnetic fields in a region which helps us to select from a
beam, charged particles of the given velocity irrespective of
their charge and mass.
A velocity selector consists of two slits S1 and S2 held parallel
to each other, with common axis, some distance apart. In the
region between the slits, uniform electric and magnetic fields
are applied, perpendicular to each other as well as to the
axis of slits, as shown in figure. When a beam of charged
particles of different charges and masses after passing
G
through slit S1 enters the region of crossed electric field E
G
and magnetic field B , each particle experiences a force due
to these fields. Those particles which are moving with the Construction. It consists of two D-shaped hollow evacuated
velocity v, irrespective of their mass and charge, the force metal chambers D1 and D2 called the dees. These dees are
on each such particle due to electric field (qE) is equal and placed horizontally with their diametric edges parallel and
opposite to the force due to magnetic field (q v B), then slightly separated from each other. The dees are connected
q E = q v B or v = E/B to high frequency oscillator which can produce a potential
difference of the order of 104 volts at frequency | 107 Hz.
The two dees are enclosed in an evacuated steel box and
are well insulated from it. The box is placed in a strong
magnetic field produced by two pole pieces of strong
electromagnets N, S. The magnetic field is perpendicular to
the plane of the dees. P is a place of ionic source or positively
charged particle figure.
Working and theory. The positive ion to be accelerated is
produced at P. Suppose, at that instant, D1 is at negative
potential and D2 is at positive potential. Therefore, the ion
will be accelerated towards D1. On reaching inside D1, the
Such particles will go undeviated and filtered out of the ion will be in a field free space. Hence it moves with a
region through the slit S2. Therefore, the particles emerging constant speed in D 1 say v. But due to perpendicular
from slit S2 will have the same velocity even though their magnetic field of strength B, the ion will describe a circular
charge and mass may be different.
The velocity filter is used in mass spectrograph which helps mv 2
path of radius r (say) in D1, given by Bqv where m
to find the mass and specific charge (charge/mass) of the r
charged particle. and q are the mass and charge of the ion.
4.2 Cyclotron mv
? r
A cyclotron is a device developed by Lawrence and Bq
Livingstone by which the positively charged particles like Time taken by ion to describe a semicircular path is given
proton, deutron, alpha particle etc. can be accelerated.
Sr Sm S
Principle. The working of the cyclotron is based on the fact by, t = a constant.
that a positively charged particle can be accelerated to a v Bq B q/m

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This time is independent of both the speed of the ion and in a conductor is due to motion of electrons, therefore,
radius of the circular path. In case the time during which electrons are moving from the end Q to P (along X’ axis).
the positive ion describes a semicircular path is equal to the
time during which half cycle of electric oscillator is completed,
then as the ion arrives in the gap between the two dees, the
polarity of the two dees is reversed i.e. D1 becomes positive
and D2 negative. Then, the positive ion is accelerated
towards D2 and it enters D2 with greater speed which remains
constant in D2. The ion will describe a semicircular path of
greater radius due to perpendicular magnetic field and again G
Let, vd drift velocity of electron
will arrive in a gap between the two dees exactly at the
instant, the polarity of the two dees is reversed. Thus, the – e = charge on each electron.
positive ion will go on accelerating every time it comes into Then magnetic Lorentz force on an electron is given by
the gap between the dees and will go on describing circular
G G G
path of greater and greater radius with greater and greater f  e vd u B
speed and finally acquires a sufficiently high energy. The
accelerated ion can be removed out of the dees from window If n is the number density of free electrons i.e. number of
W, by applying the electric field across the deflecting plates free electrons per unit volume of the conductor, then total
E and F. number of free electrons in the conductor will be given by
Maximum Energy of positive ion N = n (AA) = nAA
Let v0, r0 = maximum velocity and maximum radius of the ? Total force on the conductor is equal to the force acting on
circular path followed by the positive ion in cyclotron. all the free electrons inside the conductor while moving in
the magnetic field and is given by
mv 02 Bqr0 G G G G G G
Then, Bqv0 or v0 F Nf nAA ª  e v d u B º  nAAe v d u B ...(7)
r0 m ¬ ¼

2
We know that current through a conductor is related with
1 2 1 § Bqr0 · B2q 2 r02 drift velocity by the relation
? Max. K.E. mv0 m¨ ¸
2 2 © m ¹ 2m I = n A e vd
Cyclotron Frequency ? IA nAev d .A
If T is the time period of oscillating electric field then G
We represent IA as current element vector. It acts in the
T = 2t = 2S m/Bq G G
direction of flow of current i.e. along OX. Since I A and vd
1 Bq have opposite directions, hence we can write
The cyclotron frequency is given by v
T 2Sm G G
I A  nAAevd ...(8)
It is also known as magnetic resonance frequency.
From (7) and (8), we have
The cyclotron angular frequency is given by G G G
F IA u B ...(9)
Zc 2Sv Bq / m
G G G
F I Au B
5. FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD F IABsin T ...(10)
G G
were T is the smaller angle between I A and B .
Expression for the force acting on the conductor carrying
current placed in a magnetic field Special cases
Consider a straight cylindrical conductor PQ of length A, Case I. If T = 0° or 180°, sin T= 0,
area of cross-section A, carrying current I placed in a uniform From (10), F = IAB (0) = 0 (Minimum)
G
magnetic field of induction, B . Let the conductor be placed It means a linear conductor carrying a current if placed parallel
along X-axis and magnetic field be acting in XY plane making to the direction of magnetic field, it experiences no force.
an angle T with X-axis. Suppose the current I flows through Case II. If T = 90°, sin T= q ;
the conductor from the end P to Q, figure. Since the current
From (10), F = IAB × 1 = IAB (Maximum)

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It means a linear conductor carrying current if placed G JJJG G

The force on the arm QR is given by F2 I QR u B or
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field, it experiences
maximum force. The direction of which can be given by F2 = I (QR) B sin T = I b B sin T
Right handed screw rule. The direction of this force is in the plane of the coil directed
downwards.
6. TORQUE ON A CURRENT CARRYING COIL IN G G
A MAGNETIC FIELD Since the forces F2 and F4 are equal in magnitude and acting
in opposite directions along the same straight line, they cancel
Consider a rectangular coil PQRS suspended in a uniform out each other i.e. their resultant effect on the coil is zero.
G
magnetic field of induction B . Let PQ = RS = A and QR = SP = b. Now, the force on the arm PQ is given by
Let I be the current flowing through the coil in the direction G JJJG G JJJG G
PQRS and T be the angle which plane of the coil makes with F1 I PQ u B or F1 = I (PQ) B sin 90° = IAB ' PQ A B
the direction of magnetic field figure. The forces will be
acting on the four arms of the coil. Direction of this force is perpendicular to the plane of the
coil directed outwards (i.e. perpendicular to the plane of
paper directed towards the reader).
And, force on the arm RS is given by
G JJJG G JJJG G
F3 I RS u B or F3 = I (PQ) B sin 90° = IAB ' RS A B

The direction of this force, is perpendicular to the plane of paper

directed away from the reader i.e. into the plane of the coil.
The forces acting on the arms PQ and RS are equal, parallel
and acting in opposite directions having different lines of
action, form a couple, the effect of which is to rotate the coil
in the anticlockwise direction about the dotted line as axis.
The torque on the coil (equal to moment of couple) is given by
W = either force × arm of the couple
The forces F1 and F3 acting on the arms PQ and RS will be as
shown in figure when seen from the top.
Arm of couple = ST = PS cos T = b cos T.
? W IAB u b cos T IBA cos T (' A
× b = A = area of coil
PQRS)
If the rectangular coil has n turns, then
W nIBA cos T
Note that if the normal drawn on the plane of the coil makes
an angle D with the direction of magnetic field, then T+ D = 90°
or T= 90° – D; And cos T= cos (90° – D) = sin D
Then torque becomes,
G G G G
W nIBA sin D MBsin D MuB nIA u B
G G G G
Let F1, F2 , F3 and F4 be the forces acting on the four current
where, nIA = M = magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment
carrying arms PQ, QR, RS and SP of the coil. of the rectangular current loop
The force on arm SP is given by, G G G G G
G JJG G ? W M u B nI A u B
F4 I SP u B or F4 = I (SP) B sin (180° – T) = Ib B sin T
This torque tends to rotate the coil about its own axis. Its
JJG G value changes with angle between plane of coil and direction
The direction of this force is in the direction of SP u B i.e. of magnetic field.
in the plane of coil directed upwards.

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Special cases 1. The lower end of the coil is connected to one end of a hair
If the coil is set with its plane parallel to the direction of spring S’ of quartz or phosphor bronze. The other end of this
magnetic field B, then highly elastic spring S’ is connected to a terminal T2. L is soft
iron core which may be spherical if the coil is circular and
T 0q and cos T 1 cylindrical, if the coil is rectangular. It is so held within the
? Torque, W = nIBA (1) = nIBA (Maximum) coil, that the coil can rotate freely without touching the iron
core and pole pieces. This makes the magnetic field linked
This is the case with a radial field.
with coil to be radial field i.e. the plane of the coil in all positions
2. If the coil is set with its plane perpendicular to the direction remains parallel to the direction of magnetic field. M is concave
of magentic field B, then T = 90° and cos T = 0 mirror attached to the phosphor bronze strip. This helps us to
? Torque, W= nIBA (0) = 0 (Minimum) note the deflection of the coil using lamp and scale
arrangement. The whole arrangement is enclosed in a non-
7. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER metallic case to avoid disturbance due to air etc. The case is
provided with levelling screws at the base.
Moving coil galvanometer is an instrument used for detection The spring S’ does three jobs for us : (i) It provides passage
and measurement of small electric currents. of current for the coil PQRS1 (ii) It keeps the coil in position
Principle. Its working is based on the fact that when a current and (iii) generates the restoring torque on the twisted coil.
carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque. The torsion head is connected to terminal T 1. The
Construction. It consists of a coil PQRS1 having large galvanometer can be connected to the circuit through
number of turns of insulated copper wire, figure. The coil is terminals T1 and T2.
wound over a non-magnetic metallic frame (usually brass) Theory. Suppose the coil PQRS1 is suspended freely in the
which may be rectangular or circular in shape. The coil is magnetic field.
suspended from a movable torsion head H by means of Let, A = length PQ or RS1 of the coil,
phosphor bronze strip in a uniform magnetic field produced
b = breadth QR or S1P of the coil,
by two strong cylindrical magnetic pole pieces N and S.
n = number of turns in the coil.
Area of each turn of the coil, A = A × b.
Let, B = strength of the magnetic field in which coil is
suspended.
I = current passing through the coil in the direction PQRS1
as shown in figure.
Let at any instant, D be the angle which the normal drawn on
the plane of the coil makes with the direction of magnetic field.
As already discussed, the rectangular coil carrying current
when placed in the magnetic field experiences a torque whose
magnitude is given by W = nIBA sin D.
If the magnetic field is radial i.e. the plane of the coil is
parallel to the direction of the magnetic field then D= 90°
and sin D= 1.
? W= nIBA
Due to this torque, the coil rotates. The phosphor bronze
strip gets twisted. As a result of it, a restoring torque comes
into play in the phosphor bronze strip, which would try to
restore the coil back to its original position.
Let T be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze strip
due to rotation of the coil and k be the restoring torque per
unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip, then total restoring
torque produced = k T.
In equilibrium position of the coil, deflecting torque
= restoring torque

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? nIBA = kT (b) The value of B can be increased by using a strong horse

shoe magnet.
k
or I T or I GT (c) The value of A can not be increased beyond a limit because
nBA
in that case the coil will not be in a uniform magnetic field.
k Moreover, it will make the galvanometer bulky and
where G a constant for a galvanometer. It is unmanageable.
nBA
known as galvanometer constant. (d) The value of k can be decreased. The value of k depends
upon the nature of the material used as suspension strip.
Hence, I v T The value of k is very small for quartz or phosphor bronze.
It means, the deflection produced is proportional to the That is why, in sensitive galvanometer, quartz or phosphor
current flowing through the galvanometer. Such a bronze strip is used as a suspension strip.
galvanometer has a linear scale.
Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the 8. AMMETER
deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current
flows through it. An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer. It is used to
measure the current in a circuit in amperes.
If T is the deflection in the galvanometer when current I is
passed through it, then A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using
a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer. The
Current sensitivity, resistance of this wire (called the shunt wire) depends upon
the range of the ammeter and can be calculated as follows :
T nBA § k ·
Is ¨' I T¸ Let G = resistance of galvanometer, n = number of scale
I k © nBA ¹
divisions in the galvanometer,
The unit of current sensitivity is rad. A–1 or div. A–1. K = figure of merit or current for one scale deflection in the
Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the galvanometer.
deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit voltage Then current which produces full scale deflection in the
is applied across the two terminals of the galvanometer. galvanometer, Ig = nK.
Let, V = voltage applied across the two terminals of the Let I be the maximum current to be measured by galvanometer.
galvanometer,
To do so, a shunt of resistance S is connected in parallel
T = deflection produced in the galvanometer. with the galvanometer so that out of the total current I, a
Then, voltage sensitivity, VS = T/V part I g should pass through the galvanometer and the
If R = resistance of the galvanometer, I = current through it. remaining part (I – Ig) flows through the shunt figure
Then V = IR
? Voltage sensitivity,

T nBA IS
VS
IR kR R
the unit of VS is rad V–1 or div. V–1.
Conditions for a sensitive galvanometer
A galvanometer is said to be very sensitive if it shows large
deflection even when a small current is passed through it.

nBA VA – VB = IgG = (I – Ig) S

From the theory of galvanometer, T I
k
§ Ig ·
For a given value of I, T will be large if nBA/k is large. It is so S ¨ ¸¸ G
or ¨ I  Ig ...(20)
if (a) n is large (b) B is large (c) A is large and (d) k is small. © ¹
(a) The value of n can not be increased beyond a certain limit Thus S can be calculated.
because it results in an increase of the resistance of the If this value of shunt resistance S is connected in parallel
galvanometer and also makes the galvanometer bulky. This with galvanometer, it works as an ammeter for the range 0 to I
tends to decrease the sensitivity. Hence n can not be ampere. Now the same scale of the galvanometer which was
increased beyond a limit. recording the maximum current Ig before conversion into ammeter

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 MAGNETISM

will record the maximum current I, after conversion into ammeter. V V

It means each division of the scale in ammeter will be showing From Ohm’s law, Ig or G  R
GR Ig
higher current than that of galvanometer.

V
or R G
Ig

Initial reading of each division of galvanometer to be used as If this value of R is connected in series with galvanometer, it
ammeter is Ig/n and the reading of the same each division works as a voltmeter of the range 0 to V volt. Now the same
after conversion into ammeter is I/n. scale of the galvanometer which was recording the maximum
The effective resistance R P of ammeter (i.e. shunted potential Ig G before conversion will record and potential V
galvanometer) will be after conversion in two voltmeter. It means each division of
the scale in voltmeter will show higher potential than that of
1 1 1 S G GS the galvanometer.
 or R P
RP G S GS G S Effective resistance RS of converted galvanometer into
voltmeter is
As the shunt resistance is low, the combined resistance of
the galvanometer and the shunt is very low and hence RS = G + R
ammeter has a much lower resistance than galvanometer. An For voltmeter, a high resistance R is connected in series
ideal ammeter has zero resistance. with the galvanometer, therefore, the resistance of voltmeter
is very large as compared to that of galvanometer. The
resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinity.
9. VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is a high resistance galvanometer. It is used to 10. BIOT­SAVART’S LAW
measure the potential difference between two points of a
circuit in volt. According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of the
magnetic field induction dB (also called magnetic flux
A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by density) at a point P due to current element depends upon
connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer. the factors at stated below :
The value of the resistance depends upon the range of
voltmeter and can be calculated as follows : (i) dB v I (ii) dB v dA
Let, G = resistance of galvanometer, 1
(iii) dB v sin T (iv) dB v
n = number of scale divisions in the galvanometer, r2
K = figure of merit of galvanometer i.e. current for one scale Combining these factors, we get
deflection of the galvanometer.
? IdA sin T
Current which produces full scale deflection in the dB v
galvanometer, Ig = nK. r2
Let V be the potential difference to be measured by IdA sin T
galvanometer. or dB K
r2
To do so, a resistance R of such a value is connected in
series with the galvanometer so that if a potential difference
V is applied across the terminals A and B, a current Ig flows
through the galvanometer. figure

where K is a constant of proportionality. Its value depends

Now, total resistance of voltmeter = G + R on the system of units chosen for the measurement of the
various quantities and also on the medium between point P

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 MAGNETISM

and the current element. When there is free space between 8. If T = 0° or 180°, then dB = 0 i.e. minimum.
current element and point, then Similarities and Dis-similarities between the Biot-Savart’s law
for the magnetic field and coulomb’s law for electrostatic field
P0
In SI units, K and In cgs system K = 1 Similarities
4S
where P0 is absolute magnetic permeability of free space (i) Both the laws for fields are long range, since in both the
laws, the field at a point varies inversely as the square of the
and P0 4Su107 Wb A1m1 4Su107 TA 1m distance from the source to point of observation.
(ii) Both the fields obey superposition principle.
(' 1 T = 1 Wb m–2)
G
(iii) The magnetic field is linear in the source Id A , just as the
P0 IdA sin T
In SI units, dB u ...(3) electric field is linear in its source, the electric charge q.
4S r2

IdA sin T 11. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT

In cgs system, dB 2 CONDUCTOR CARRYING CURRENT
r
In vector form, we may write Consider a straight wire conductor XY lying in the plane of
G G G G paper carrying current I in the direction X to Y, figure. Let P
G P0 I d A u r G P0 I d A u r be a point at a perpendicular distance a from the straight
dB or dB ...(4)
4S r 3
4S r3 wire conductor. Clearly, PC = a. Let the conductor be made
of small current elements. Consider a small current element
G G G G
Direction of dB . From (4), the direction of dB would Id A of the straight wire conductor at O. Let r be the
obviously be the direction of the cross product vector, position vector of P w.r.t. current element and T be the angle
G G G
d A u r . It is represented by the Right handed screw rule or G
between Id A and r. Let CO = A.
G
Right Hand Rule. Here dB is perpendicular to the plane
G
containing d A and Gr and is directed inwards. If the point P
G
is to the left of the current element, dB will be perpendicular
G
to the plane containing d A and Gr , directed outwards.
Some important features of Biot Savart’s law
1. Biot Savart’s law is valid for a symmetrical current distribution.
2. Biot Savart’s law is applicable only to very small length
conductor carrying current.
3. This law can not be easily verified experimentally as the
current carrying conductor of very small length can not be
obtained practically.
4. This law is analogous to Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
G G
5. The direction of dB is perpendicular to both Id A and Gr .
6. If T = 0° i.e. the point P lies on the axis of the linear conductor
carrying current (or on the wire carrying current) then G
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field dB (i.e.
P0 IdA sin 0q magnetic flux density or magnetic induction) at point P due
dB 0 G
4S r2 to current element Id A is given by
It means there is no magnetic field induction at any point on G G
the thin linear current carrying conductor.
G P 0 Id A u r
dB .
4S r 3
7. If T = 90° i.e. the point P lies at a perpendicular position w.r.t.
current element, then
P0 IdA sin T
or dB u ...(5)
P 0 IdA 4S r2
dB , which is maximum.
4S r 2

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 MAGNETISM

In rt. angled 'POC, T+ I = 90° or T= 90° – I

P0 I P 0 2I P0 2I L
? sin T = sin (90° – I) = cos I ...(6) Then, B sin I  sin I sin I
4Sa 4S a 4S a 4a 2  L2
a a G
Also, cos I or r ...(7) (iv) When point P lies on the wire conductor, then d A and Gr for
r cos I
each element of the straight wire conductor are parallel.
G
A Therefore, d A u Gr 0 . So the magnetic field induction at P = 0.
And, tan I or A a tan I
a
Direction of magnetic field
Differentiating it, we get The magnetic field lines due to straight conductor carrying
dA a sec I dI 2
...(8) current are in the form of concentric circles with the
conductor as centre, lying in a plane perpendicular to the
Putting the values in (5) from (6), (7) and (8), we get straight conductor. The direction of magnetic field lines is
anticlockwise, if the current flows from A to B in the straight
2
P0 I a sec I dI cos I P0 I conductor figure (a) and is clockwise if the current flows
dB cos I dI ...(9) from B to A in the straight conductor, figure (b). The direction
4S § a2 · 4S a
¨¨ cos 2 I ¸¸ of magnetic field lines is given by Right Hand Thumb Rule
© ¹ or Maxwell’s cork screw rule.
G
The direction of dB , according to right hand thumb rule,
will be perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed
inwards. As all the current elements of the conductor will
also produce magnetic field in the same direction, therefore,
the total magnetic field at point P due to current through the
whole straight conductor XY can be obtained by integrating
Eq. (9) within the limits – I1 and + I2. Thus
I2 I2
P0 I P0 I I2
B ³ dB 4S a ³ cos I dI 4S a
sin I I1
I1 I1

P0 I P0 I
ªsin I2  sin I1 º¼ sin I1  sin I2 ...(10)
4S a ¬ 4S a Right hand thumb rule. According to this rule, if we imagine
the linear wire conductor to be held in the grip of the right
Special cases. (i) When the conductor XY is of infinite length
and the point P lies near the centre of the conductor then hand so that the thumb points in the direction of current,
then the curvature of the fingers around the conductor
I1 I2 90q will represent the direction of magnetic field lines, figure
(a) and (b).
P0 I P0 2I
So, B sin 90q  sin 90q ...(11)
4S a 4S a
(ii) When the conductor XY is of infinite length but the point P
lies near the end Y (or X) then I1 = 90° and I2 = 0°.

P0 I P0 I
So, B sin 90q  sin 0q ...(11 a)
4S a 4S a
Thus we note that the magnetic field due to an infinite long
linear conductor carrying current near its centre is twice
than that near one of its ends.
(iii) If length of conductor is finite, say L and point P lies on
right bisector of conductor, then

L/ 2 L
I1 I2 I and sin I
2
a2  L / 2 4a 2  L2

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 MAGNETISM

12. MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE CENTRE OF THE P0 I P 0 2 SI

? B .2Sr
CIRCULAR COIL CARRYING CURRENT 4S r 2 4S r
If the circular coil consists of n turns, then
Consider a circular coil of radius r with centre O, lying with
its plane in the plane of paper. Let I be the current flowing in P 0 2SnI P0 I
B u 2 Sn ...(13)
the circular coil in the direction shown, figure (a). Suppose 4S r 4S r
the circular coil is made of a large number of current elements
each of length dA. P0 I
i.e. B × angle subtended by coil at the centre.
4S r
G
Direction of B
The direction of magnetic field at the centre of circular current
loop is given by Right hand rule.
Right Hand rule. According to this rule, if we hold the thumb
of right hand mutually perpendicular to the grip of the fingers
such that the curvature of the fingers represent the direction
of current in the wire loop, then the thumb of the right hand
will point in the direction of magnetic field near the centre of
the current loop.

According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at the

G
centre of the circular coil due to the current element Id A is
given by
G G
G P0 § d A u r ·
dB I¨ ¸
4S © r 3 ¹

P0 IdAr sin T P 0 IdA sin T

or dB
4S r3 4S r 2
where Gr is the position vector of point O from the current
G
element. Since the angle between d A and Gr is 90° (i.e., T = 90°),
therefore, 13. AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
P0 IdA sin 90q P 0 IdA
dB or dB ...(12) Consider an open surface with a boundary C, and the current
4S r2 4S r 2 I is passing through the surface. Let the boundary C be
G made of large number of small line elements, each of length
In this case, the direction of dB is perpendicular to the G
plane of the current loop and is directed inwards. Since the dA. The direction of d A of small line element under study is
current through all the elements of the circular coil will acting tangentially to its length dA. Let Bt be the tangential
contribute to the magnetic feild in the same direction, component of the magnetic field induction at this element
therefore, the total magnetic field at point O due to current G G
then Bt and d A are acting in the same direction, angle
in the whole circular coil can be obtained by integrating eq.
between them is zero. We take the product of Bt and dA for
(12). Thus
that element. Then
P IdA P0 I G G
B ³ dB ³ 4S0 r 2 4S r 2 ³
dA Bt dA B.d A

But ³ dA = total length of the circular coil = circumference of the

current loop = 2Sr

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MAGNETISM

The relation (19) is independent of the size and shape of the

closed path or loop enclosing the current.

14. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO INFINITE LONG

STRAIGHT WIRE CARRYING CURRENT
Consider an infinite long straight wire lying in the plane of
paper. Let I be the current flowing through it from X to Y. A
magnetic field is produced which has the same magnitude
at all points that are at the same distance from the wire, i.e.
If length dA is very small and products for all elements of
the magnetic field has cylindrical symmetry around the wire.
closed boundary are added together, then sum tends to be

an integral around the closed path or loop (i.e., ) . v³

G G
Therefore, 6 of B.d A over all elements on a closed path
G G G
v³
B.d A = Line integral of B around the closed path or
loop whose boundary coincides with the closed path.
According to Ampere’s circuital law,
G G
v³B.d A P0 I ...(19)

where I is the total current threading the closed path or loop

and P0 is the absolute permeability of the space. Thus, Let P be a point at a perpendicular distance r from the straight
G
Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic wire and B be the magnetic field at P. It will be acting
G tangentially to the magnetic field line passing through P.
field induction B around a closed path in vacuum is equal to
Consider an amperian loop as a circle of radius r, perpendicular
P0 times the total current I threading the closed path. to the plane of paper with centre on wire such that point P
The relation (19) involves a sign convention, for the sense lies on the loop, figure. The magnitude of magnetic field is
of closed path to be traversed while taking the line integral G
same at all points on this loop. The magnetic field B at P
of magnetic field (i.e., direction of integration) and current
will be tangential to the circumference of the circular loop.
threading it, which is given by Right Hand Rule. According
We shall integrate the amperian path anticlockwise. Then
to it, if curvature of the fingers is perpendicular to the thumb G G
of right hand such that the curvature of the fingers represents B and d A are acting in the same direction. The line integral
the sense, the boundary is traversed in the closed path or G
G G of B around the closed loop is
v³
loop for B.d A , then the direction of thumb gives the sense G G
in which the current I is regarded as positive. v³ B.d A v³ v³
BdA cos 0q B dA B2Sr

According to sign convention, for the closed path as shown As per sign convention, here I is positive,
in figure, I1 is positive and I2 is negative. Then, according to Using Ampere’s circuital law
Ampere’s circuital law G G
G G v³B.d A P 0I or B2 Sr P 0 I
v³ B.d A P 0 I1  I2 P0 Ie
P0 I P 0 2I
where Ie is the total current enclosed by the loop or closed path. or B ...(21)
2Sr 4S r

15. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT THROUGH

A VERY LONG CIRCULAR CYLINDER
Consider an infinite long cylinder of radius R with axis XY.
Let I be the current passing through the cylinder. A magnetic
field is set up due to current through the cylinder in the form
of circular magnetic lines of force, with their centres lying

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 MAGNETISM

on the axis of cylinder. These lines of force are perpendicular

P0P r Ir
to the length of cylinder. or B i.e., B v r
2 SR 2
If we plot a graph between magnetic field induction B and
distance from the axis of cylinder for a current flowing through
a solid cylinder, we get a curve of the type as shown figure

Case I. Point P is lying outside the cylinder. Let r be the

perpendicular distance of point P from the axis of cylinder, Here we note that the magnetic field induction is maximum
G for a point on the surface of solid cylinder carrying current
where r > R. Let B be the magnetic field induction at P. It is
acting tangential to the magnetic line of force at P directed and is zero for a point on the axis of cylinder.
G G
into the paper. Here B and d A are acting in the same direction.
16. FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
Applying Ampere circuital law we have CARRYING CURRENT
G G
v³B.d A P0 I or v³
BdA cos 0q P 0 I Consider C 1D 1 and C 2 D 2 , two infinite long straight
conductors carrying currents I1 and I2 in the same direction.
or v³ BdA P 0 I or B2Sr P0 I They are held parallel to each other at a distance r apart, in
the plane of paper. The magnetic field is produced due to
current through each conductor shown separately in figure.
P0 I
or B , i.e., B v 1/ r Since each conductor is in the magnetic field produced by
2 Sr the other, therefore, each conductor experiences a force.
Case II. Point P is lying inside cylinder. Here r < R. we may
have two possibilities.
(i) If the current is only along the surface of cylinder which is
so if the conductor is a cylindrical sheet of metal, then current
through the closed path L is zero. Using Ampere circutal
law, we have B = 0.
(ii) If the current is uniformly distributed throughout the cross-
section of the conductor, then the current through closed
path L is given by

I Ir 2
I' u Sr 2
SR 2 R2
Magnetic field induction at a point P on conductor C2D2
Applying Ampere’s circuital law, we have
due to current I1 passing through C1D1 is given by
G G
v³B.d A P0P r I '
B1
P0 2I1
...(12)
4S r
2
P0P r Ir According to right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field
or 2SrB P 0P r I '
R2 G
B1 is perpendicular to the plane of paper, directed inwards.

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 MAGNETISM

As the current carrying conductor C2D2 lies in the magnetic Q

G G G G G RG G SG G PG G
field B1 (produced by the current through C1D1), therefore, v³ B.d A ³ ³ ³ ³
B.d A  B.d A  B.d A  B.d A
PQRS P Q R S
the unit length of C2D2 will experience a force given by
F2 = B1I2 × 1 = B1I2 Q Q
G G
Putting the value of B1, we have ³
Here, B.d A ³ BdA cos 0q BL
P P
P0 2I1I2
F2 . ...(13)
4S r R
G G R P
G G
It means the two linear parallel conductors carrying
and ³ B.d A ³ BdA cos90q 0 ³ B.d A
Q Q S
currents in the same direction attract each other.
Thus one ampere is that much current which when flowing S
G G
through each of the two parallel uniform long linear
conductors placed in free space at a distance of one metre
³
Also, B.d A 0 (' outside the solenoid, B = 0)
R
from each other will attract or repel each other with a force
G G
of 2 × 10–7 N per metre of their length.
v³ B.d A BL  0  0  0 BL
...(21)
PQRS
17. THE SOLENOID
From Ampere’s circuital law
A solenoid consists of an insulating long wire closely wound G G
in the form of a helix. Its length is very large as compared to v³ B.d A P0 × total current through the rectangle PQRS
its diameter. PQRS

Magnetic field due to a solenoid = P0 × no. of turns in rectangle × current

Consider a long straight solenoid of circular cross-section. = P0 n LI ...(22)
Each two turns of the solenoid are insulated from each other. From (21) and (22), we have
When current is passed through the solenoid, then each
turn of the solenoid can be regarded as a circular loop BL = P0 n LI or B = P0 n I
carrying current and thus will be producing a magnetic field. This relation gives the magnetic field induction at a point
At a point outside the solenoid, the magnetic fields due to well inside the solenoid. At a point near the end of a solenoid,
neighbouring loops oppose each other and at a point inside the magnetic field induction is found to be P0 n I/2.
the solenoid, the magnetic fields are in the same direction.
As a result of it, the effective magnetic field outside the 18. TOROID
solenoid becomes weak, whereas the magnetic field in the
interior of solenoid becomes strong and uniform, acting The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of
along the axis of the solenoid. insulated turns of a metallic wire are closely wound. In fact, a
toroid is an endless solenoid in the form of a ring, figure.
Let us now apply Ampere’s circuital law.
Let n be the number of turns per unit length of solenoid and
I be the current flowing through the solenoid and the turns
of the solenoid be closely packed.
Consider a rectangular amperian loop PQRS near the middle
of solenoid as shown in figure

Magnetic field due to current in ideal toroid

G Let n be the number of turns per unit length of toroid and I
The line integral of magnetic field induction B over the be the current flowing through it. In case of ideal toroid, the
closed path PQRS is coil turns are circular and closely wound. A magnetic field

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 MAGNETISM

of constant magnitude is set up inside the turns of toroid in

the form of concentric circular magnetic field lines. The 19. MAGNETISM & MATTER
direction of the magnetic field at a point is given by the
tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. We draw 19.1 The Bar Magnet
three circular amperian loops, 1, 2 and 3 of radii r1, r2 and r3 to
be traversed in clockwise direction as shown by dashed It is the most commonly used form of an artificial magnet.
circles in figure, so that the points P, S and Q may lie on
When we hold a sheet of glass over a short bar magnet and
them. The circular area bounded by loops 2 and 3, both cut
sprinkle some iron filings on the sheet, the iron filings
the toroid. Each turn of current carrying wire is cut once by
rearrange themselves as shown in figure. The pattern
the loop 2 and twice by the loop 3. Let B1 be the magnitude
suggests that attraction is maximum at the two ends of the
of magnetic field along loop 1. Line integral of magnetic
bar magnet. These ends are called poles of the magnet.
field B1 along the loop 1 is
G G
v³ B1 .d A v³ B1dA cos 0q B1 2Sr1 ...(i)
loop 1 loop 1

Loop 1 encloses no current.

According to Ampere’s circuital law
G G
v³ B1 .d A P 0 u current enclosed by loop 1 = P0 × 0 = 0
loop 1

or B12 S r1 = 0 or B1 = 0
Let B3 be the magnitude of magnetic field along the loop 3.
The line integral of magnetic field B3 along the loop 3 is
G G
v³ B3 .d A v³ B3dA cos 0q B3 2 Sr3
loop 3 loop 3

From the sectional cut as shown in figure, we note that the

current coming out of the plane of paper is cancelled exactly
by the current going into it. Therefore, the total current
enclosed by loop 3 is zero.
According to Ampere’s circuital law
G G
v³ B3 .d A P0 × total current through loop 3
loop 3

or B3 2Sr3 P 0 u 0 0 or B3 0
Let B the magnitude of magnetic field along the loop 2. Line
integral of magnetic field along the loop 2 is 1. The earth behaves as a magnet.
G G 2. Every magnet attracts small pieces of magnetic substances
v³ B.d A B2Sr2
like iron, cobalt, nickel and steel towards it.
loop 2
3. When a magnet is suspended freely with the help of an
Current enclosed by the loop 2 = number of turns × current unspun thread, it comes to rest along the north south
in each turn = 2 S r2 n × I direction.
According to Ampere’s circuital law 4. Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each
G G other.
v³ B.d A P0 u total current
5. The force of attraction or repulsion F between two magnetic
loop 2
poles of strengths m1 and m2 separated by a distance r is
or B2 S r2 P 0 u 2Sr2 nI or B P0 nI directly proportional to the product of pole strengths and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centres, i.e.,

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 MAGNETISM

m1m2 mm the field of the magnet. The torque acting on a compass

Fv or F K 1 2 2 , where K is magnetic force needle aligns it in the direction of the magnetic field.
r2 r
constant. The path along which the compass needles are aligned is
known as magnetic field line.
P0
In SI units, K 107 Wb A 1m 1
4S
where P0 is absolute magnetic permeability of free space
(air/vacuum).

P0 m1m 2
? F ...(1)
4S r 2
This is called Coulomb’s law of magnetic force. However, in
cgs system, the value of K = 1.

This corresponds to Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.

SI Unit of magnetic pole strength

Suppose m1 = m2 = m (say),
r = 1 m and F = 10–7 N
From equation (1),

m m
107 107 u or m 2 1 or m = +1 ampere-metre
12
(Am). Therefore, strength of a magnetic pole is said to be
one ampere-metre, if it repels an equal and similar pole, when
placed in vacuum (or air) at a distance of one metre from it,
with a force of 10–7 N.
6. The magnetic poles always exist in pairs. The poles of a
magnet can never be separated i.e. magnetic monopoles do
not exist.

20. MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

Magnetic field line is an imaginary curve, the tangent to
which at any point gives us the direction of magnetic field
G
B at that point.
If we imagine a number of small compass needless around a
magnet, each compass needle experiences a torque due to

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 MAGNETISM

Properteis of magnetic field lines

1. The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or of a solenoid
carrying current) form closed continuous loops.
2. Outside the body of the magnet, the direction of magnetic
field lines is from north pole to south pole.
We shall show that the SI unit of M is joule/tesla or ampere
3. At any given point, tangent to the magnetic field line
G metre2.
represents the direction of net magnetic field ( B ) at that ? SI unit of pole strength is Am.
point.
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
4. The magnitude of magnetic field at any point is represented
We know that a current loop acts as a magnetic dipole.
by the number of magnetic field lines passing normally
According to Ampere’s hypothesis, all magnetic phenomena
through unit area around that point. Therefore, crowded
can be explained in terms of circulating currents.
lines represent a strong magnetic field and lines which are
not so crowded represent a weak magnetic field. In figure magnetic field lines for a bar magnet and a current
carrying solenoid resemble very closely. Therefore, a bar
5. No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other.
magnet can be thought of as a large number of circulating
currents in analogy with a solenoid. Cutting a bar magnet is
like cutting a solenoid. We get two smaller solenoids with
weaker magnetic properties. The magnetic field lines remain
continuous, emerging from one face of one solenoid and
entering into other face of other solenoid. If we were to
move a small compass needle in the neighbourhood of a bar
magnet and a current carrying solenoid, we would find that
21. MAGNETIC DIPOLE the deflections of the needle are similar in both cases.
To demonstrate the similarity of a current carrying solenoid
A magnetic dipole consists of two unlike poles of equal
to a bar magnet, let us calculate axial field of a finite solenoid
strength and separated by a small distance.
carrying current.
For example, a bar magnet, a compass needle etc. are
magnetic dipoles. We shall show that a current loop behaves
as a magnetic dipole. An atom of a magnetic material behaves
as a dipole due to electrons revolving around the nucleus.
The two poles of a magnetic dipole (or a magnet), called
north pole and south pole are always of equal strength, and
of opposite nature. Further such two magnetic poles exist
always in pairs and cannot be separated from each other.
The distance between the two poles of a bar magnet is called
the magnetic length of the magnet. It is a vector directed from In figure, suppose
G
S-pole of magnet to its N-pole, and is represented by 2 A . a = radius of solenoid,
Magnetic dipole moment is the product of strength of either 2A = length of solenoid with centre O
G
pole (m) and the magnetic length ( 2 A ) of the magnet. n = number of turns per unit length of solenoid,
G i = strength of current passed through the solenoid
It is represented by M .
Magnetic dipole moment = strength of either pole × magnetic We have to calculate magnetic field at any point P on the
length axis of solenoid, where OP = r. Consider a small element of
thickness dx of the solenoid, at a distance x from O.
G G
M m 2A Number of turns in the element = n dx.
Using equation, magnitude of magnetic field at P due to this
Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity directed from current element is
South to North pole of the magnet, as shown in figure
P0ia 2 n dx
dB 3/ 2
2ª r  x  a2 º ...(10)
2
¬ ¼

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 MAGNETISM

If P lies at a very large distance from O, i.e., r >> a and r >> x,

U W  MB cos T2  cos T1 ...(17)
then [(r – x)2 + a2]3/2 | r3
When T1 = 90°, and T2 = T, then
P0ia 2 ndx
dB ...(11) U = W = – MB (cos T – cos 90°)
2r 3
W = – MB cos T ...(18)
As range of variation of x is from x = – A to x = +
A, therefore
the magnitude of total magnetic field at P due to current In vector notation, we may rewrie (18) as
carrying solenoid G G
U  M.B ...(19)
2 x A 2
P 0nia P 0nia x A
B
2r 3 ³ dx
2r 3
x x A
Particular Cases
x A 1. When T = 90°
U = – MB cos T = – MB cos 90° = 0
P0 2n 2A iSa
2
P0 ni a 2
B 2A ...(12) i.e., when the dipole is perpendicular to magnetic field its potential
2 r3 4S r3 energy is zero.
If M is magnetic moment of the solenoid, then Hence to calculate potential energy of diole at any position
M = total no. of turns × current × area of cross section making angle T with B, we use
M = n (2A) × i × (Sa2) U = – MB (cos T2 – cos T1) and take T1 = 90° and T2 = T.
Therefore,
P0 2M U = – MB (cos T – cos 90°) = – MB cos T
? B ...(13)
4S r 3 2. When T= 0°
This is the expression for magnetic field on the axial line of U = – MB cos 0° = – MB
a short bar magnet. which is minimum. This is the position of stable equilibrium,
Thus, the axial field of a finite solenoid carrying current is i.e., when the magnetic dipole is aligned along the magnetic
same as that of a bar magnet. Hence, for all practical purposes, field, it is in stable equilibrium having minimum P.E.
a finite solenoid carrying current is equivalent to a bar magnet. 3. When T= 180°
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field U = – MB cos 180° = MB, which is maximum. This is the
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is position of unstable equilibrium.
the energy possessed by the dipole due to its particular
position in the field.
G
When a magnetic dipole of moment M is held at an angle T
G
with the direction of a uniform magnetic field B , the
magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole is
W MBsin T ...(16)
This torque tends to align the dipole in the direction of the
field. Work has to be done in rotating the dipole against the
action of the torque. This work done is stored in the
magnetic dipole as potential energy of the dipole.
Now, small amount of work done in rotating the dipole
through a small angle dT against the restoring torque is 22. MAGNETISM AND GAUSS’S LAW
dW = WdT= MB sin TdT
According to Gauss’s law for magnetism, the net magnetic
Total work done in rotating the dipole from T= T1 to T = T2 is
flux (IB) through any closed surface is always zero.
T2
T2
W ³ MBsin T dT MB  cos T T1
 MB cos T2  cos T1 23. EARTH’S MAGNETISM
T1
Magnetic elements of earth at a place are the quantities
? Potential energy of the dipole is which describe completely in magnitude as well as direction,
the magnetic field of earth at that place.

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 MAGNETISM

Square (23) and (24), and add

23.1 Magnetic declination
H2 + V2 = R2 (cos2 G + sin2 G) = R2
Magnetic declination at a place is the angle between
magnetic meridian and geographic meridian at that place. ? R H2  V 2 ...(25)

Dividing (24) by (23), we get

R sin V V
or tan ...(26)
R cos H H
The value of horizontal component H = R cos G is different
at different places. At the magnetic poles, G = 90°
? H = R cos 90° = zero
At the magnetic equator, G = 0°
? H = R cos 0° = R
Horizontal component (H) can be measured using both, a
vibration magnetometer and a deflection magnetometer.
The value of H at a place on the surface of earth is of the
order of 3.2 × 10–5 tesla.
Retain in Memory
Memory note
1. The earth’s magnetic poles are not at directly opposite positions
on globe. Current magnetic south is farther from geographic Note that the direction of horizontal component H of earth’s
south than magnetic north is from geographic north. magnetic field is from geographic south to geographic north
above the surface of earth. (if we ignore declination).
2. Infact, the magnetic field of earth varies with position and
also with time. For example, in a span of 240 years from 1580 24. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER
to 1820 A.D., the magnetic declination at London has been
found to change by 3.5° – suggesting that magnetic poles To describe the magnetic properties of materials, we define
of earth change their position with time. the following few terms, which should be clearly understood
3. The magnetic declination in India is rather small. At Delhi,
declination is only 0° 41’ East and at Mumbai, the declination 24.1 Magnetic Permeability
is 0° 58’ West. Thus at both these places, the direction of
geographic north is given quite accurately by the compass It is the ability of a material to permit the passage of magnetic
needle (within 1° of the actual direction). lines of force through it i.e. the degree or extent to which magnetic
field can penetrate or permeate a material is called relative
23.2 Magnetic Dip or Magnetic Inclination magnetic permeability of the material. It is represented by Pr.
Relative magnetic permeability of a mterial is defined as the
Magnetic dip or magnetic inclination at a place is defined as ratio of the number of magnetic field lines per unit area (i.e.
the angle which the direction of total strength of earth’s flux density B) in that material to the number of magnetic
magnetic field makes with a horizontal line in magnetic meridian. field lines per unit area that would be present, if the medium
were replaced by vacuum. (i.e. flux density B0).
23.3 Horizontal Component
B
It is the component of total intensity of earth’s magnetic i.e., Pr
field in the horizontal direction in magnetic meridian. It is B0
represented by H.
Relative magnetic permeability of a material may also be
In figure, AK represents the total intensity of earth’s magnetic defined as the ratio of magnetic permeability of the material
field, ‘BAK = G. The resultant intensity R along AK is (P) and magnetic permeability of free space (P0)
resolved into two rectangular components :
Horizontal component along AB is P
? Pr or P P rP0
AL = H = R cos G ...(23) P0
Vertical component along AD is We know that P0 = 4S × 10–7 weber/amp-metre (Wb A–1 m–1)
AM = V = R sin G ...(24) or henry/metre (Hm–1)

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? SI units of permeability (P) are But B = PH

Hm–1 = Wb A–1 m–1 = (T m2) A–1 m–1 = T m A–1 P
? PH P0 H 1  F m or 1  Fm
P0
G
24.2 Magnetic Intensity ( H )
or Pr 1  Fm
The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetise a material
This is the relation between relative magnetic permeability
is represented in terms of magnetising force or magnetise
G and magnetic susceptibility of the material.
intensity ( H ).
25. CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
24.3 Magnetisation or Intensity of Magnetisation ‘I’
There is a large variety of elements and compounds on earth.
It represents the extent to which a specimen is magnetised, Some new elements, alloys and compounds have been
when placed in a magnetising field. Quantitatively, synthesized in the laboratory. Faraday classified these
The magnetisation of a magnetic material is defined as the substances on the basis of their magnetic properties, into
magnetic moment per unit volume of the material. the following three categories :
(i) Diamagnetic substances,
Magnetic moment m
M (ii) Paramagnetic substances, and
volume V
(iii) Ferromagnetic substances
There are SI unit of I, which are the same as SI units of H.
Their main characteristics are discussed below :
Magnetic susceptibility ( F m ) of a magnetic material is
25.1 Diamagnetic Substances
defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (I)
induced in the material to the magnetising force (H) applied The diamagnetic substances are those in which the
individual atoms/molecules/ions do not possess any net
on it. Magnetic susceptibility is represented by F m .
magnetic moment on their own. When such substances are
placed in an external magnetising field, they get feebly
I magnetised in a direction opposite to the magnetising field.
Thus Fm
H when placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, these
substances have a tendency to move from stronger parts of
Relation between magnetic permeability and magnetic
the field to the weaker parts.
susceptibility
When a specimen of a diamagnetic material is placed in a
When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetising field of
magnetising field, the magnetic field lines prefer not to pass
magnetising intensity H, the material gets magnetised. The through the specimen.
total magnetic induction B in the material is the sum of the
Relative magnetic permeability of diamagnetic substances
magnetic induction B0 in vacuum produced by the magnetic
is always less than unity.
intensity and magnetic induction Bm, due to magnetisation
of the material. Therefore, From the relation Pr 1  Fm , a P r  1, Fm is negative.
B = B0 + Bm Hence susceptibility of diamagnetic substances has a small
But B0 = P0 H and Bm = m0 I, where I is the intensity of negative value.
magnetisation induced in the magnetic material. Therefore, A superconductor repels a magnet and in turn, is repelled
from above by the magnet.
The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in
B P 0 H  P0 I P 0 H  I , superconductors is called Meissner effect. Superconducting
magnets have been used for running magnetically leviated
i.e., B P0 H  I superfast trains.

25.2 Paramagnetic substances

I
Now as Fm ? I FmH
H Paramagnetic substacnes are those in which each individual
atom/molecule/ion has a net non zero magnetic moment of
From above, B P0 H  Fm H P0 H 1  F m its own. When such substances are placed in an external

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magnetic field, they get feebly magnetised in the direction inversely proportional to the temperature (T) of the material.
of the magnetising field.
1
When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, they tend to i.e., I v B, and I v
T
move from weaker parts of the field to the stronger parts.
When a specimen of a paramagnetic substance is placed in B
a magnetising field, the magnetic field lines prefer to pass Combining these factors, we get I v
T
through the specimen rather than through air.
As B v H , magnetising intensity
From the SI relation, P r 1  F m , as P r ! 1 , therefore, F m
I 1
must be positive. Hence, susceptibility of paramagnetic ? Iv or v
substances is positive, though small. T T
Susceptibility of paramagnetic substances varies inversely I
But Fm
1
as the temperature of the substance i.e. F m v i.e. they
T
lose their magnetic character with rise in temperature. 1 C
? Fm v or Fm
T T
25.3 Ferromagnetic substances where C is a constant of proportionality and is called Curie
Ferromagnetic substances are those in which each individual constant.
atom/molecule/ion has a non zero magnetic moment, as in a
paramagnetic substance. 26. HYSTERISIS CURVE
When such substances are placed in an external magnetising
The hysterisis curve represents the relation between
field, they get strongly magnetised in the direction of the field. G G
magnetic induction B (or intensity of magnetization I ) of
The ferromagnetic materials show all the properties of
paramagnetic substances, but to a much greater degree. For a ferromagnetic material with magnetiziing force or magnetic
example, G
intensity H . The shape of the hysterisis curve is shown in
(i) They are strongly magnetised in the direction of external figure. It represents the behaviour of the material as it is
field in which they are placed. taken through a cycle of magnetization.
(ii) Relative magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic materials is G
very large ( | 103 to 105) Suppose the material is unmagnetised initially i.e., B 0
G
(iii) The susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials is also very and H 0 . This state is represented by the origin O. Wee
large. ' Fm P r  1 place the material in a solenoid and increase the current
G
That is why they can be magnetised easily and strongly. through the solenoid gradually. The magnetising force H
(iv) With rise in temperature, susceptibility of ferromagnetics G
increases. The magnetic induction B in the material
decreases. At a certain temperature, ferromagnetics change
increases and saturates as depicted in the curve oa. This
over to paramagnetics. This transition temperature is called
curie temperature. For example, curie temperature of iron is behaviour represents alignment and merger of the domains
G
about 1000 K. of ferromagnetic material until no further enhancement in B
is possible. Therefore, there is no use of inreasing solenoid
current and hence magnetic intensity beyond this.

25.4 Curie Law in Magnetism

According to Curie law,
Intensity of magnetisation (I) of a magnetic material is (i)
directly proportional to magnetic induction (B), and (ii)

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This phenomenon of lagging of I or B behind H when a

specimen of a magnetic material is subjected to a cycle of
magnetisation is called hysteresis.
For example, hysteresis loop for soft iron is narrow and
large, whereas the hysteresis loop for steel is wide and short,
figure

Next, we decrease the solenoid current and hence magnetic The hysterisis loops of soft iron and steel reveal that
G (i) The retentivity of soft iron is greater than the retentivity of
intensity H till it reduces to zero. The curve follows the
G G steel,
path ab showing that when H 0 , B z 0 . Thus, some
(ii) Soft iron is more strongly magnetised than steel,
magnetism is left in the specimen.
G (iii) Coercivity of soft iron is less than coercivity of steel. It
The value of magnetic induction B left in the specimen means soft iron loses its magnetism more rapidly than steel
when the magnetising force is reduced to zero is called does.
Retentivity or Remanence or Residual magnetism of the (iv) As area of I-H loop for soft iron is smaller than the area of
material. I-H loop for steel, therefore, hysterisis loss in case of soft
It shows that the domains are not completely randomised iron is smaller than the hysterisis loss in case of steel.
even when the magnetising force is removed. Next, the (a) Permanent Magnets
current in the solenoid is reversed and increased slowly.
Permanent magnets are the materials which retain at room
Certain domains are flipped until the net magnetic induction
G temperature, their ferromagnetic properties for a long time.
B inside is reduced to zero. This is represented by the The material chosen should have
curve bc. It means to reduce the residual magnetism or (i) high retentivity so that the magnet is strong,
retentivity to zero, we have to apply a magnetising force =
OC in opposite direction. This value of magnetising force is (ii) high coercivity so that the magnetisation is not erased by
called coercivity of the material. stray magnetic fields, temperature changes or mechanical
damage due to rough handling etc.
As the reverse current in solenoid is increased in magnitude,
we once again obtain saturation in the reverse direction at (iii) high permeability so that it can be magnetised easily.
d. The variation is represented by the curve cd. Next, the Steel is preferred for making permanent magnets.
solenoid current is reduced (curve de), reversed and (b) Electromagnets
increased (curve ea). The cycle repeats itself. From figure,
The core of electromagnets are made of ferromagnetic
we find that saturated magnetic induction BS is of the order
materials, which have high permeability and low retentivity.
of 1.5 T and coercivity is of the order of –90 Am–1.
Soft iron is a suitable material for this purpose. When a soft
From the above discussion, it is clear that when a specimen iron rod is placed in a solenoid and current is passed through
of a magnetic material is taken through a cycle of the solenoid, magnetism of the solenoid is increased by a
magnetisation, the intensity of magnetisation (I) and thousand fold. When the solenoid current is switched off,
magnetic induction (B) lag behind the magnetising force the magnetism is removed instantly as retentivity of soft
(H). Thus, even if the magnetising force H is made zero, the iron is very low. Electromagnets are used in electric bells,
values of I and B do not reduce to zero i.e., the specimen loudspeakers and telephone diaphragms. Giant
tends to retain the magnetic properties. electromagnets are used in cranes to lift machinery etc.

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Specific example
27. HALL EFFECT
In the above circular loop tension in part A and B.
The Phenomenon of producing a transverse emf in a current
In balanced condition of small part AB of the loop is shown below
carrying conductor on applying a magnetic field perpendicular
to the direction of the current is called Hall effect.
Hall effect helps us to know the nature and number of charge
carriers in a conductor.
Consider a conductor having electrons as current carriers.
The electrons move with drift velocity vG opposite to the
direction of flow of current

dT dT
2Tsin dF BidA Ÿ 2T sin BiRdT
2 2

dT dT dT
If dT is small so, sin | Ÿ 2T. BiRdT
G G 2 2 2
Force acting on electron Fm  e v u B . This force acts
along x-axis and hence electrons will move towards face (2) BiL
T BiR, if 2SR L so T
and it becomes negatively charged. 2S

28. STANDARD CASES FOR FORCE ON

CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Case 1 : When an arbitrary current carrying loop placed in
If no magnetic field is present, the loop will still open into
a magnetic field ( A to the plane of loop), each element of
a circle as in it’s adjacent parts current will be in opposite
loop experiences a magnetic force due to which loop
direction and opposite currents repel each other.
stretches and open into circular loop and tension developed
in it’s each part.

Case 2 : Equilibrium of a current carrying conductor :

When a finite length current carrying wire is kept parallel to
another infinite length current carrying wire, it can suspend
freely in air as shown below

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Wire is placed along the axis of coil so magnetic field

produced by the coil is parallel to the wire. Hence it will not
experience any force.
Case 4 : Current carrying spring : If current is passed
through a spring, then it will contract because current will
flow through all the turns in the same direction.

In both the situations for equilibrium of XY it’s downward

P 0 2i1i 2
weight = upward magnetic force i.e. mg . .A
4S h

In the first case if wire XY is slightly displaced from its

equilibrium position, it executes SHM and it’s time period
If current makes to flow through spring, then spring will
h contract and weight lift up.
is given by T 2S .
g

If direction of current in movable wire is reversed then

it’s instantaneous acceleration produced is 2gp.

Case 3 : Current carrying wire and circular loop : If a

current carrying straight wire is placed in the magnetic field
of current carrying circular loop.

If switch is closed then current start flowing, spring will

execute oscillation in vertical plane.
Case 5 : Tension less strings : In the following figure the
value and direction of current through the conductor XY so
that strings becomes tensionless ?
Strings becomes tensionless if weight of conductor XY
balanced by magnetic force (Fm).
Wire is placed in the perpendicular magnetic field due to
coil at it’s centre, so it will experience a maximum force
P0i1
F BiA u i2A
2r

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In the following situation conducting rod (X, Y) slides at

constant velocity if

mg
Fcos T mgsin T Ÿ BiA cos T mgsin T Ÿ B tan T
iA

TIPS & TRICKS

1. The device whose working principle based on Halmholtz
Hence direction of current is from X o Y and in balanced coils and in which uniform magnetic field is used called as
mg “Halmholtz galvanometer”.
condition Fm = mg Ÿ BiA = mg Ÿ i =
BA 2. The value of magnetic field induction at a point, on the
centre of separation of two linear parallel conductors
Case 6 : A current carrying conductor floating in air such
carrying equal currents in the same direction is zero.
that it is making an angle T with the direction of magnetic
field, while magnetic field and conductor both lies in a 3. If a current carrying circular loop (n = 1) is turned into a
horizontal plane. coil having n identical turns then magnetic field at the
centre of the coil becomes n2 times the previous field i.e.
B(n turn) = n2 B(single turn)
4. When a current carrying coil is suspended freely in earth’s
magnetic field, it’s plane stays in East-West direction.
G
5. Magnetic field B produced by a moving charge q is given
G G G
G P0 q v u r P0 q v u rˆ
mg by B ; where v = velocity of
In equilibrium mg = BiA sinT Ÿ i 4S r3 4S r 2
BA sin T
charge and v < < c (speed of light).
Case 7 : Sliding of conducting rod on inclined rails : When
a conducting rod slides on conducting rails.

6. If an electron is revolving in a circular path of radius r with

speed v then magnetic field produced at the centre of circular

P 0 ev v
path B Ÿrv
4S r 2 B
G
7. The line integral of magnetising field H for any closed
path called magnetomotive force (MMF). It’s S.I. unit is amp.
8. Ratio of dimension of e.m.f. to MMF is equal to the dimension
of resistance.
9. The positive ions are produced in the gap between the two
dees by the ionisation of the gas. To produce proton,
hydrogen gas is used; while for producing alpha-particles,
helium gas is used.

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10. Cyclotron frequency is also known as magnetic resonance

frequency.
11. Cyclotron can not accelerate electrons because they have
very small mass.
12. The energy of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic
field does not change because it experiences a force in a
direction, perpendicular to it’s direction of motion. Due to
which the speed of charged particle remains unchanged and
hence it’s K.E. remains same.
17. If no magnetic field is present, the loop will still open into a
13. Magnetic force does no work when the charged particle is circle as in it’s adjacent parts current will be in opposite
displaced while electric force does work in displacing the
direction and opposite currents repel each other.
charged particle.
14. Magnetic force is velocity dependent, while electric force
is independent of the state of rest or motion of the charged
particle.
15. If a particle enters a magnetic field normally to the
magnetic field, then it starts moving in a circular orbit.
The point at which it enters the magnetic field lies on the
circumference. (Most of us confuse it with the centre of the
orbit)
16. Deviation of charged particle in magnetic field : If a
G 18. In the following case if wire XY is slightly displaced from its
charged particle (q, m) enters a uniform magnetic field B equilibrium position, it executes SHM and it’s time period is
(extends upto a length x) at right angles with speed v as
shown in figure. The speed of the particle in magnetic h
given by T 2S .
field does not change. But it gets deviated in the magnetic g
field.

§ Bq ·
Deviation in terms of time t ; T Zt ¨ ¸t
© m¹

Deviation in terms of length of the magnetic field ;

§x·
T sin 1 ¨ ¸ . This relation can be used only when x d r .
©r¹

For x > r, the deviation will be 180° as shown in the following figure 19. In the previous case if direction of currnet in movable wire
is reversed then it’s instantaneous acceleration produced is
2gp.
20. Electric force is an absolute concept while magnetic force is
a relative concept for an observer.
21. The nature of force between two parallel charge beams
decided by electric force, as it is dominator. The nature of
force between two parallel current carrying wires decided
by magnetic force.

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24. If a current carrying conductor AB is placed transverse to a

22. If a straight current carrying wire is placed along the axis of long current carrying conductor as shown then force.
a current carrying coil then it will not experience magnetic
Experienced by wire AB
force because magnetic field produced by the coil is parallel
to the wire. P0i1i 2 §xA·
F loge ¨ ¸
23. The force acting on a curved wire joining points a and b as 2S © x ¹
shown in the figure is the same as that on a straight wire
G G G
joining these points. It is given by the expression F iL u B

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example - 1 mv m
r or r v
An electron is passing through a field but no force is acting Bq q
on it. Under what conditions is it possible, if the motion of
the electron be in the (i) electric field (ii) magnetic field ? rp mp qD § m · § 2e · 1
u ¨ ¸u¨ ¸
Sol. (i) In electric field, there is always a force on the moving
rD mD qp © 4m ¹ © e ¹ 2
electron opposite to the direction of field. Thus the force
or rD 2rp i.e. rD ! rp .
will be zero only if electric field is zero.
(ii) In magnetic field, the force acting on a moving electron is i.e. track B corresponds to D-particle and track A to proton.
F = qv B sin T, it is zero if T = 0º or 180º. Example - 3
i.e. the electron is moving parallel to the direction of magnetic Why is ammeter connected in series and voltmeter in
field. parallel in the circuit ?

Example - 2 Sol. An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer. It is used to

A neutron, a proton an electron and an D-particle enter a measure the current in ampere. To measure the current of a
region of constant magnetic field with equal velocities. circuit, the ammeter is connected in series to the circuit so
that the current to be measured must pass through it. Since,
The magnetic field is along the inward normal to the plane
the resistance of ammeter is low, so its inclusion in series in
of paper. The tracks of the particles are shown in figure.
the circuit does not change the resistance and hence the
Relate the tracks to the particles.
main current in the circuit.
A voltmeter is a high resistance galvanometer. It is used to
measure potential difference between two points of the
circuit in volt. To measure the potential difference between
the two points of a circuit, the voltmeter is connected in
parallel to the circuit. The voltmeter resistance being high, it
draws minimum current from the main circuit and the potential
difference to be measured is not affected materially.
Example - 4
Sol. We know that force on a charged particle in the magnetic A current carrying circular loop is located in a uniform
field is external magnetic field. If the loop is free to turn, what is its
G G G orientation of stable equilibrium? Show that in this
F q v u B or F qvBsin T, so orientation, the flux of the total field (external field + field
(i) For neutral particle i.e. neutron, q = 0, hence F = 0. It means produced by the loop) is maximum.
neutron will go undeflected i.e. track C corresponds to Sol. The current carrying circular loop behaves as a magnetic
neutron. G
dipole of magnetic moment M acting perpendicular to its
(ii) For negatively charged particle i.e. electron, the direction of plane. The torque on the current loop of magnetic dipole
force, according to Fleming’s Left hand rule will be towards moment M in the magnetic field B is
right. So track D corresponds to electron.
W = MB sin D = IA × B sin D, (' M = AI)
(iii) For positively charged particle, the direction of force, G G
where D is the angle between M and B . The system will be
according to Fleming’s left hand rule will be towards left. So
in stable equilibrium if torque is zero, which is so if D = 0º.
both tracks A and B correspond to positively charged G G G
particles (i.e. protons and D-particles). This is possible if B is parallel to A i.e. B is perpendicular
When a moving charged particle is subjected to a to the plane of the loop. In this orientation, the magnetic
perpendicular magnetic field, it describes a circular path of field produced by the loop is in the same direction as that of
radius r given by external field, both normal to the plane of loop. It is due to
this fact, the magnetic flux due to total field is maximum.

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Example - 5 electric field time and again with the use of strong magnetic
Three wires each of length 2.0 m are bent into different field.
rectangular loops and then suspended in a magnetic field, A cyclotron is used (i) to bombard nuclei with high energy
figure. If the current in each of them be the same, which particles and to study the resulting nuclear reaction (ii) to
loop shall be acted upon by largest torque ? If any of the produce radioactive substances which may be used in
wires be bent into circular loop, then ? hospitals for diagnosing the diseases in the body.
Example - 9
A charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic field and
experiences upwardforce as indicated in figure. What is
the charge sign on the particle ?

Sol. Torque (W) on a current loop suspended in a uniform magnetic Sol. The particle has a positive charge.
field is given by W= I AB sin T i.e. W v A. Since the area of
Example - 10
loop (c) = 0.5 m × 0.5 m is maximum; hence the largest torque
will be acting on it. When any wire is bent into a circular You are given a low resistance R1, a high resistance R2
loop, the torque will be even more because for a given and a moving coil galvanometer. Suggest how you would
perimeter the area of the circle is maximum. use these to have an instrument that will be able to
measure (i) currents (ii) potential differences.
Example - 6
What is meant by cyclotron frequency ? Sol. (i) To measure currents, the low resistance R1 is connected
in parallel to the moving coil galvanometer.
Sol. It is the frequency of oscillation of a heavy charged particle
(ii) To measure potential differences, a high resistance R2 is
in between two dees of cyclotron, which is equal to the
connected in series with the moving coil galvanometer.
frequency of high frequency oscillator, creating electric field
between two dees of cyclotron. Cyclotron frequency, Example - 11
v = Bq/2 S m, which is independent of the radius of the State properties of the material of the wire used for
circular path and velocity of the charged particle in the two suspension of the coil in a moving coil galvanometer.
dees of cyclotron. Sol. The properties of the material of the wire used for suspension
Example - 7 of the coil in a moving coil galvanometer are as follows :
G
A charge 3 coulomb is moving with velocity v 4iˆ  3jˆ ms1 1. It should have low torsional constant i.e. restoring torque
per unit twist should be small.
G
in a magnetic field B 4iˆ  3jˆ Wbm 2 . Find the force 2. It should have high tensile strength.
acting on the charge. 3. It should be a non-magnetic substance.
G G G 4. It should have a low temperature coefficient of resistance.
Sol. F q v u B 3 ª 4iˆ  3jˆ u 4iˆ  3jˆ º = 3 [0] = 0
¼ 5. It should be a good conductor of electricity.
' Cross product of two equal vector is zero. Example - 12
Example - 8 What is a radial magnetic field ? How has it been achieved
What is the basic principle of working of cyclotron ? Write in moving coil galvanometer ?
two uses of this machine. Sol. Radial magnetic field is that field, in which the plane of the
Sol. The working of the cyclotron is based on the fact that a coil always lies in the direction of the magnetic field. A radial
heavy positively charged particle can be accelerated to a magnetic field has been achieved by (i) properly cutting the
sufficiently high energy with the help of smaller values of magnetic pole pieces in the shape of concave faces. (ii)
oscillation electric field, by making it to cross the same using a soft iron core within the coil.

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Example - 13 Example - 16
Why is phosphor bronze alloy preferred for the suspension An electron and proton enter perpendicularly in a uniform
wire of a moving coil galvanometer ? magnetic field with the same speed. How many times larger
will be the radius of proton’s path than the electron’s ?
Sol. The suspension wire of phosphor bronze alloy is preferred in Proton is 1840 times heavier than electron.
moving coil galvanometer because it has several advantages:
(i) Its restoring torque per unit twist is small. Due to it, the Sol. The charged particle while moving perpendicular to magnetic
galvanometer is very sensitive. field experiences a force which provides the centripetal force
for its circular motion. The radius r of the circular path traced
(ii) It has great tensile strength so that even if it is thin, it will not
by the particle in magnetic field B, is given by Bqv = mv2/r or
break under the weight of the coil suspended from its end.
r = mv/Bq or r v m if v, B and q are constant.
(iii) It is rust resisting. Hence it remains unaffected by the weather
Since the value of charge on electron and proton is the
conditions of air in which it is suspended.
same but mass of proton is 1840 times mass of electron,
Example - 14
rp mp 1840me
What is the main function of a soft iron core used in a hence 1840 or r = 1840 r
re me me p e
moving coil galvanometer ?
Example - 17
Sol. (i) This makes the magnetic field radial. In such a magnetic
field the plane of the coil is always parallel to the direction Two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction
of magnetic field. Due to which the galvanometer scale attract each other while two beams of electrons travelling
becomes linear. in the same direction repel each other. Why ?

(ii) This increases the strength of magnetic field due to the

Sol. Two parallel wires carrying currents in the same direction
crowding of the magnetic lines of force through the soft
attract each other due to magnetic interaction between two
iron core, which in turn increases the sensitiveness of the
wires carrying currents because the current in a wire
galvanometer.
produces a magnetic field and the magnetic interaction is of
Example - 15 attractive nature when current is the two parallel wires is in
Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a the same direction.
galvanometer. Increase in the current sensitivity may not The two beams of electrons travelling in the same direction
necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a will be a source of both an electric and magnetic fields. Due
galvanometer. Justify. to magnetic interaction, there will be force of attraction
between the two moving electrons but due to electrostatic
Sol. For definition of current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
interaction, there will be a force of repulsion between them.
refer to Art. 3(b).11.
If the beams of electrons are moving slowly, the electrostatic
Let T be the deflection produced in the galvanometer on force of repulsion between the electrons dominates the
applying voltage V, then magnetic attraction between them.
T nBA Example - 18
current sensitivity
I k An electron beam moving with uniform velocity is
T nBA gradually diverging. When it is accelerated to a very high
voltage sensitivity velocity, it again starts converging. Why ?
V kR
Thus, the current sensitivity can be increased by increasing,
Sol. Moving electrons, apart from electrical repulsion experience
n, B, A and by decreasing k. If n is increased, it will increase magnetic attraction also. If the electron beam is moving
the resistance of conductor. under normal conditions, the electrical repulsive force is
The voltage sensitivity can be increased by increasing n, B, much stronger than the magnetic attraction and hence the
A and by decreasing k and R. beam diverges. When the electron beam is moving at very
Therefore, the increase in current sensitivity of galvanometer high velocity, the magnetic force of attraction becomes more
may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of the effective than electrical repulsion and the beam starts
galvanometer. converging.

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MAGNETISM

Example - 19 Example - 21
Distinguish between Biot Savart’s law and Ampere’s Two parallel coaxial circular coils of equal radius R and
circuital law. equal number of turns N carry equal currents I in the same
Sol. direction and are separated by a distance 2 R. Find the
magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
Biot-Savart’s Law Ampere’s Circuital Law
produced at the mid-point of the line joining their centres.
1. This law is based on the This law is based on the
principle of magnetism. principle of electromagnetism. Sol. Magnetic field induction at the mid-point due to current
2. This law is valid for This law is valid for loop 1 is
asymmetrical current symmetrical current P0 P0 I R 2
2SI R 2 , acting towards right.
distribution. distributions. B1
4S R 2  R 2 3/ 2 2 2R 2
3/ 2

3. This law is the differential This law is the integral form

G G
form of magnetic field of B or H . Magnetic field induction at the mid point due to current
G loop 2 is
induction B or
G P0 I R 2 P0 I R 2
magnetising force H B2 , acting towards right.
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 R2  R2 2 2R 3
Example - 20
Total magnetic field induction is
Two small circular loops, marked (1) and (2), carrying equal
currents are placed with the geometrical axes perpendicular P0 I R 2 P0 I R 2 P0I R 2 P0 I
to each other as shown in figure. Find the magnitude and B B1  B2 
2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2 2 2R 3
2 2R
2 2R 2 2R
direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O.
Example - 22
Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the
core of a toroid, but not within a straight solenoid. Why ?

Sol. It is so because the magnetic field idnuction outside the

toroid is zero.
Example - 23
Name the physical quantity whose unit is tesla. Hence
define a tesla.

Sol. Magnetic field induction at O due to current loop 1 is Sol. Tesla is the SI unit of magnetic field induction or magnetic
flux density at a point in the magnetic field. The magnetic
P0 I R 2 field induction at a point in a magnetic field is said to be 1
B1 , acting towards left.
3/ 2 tesla if one coulomb charge while moving with a velocity of
2 x2  R2
1 m/s, perpendicular to the magnetic field experiences a force
Magnetic field induction at O due to current loop 2 is of 1 N at that point.
Example - 24
P0 I R 2
B2 3/ 2 acting vertically upwards. What is meant by a magnetic field ? How is it produced ?
2 x2  R 2
Sol. A magnetic field is the space around a magnet or the space
Resultant magnetic field induction at O will be around a wire carrying current, in which its magnetic effect
can be felt.
B B12  B22 2 B1 ' B1 B2
A magnetic field may be produced in many ways. For
example, (i) by a magnet (ii) by a current carrying conductor
P0I R 2 P0I R 2
2u 3/ 2 3/ 2
(iii) by a moving charge (iv) by a varying electric field.
2 x2  R2 2 x2  R2 (displacement current)

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 MAGNETISM

Example - 25 Example - 30
What is the potential energy of a dipole when it is State two methods to destroy the magnetism of a magnet.
perpendicular to a magnetic field ?
Sol. (i) By heating the magnet.
Sol. P.E. = –MB cos T = –MB cos 90º = zero. (ii) By applying magnetic field in the reverse direction.
Example - 26 Example - 31
What is the basic difference between magnetic and electric An electron of energy 2000 eV describes a circular path in
lines of force ? magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T. What is the radius of
the path ? Take e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, m = 9 × 10–31 kg.
Sol. Magnetic lines of force are closed, continuous curves, but
Sol. Here, energy of electron, E’ = 2000 eV
electric lines of force are discontinuous.
= 2000 × 1.6 × 10–19 J = 3.2 × 10–16 J.
Example - 27
B = 0.2 T ; r = ?
A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients
itself with its axis vertical at a certain place on the earth. 1 2E '
What are the values of As, E' mv 2 ?v
2 m
(a) Horizontal component of earth’s field ?
(b) angle of dip at this place. mv2
Also, Bev
r
Sol. H = 0 and G = 90º. The place will be magnetic pole of earth.
mv m 2E ' 2E 'm
or r
Example - 28 Be Be m Be
Why do magnetic lines of force prefer to pass through iron
2 u 3.2 u1016 u 9 u1031
than air ? 7.5 u104 m
0.2 u 1.6 u1019
Sol. This is because permeability of soft iron is much greater Example - 32
than that of air.
A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4 A. A proton P
travels at 4 × 106 ms–1 parallel to the wire, 0.2 m from it and
Example - 29 in a direction opposite to the current as shown in figure.
Define the term : magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Calculate the force which the magnetic field of current
Write the expression for the magnetic moment when an exerts on the proton. Also specify the direction of the force.
electron revolves at a speed v around an orbit of radius r in
hydrogen atom.

Sol. A current carrying loop behaves as a system of two equal

and opposite magnetic poles separated by a distance. Hence
it behaves as a magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipole moment of
current loop is the product of current I and area A enclosed
by the loop of current, i.e. M = IA.
In a hydrogen atom, when an electron revolves at a speed v
Sol. Here, I = 4A ; v = 4 × 106 ms–1 ; a = 0.2 m.
around an orbit of radius r, the magnetic moment is given by
Magnetic field induction at P is
§ eh ·
M n¨ ¸
© 4Sm ¹ P 0 2I 107 u 2 u 4
B 4 u 106 T
4S r 0.2
where e is charge on electron, m is mass of electron ; G
n denotes the number of orbit and h is Plack’s constant. The direction of B , according to Right Hand Thumb rule is
perpendicular to the plane of paper directed inwards.

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MAGNETISM

Since proton is moving in opposite direction to the current

E 2 u104
carrying straight wire, hence the proton is moving eE evB or v 3
5 u106 m / s
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field due to current B 4 u 10
through straight wire. The force on moving proton of charge When electron moves perpendicular to magnetic field, the
q due to magnetic field is radius r of circular path traced by electron is
F = qvB sin 90º = (1.6 × 10–19) × (4 × 106) × (4 × 10–6)
= 2.56 × 10–18 N mv 9.1u 1031 u 5 u106
r 7.11u 103 m 7.11 mm
The direction of force on proton, according to Fleming’s eB 1.6 u 1019 u 4 u 103
Left Hand Rule acts in the plane of paper towards right.
Example - 33 Example - 35
Figure shows a rectangular current-carrying loop placed
A cyclotron oscillator frequency is 10 M Hz. What should be
2 cm away from a long, straight, current carrying conductor.
the operating magnetic field for accelerating D-particle ? If
What is the direction and magnitude of the net force acting
the radius of the dees is 50 cm, what is the kinetic energy in
on the loop ?
MeV of the D-particle beam produced by the accelerator?
(e = 1.6 × 10–19 C ; mD = 4.0028 a.m.u. ; 1 a.m.u. = 1.66 × 10–27 kg)

Sol. Here, v = 10 MHz = 107 Hz ; r0 = 50 cm = 0.50 m ; B = ?

mD = 4.0028 × 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 6.645 × 10–27 kg,
q = 2 e = 2 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 3.2 × 10–19 C.

Bq
As, v
2Sm D

2SmD v
or B
q

22 6.645 u10 27 u 107

2u u 1.305 T
7 3.2 u10 19 Sol. Here, I1 = 15 A ; I2 = 25 A ;
Maximum kinetic energy is r1 = 2 × 10–2 m ; r2 = (2 + 10) × 10–2 m
2
1.305 u 3.2 u1019
2 2
B2 q 2 r 2 u 0.50 P 0 2I1I2
E max J Force on BC, F1 u length BC
4S r1
2m D 2 u 6.645 u 1027

2 u 15 u 25
10 7 u u 25 u102
1.305 u 3.2 u1038 u 0.25
2 2
MeV 20.5 MeV 2 u102
2 u 6.645 u1027 u 1.6 u 1013
= 9.375 × 10–4 N (repulsive, away from XY)
Example - 34
An electron beam passes through a magnetic field of 4 × 10–3 P0 2I1I 2
weber/m2 and an electric field of 2 × 104 Vm–1, both acting Force on DA, F2 u length DA
4S r2
simultaneously. The path of electron remaining undeviated,
calculate the speed of the electrons. If the electric field is 2 u 15 u 25
removed, what will be the radius of the electron path ? 10 7 u 2
u 25 u 102
2  10 u 10
–3 2 4
Sol. Here, B = 4 × 10 weber/m ; E = 2 × 10 V/m.
= 1.5625 × 10–4 N (attractive towards XY)
As the path of moving electron is undeviated, so force on
Net force on the loop F = F1 – F2 = (0.375 – 1.5625) × 10–4
moving electron due to electric field is equal and opposite
to the force on moving electron due to magnetic field i.e. = 7.8175 × 10–4 N (respulsive, away from XY)

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 MAGNETISM

Example - 36 G G G
(iii) W MuBMBsin T where T is the angle between M
A long straight conductor PQ, carrying a current of 60 A, is G
G G
fixed horizontally. Another long conductor XY is kept and B or between A and B .
parallel to PQ at a distance of 4 mm, in air. Conductor XY is Initially, T = 0º, W = MB sin 0º = 0.
free to move and carries a current I. Calculate the magnitude
Finally, T = 90º, W = MB sin 90º = MB = 10 × 2 = 20 Nm.
and direction of current I for which the magnetic repulsion
just balances the weight of conductor XY. (Mass per unit dZ dZ dT dZ
(iv) W ID I I u I u Z MBsin T
lengths for conductor XY is 10–2 kg/m). dt dT dt dT
? IZdZ MBsin TdT .
Integrating it within the given conditions,
Z S/2
I ³ ZdZ ³ MBsin T dT
0 0

Sol. Here, I1 = 60 A ; I2 = I A, r = 4 mm = 4 × 10–3 m ; Z2 S/ 2 ª S º

I MB  cos T 0
MB « cos  cos 0º » MB
Mass per unit length of conductor XY, m = 10–2 kg/m. 2 ¬ 2 ¼
As magnetic repulsion is balancing the weight of conductor 1/ 2 1/ 2
§ 2MB · § 2 u 20 ·
XY or Z ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 20 rad / s.
© I ¹ © 0.1 ¹
P0 2I1I2 10 7 u 2 u 60 u I Second Method for (iv)
so, mg or 3
10 2 u 9.8
4S r 4 u10 Change in KE of rotation = work done in rotation

4 u 105 u 9.8 1 2
or I 32.67 A IZ MB cos T1  cos T2 where
2 u 107 u 60 2
The current in XY must flow opposite to that in PQ, because
T1 0º ; T2 90º , I 0.1 kg m2 ; MB 20 Nm
only then the force will be repulsive.
1/ 2
Example - 37 ª 2MB cos T1  cos T2 º
? Z « »
A 100 turn closely wound circular coil of radius 10 cm I ¼
carries a current of 3.2 A. (i) What is the field at the centre of
1/ 2
the coil ? (ii) What is the magnetic moment of this ª 2 u 20 u cos0º  cos90º º
arrangement ? The coil is placed in a vertical plane and is « » 20 rad / s
0.1 ¼
free to rotate about a horizontal axis which coincides with
its diameter. A uniform magnetic field of 2 T in the horizontal Example - 38
direction exists such that initially the axis of the coil is in
A circular coil of 100 turns, radius 10 cm carries a current of
the direction of the field. The coil rotates through an angle 5 A. It is suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal
of 90º under the influence of the magnetic field. (iii) What magnetic field of 0.5 T, the field lines making an angle of
are the magnitudes of the torques on the coil in the initial
60º with the plane of coil. Calculate the magnitude of the
and final position ? (iv) What is the angular speed acquired torque that must be applied on it to prevent it from turning.
by the coil when it has rotated by 90º ? The moment of
inertia of the coil is 0.1 kg m2. Sol. Here, n = 100 ; I = 5 A ; B = 0.5 T ; D = 90º – 60º = 30º ; r = 10
cm = 0.10 m ;
Sol. (i) Here, n = 100, r = 0.10 m, i = 3.2 A, B = 2 T, I = 0.1 kg m2
22 2
P0 2Sni 22 100 u 3.2 A Sr 2 u 0.10 m 2
B 10 7 u 2 u u 2 u10 T3 7
4S r 7 0.10
22
Torque, W = nIBA sin D = 100 × 5 × 0.5 × × (0.10)2 × sin 30º
§ 22 · 2 7
(ii) M = niA = niSr2 = 100 u 3.2 u ¨ ¸ u 0.10 10 Am 2 = 3.927 N-m
© 7 ¹

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MAGNETISM

Example - 39 Vs  Vs'
? % decrease in voltage sensitivity u100
Compare the current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of Vs
the following moving coil galvanometers :
Meter A : n = 30, A = 1.5 × 10–3 m2, B = 0.25 T, R = 20 : 3
Vs  Vs
Meter B : n = 35, A = 2.0 × 10–3 m2, B = 0.25 T, R = 30 : u100 40%
Vs
You are given that the springs in the two metres have the
Example - 41
same torsional constants.
A galvanometer having 30 divisions has a current
Sol. For metre A, n1 = 30, A1 = 1.5 × 10–3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T, R1 = 20 :. sensitivity of 20 PA/division. It has a resistance of 25 :.
For metre B, n2 = 35, A2 = 2.0 × 10–3 m2, B2 = 0.25 T, R2 = 30 :. How will you convert it into an ammeter upto 1 ampere ?
How will you convert this ammeter into a voltmeter up to 1
nBA volt ?
Current sensitivity of a meter
k

Current sensitivity of meter A Sol. Current sensitivity = 20 PA/div. = 20 × 10–6 A/div.

? Current sensitivity of meter B Current for full scale deflection, ig = 20 × 10–6 × 30
= 6 × 10–4 A
n1B1A1 k2 n1B1A1
u For converting galvanometer into ammeter the shunt required
k1 n 2B2 A 2 n 2 B2 A 2 ' k1 k2

Ig 6 u 10 4 u 25
30 u 0.25 u 1.5 u 10 3 45 9 S .G 0.1050 :
I  Ig 1  6 u104
35 u 0.25 u 2.0 u 103 70 14

nBA Resistance of ammeter formed,

Now, voltage sensitivity of a meter
kR GS 0.015 u 25
G' 0.015 :
Voltage sensitivity of meter A G S 25  0.015
? Voltage sensitivity of meter B Conversion of ammeter into voltmeter
Here, Ig = 1 ampere, V = 1 volt, G’ = 0.015 :
n1B1A1 k R n1B1A1R 2
u 2 2
k1R1 n 2B2 A 2 n 2 B2 A2 R1 Resistance to be used in series,

V 1
30 u 0.25 u 1.5 u 10 3 u 30 9 30 27 R  G'  0.015 0.985 :
u Ig 1
35 u 0.25 u 2.0 u 103 u 20 14 20 28
Example - 42
Example - 40
The current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer A resistance of 1980 : is connected in series with a
increases by 20% when its resistance is increased by a factor voltmeter, after which the scale division becomes 100 times
2. Calculate by what factor the voltage sensitivity changes. larger. Find the resistance of voltmeter.

Sol. Let R be the resistance of voltmeter. Let n be the number of

20 120 divisions in the voltmeter. The voltage recorded by each
Sol. Given, I's Is  Is Is ; R ' 2R
100 100 division of voltmeter when current ig flows through it is
ig R/n = V ...(i)
Is
Then, initial voltage sensitivity, Vs when resistance is connected in series of voltmeter then
R
ig (R + 1980)/n = 100 V ...(ii)
New voltage sensitivity,
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
Is' § 120 · 1 3 R + 1980 = 100 R
Vs' ¨ Is ¸ u Vs
R' © 100 ¹ 2R or R = 1980/99 = 20 :

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 MAGNETISM

Example - 43 Example - 46
43. A magnetised steel wire 31.4 cm long has a pole strength of In the magnetic meridian of a certain place, the horizontal
0.2Am. It is then bent in the form of a semicircle. Calculate component of the earth’s magnetic field is 0.26 G and dip
magnetic moment of the needle. angle is 60º. What is the magnetic field of earth at this
location ?
Sol. Here, L = 31.4 cm. m = 0.2 Am, M = ? Sol. Here, H = 0.26 G, G = 60º, R = ?
When the wire is bent in the form of a semicircle of radius r, As H = R cos G
then L = Sr = 3.14 r
H 0.26 0.26
L 31.4 ? R 0.52 G
r 10 cm cos G cos 60º 1/ 2
3.14 3.14
Example - 47
Distance between the two ends of wire,
2A = 2r = 20 cm = 0.2 m A magnetic needle has magnetic moment of 6.7 × 10–2 Am2
and moment of inertia of 7.5 × 10–6 kg m2. It performs 10
M = m × 2A = 0.2 × 0.2 = 0.04 Am2 complete oscillations in 6.70 s. What is the magnitude of
Example - 44 the magnetic field ?
A magnetised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 × 10–2 J T–1 is Sol. Here, M = 6.7 × 10–2 Am2, I = 7.5 × 10–6 kg m2
placed at 30º with the direction of uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 3 × 10–2 T. What is the torque acting on the 6.70
needle ? Time for one oscillation, T 0.67 s ; B ?
10

Sol. Here, M = 4.8 × 10–2 J T–1 ; T = 30º ; B = 3 × 10–2 T I 4S 2 I

From T* 2 S ;B
torque, W = ? MB MT 2
As W = MB sin T
4 u 22 / 7 u 7.5 u106
2
? W = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 sin 30º 0.01 T
6.7 u102 0.67
2
–4
= 7.2 × 10 N-m
Example - 45 Example - 48
A ship is to reach a place 10º south of west. In what The core of a toroid having 3000 turns has inner and outer
direction should it be steered if declination at the place is radii 11 cm and 12 cm respectively. Calculate relative
17º west ? permeability of its core, given that a current of 0.7 amp.
produces a magnetic field of intensity 2.5 T in the core.
Sol. As the ship is to reach a place 10º south of west i.e. along
OA, figure, therefore, it should be steered west of (magnetic) Sol. Here, total number of turns = 3000
north at an angle of (90 – 17 + 10) = 83º.
11  12
Average radius, r 11.5 cm
2
= 11.5 × 10–2 m ; i = 0.7 amp. and B = 2.5 T
No. of turns/length,

3000 3000 3 u 10
n 2
2Sr 2S u11.5 u10 23S

As B=Pni
B = P0 Pr n i

B 2.5 u 23S
? Pr 684.5
P0 ni 4Su107 u 3 u 105 u 0.7

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 MAGNETISM

Example - 49 (a) 2iBL directed along the negative Z-axis

–5
The susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 × 10 . (b) 5iBL directed along the positive Z-axis
At what temperature will the susceptibility be equal to
(c) iBL direction along the positive Z-axis
1.44 × 10–5 ?
(d) 2iBL directed along the positive Z-axis

C F T' Sol : (c)

Sol. As Fm T
? 'm
Fm T
As PQ and UT are parallel to Q, therefore FPQ = FUT = 0

Fm 1.2 u10 5 The current in TS and RQ are in mutually opposite direction.

or T' uT u 300 250 K Hence, FTS – FRQ = 0
'
Fm 1.44 u10 5
Therefore the force will act only on the segment SR whose
Example - 50 value is Bil and it’s direction is +z.
A solenoid has a core of a material with relative permeability
Example - 52
400. The windings of the solenoid are insulated from the
core and carry a current of 2 A. If the number of turns is An electron moves straight inside a charged parallel plate
1000 per metre, calculate (i) H (ii) B (iii) Intensity of capacitor at uniform charge density V. The space between
magnetisation I, and the magnetising current. the plates is filled with constant magnetic field of induction
G
B . Time of straight line motion of the electron in the
Sol. Here, Pr = 400, I’ = 2A, n = 1000 per metre
capacitor is
(i) H = nI’ = 1000 × 2 = 2 × 103 Am–1
(ii) B = PH = P0 Pr H = 4S× 10–7 × 400 (2 × 103) = 1.0 T
(iii) From B = P0 (H + I), where I is intensity of magnetisation,

B 1.0
I H  2 u103
P0 4Su 107

= 7.95 × 105 – 0.02 × 105 = 7.93 × 105 Am–1.

(iv) The magnetising current Im is the additional current that
needs to be passed through the windings of the solenoid in eV H 0 AB
the absence of the core, which would produce a B value as (a) H AB (b)
0 V
in the presence of the core. Thus,
B = P0 n (I’ + Im) eV H0B
–7 (c) H B (d) e V
1.0 = 4S × 10 × 1000 (2 + Im) 0

1.0
Im  2 796  2 794 A Sol. (b)
4S u10 4
The net force acting on the electron is zero because it moves
Example - 51 with constant velocity, due to it’s motion on straight line.
A conductor PQRSTU, each side of length L, bent as shown G G G G G
Ÿ Fnet Fe  Fm 0 Ÿ | Fe | | Fm |
in the figure, carries a current i and is placed in a uniform
magnetic induction B directed parallel to the positive Y-axis. Ÿ eE = evB
The force experience by the wire and its direction are
E V ª Vº
Ÿ ve «E »
B H0B ¬ H0 ¼

A H 0 AB
? The time of motion inside the capacitor . t .
v V

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 MAGNETISM

Example - 53 Sol. (d)

A proton of mass m and charge +e is moving in a circular N
orbit of a magnetic field with energy 1MeV. What should B = P0ni; where n
2SR
be the energy of D-particle (mass = 4 m and charge = +2e),
so that it can revolve in the path of same radius 500
? B 4S u 10 7 u u 0.5 5 u10  4 T.
(a) 1 MeV (b) 4 MeV 2S u 0.1
(c) 2 MeV (d) 0.5 MeV
Example - 56
Sol. (a) Figure shows a square loop ABCD with edge length a.
The resistance of the wire ABC is r and that of ADC is 2r.
2 mK
By using r ; r o same, B o same The value of magnetic field at the centre of the loop
qB
assuming uniform wire is
q2
Ÿ Kv
m
2 2
K § qD · mp § 2q p · m
Hence D ¨ ¸ u ¨ ¸ u p 1= 1
Kp ¨ qp ¸ mD ¨ qp ¸ 4m p
© ¹ © ¹
Ÿ KD = Kp = 1meV.

Example - 54
For the solenoid shown in figure. The magnetic field at
point P is

2 P 0i 2 P 0i
(a) (b)
3 Sa 3 Sa

2 P 0i 2 P 0i
(c) (d)
P 0 ni 3 P 0 ni Sa Sa
(a) 3 1 (b)
4 4
Sol. (b)
P ni P ni
(c) 0 3 1 (d) 0 3 1 According to question resistance of wire ADC is twice that
2 4 of wire ABC. Hence current flows through ADC is half
Sol. (a)
i2 1
that of ABC i.e. . Also i1 + i2 = 1
P0 i1 2
B . 2S ni sin D  sin E .
4S
2i i
From figure D = (90o – 30o) = 60o and E = (90o – 60o) = 30o Ÿ i1 and i 2
3 3
P 0 ni P 0 ni Magnetic field at centre O due to wire AB and BC
? B sin 60q  sin 30q 3 1 .
2 4
P 0 2i1 sin 45q
Example - 55 (part 1 & 2) B1 .
4S D/2
The average radius of a toroid made on a ring of non-
magnetic material is 0.1 m and it has 500 turns. If it carries P 0 2 2 i1 and magnetic field at centre O due to wires
.
0.5 ampere current, then the magnetic field produced along 4S D
its circular axis inside the toroid will be AD and DC
(a) 25 × 10–2 Tesla (b) 5 × 10–2 Tesla
P0 2 2 i2
(c) 25 × 10–4 Tesla (d) 5 × 10–4 Tesla (i.e. part 3 and 4) B3 B4
4S D

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MAGNETISM

Also i1 = 2i2. So (B1 = B2) > (B3 = B4) Square coil

Hence net magnetic field at centre O

Bnet = (B1 + B2) – (B3 + B4)

Length L = 4a

P0 2 2 i P0 8 2 i
B . B net 4B .
4S a 4S a

B circular S2
Hence B
square 8 2

Example - 58
What is the net force on the coil
§2 · §i·
2 2 u¨ i¸ 2 2¨ ¸u 2
P © 3 ¹  P0 . ©3¹
2u 0 .
4S a 4S a

P0 4 2 i 2 P 0i
. 2 1
4S 3 a 3Sa
(a) 25 × 10–7 N moving towards wire
Example - 57 (b) 25 × 10–7 N moving away from wire
The ratio of the magnetic field at the centre of a current (c) 35 × 10–7 N moving towards wire
carrying circular wire and the magnetic field at the centre
(d) 35 × 10–7 N moving away from wire
of a square coil made from the same length of wire will be
Sol. (a)
S2 S2
(a) (b) Force on sides BC and CD cancel each other.
4 2 8 2
Force on side AB
S S
(c) (d) 2 u 2 u1
2 2 4 2 FAB 10 7 u u15 u10  2 3 u 10 6 N
2 u10  2
Sol. (b) Force on side CD
Circular coil
2 u 2 u1
FAB 10 7 u u15 u 10  2 0.5 u10  6 N
12 u10 2

Length L = 2S r
Hence net force on loop = FAB – FCD = 25 u 10–7 N (towards
P 0 2Si P0 4S2i
Magnetic field B . . the wire).
4S r 4S r

@aakashallen
 MAGNETISM

1. The dipole moment of a circular loop carrying a current I, is m and the magnetic field at the centre
of the loop is B1. When the dipole moment is doubled by keeping the current constant, the magnetic
B1
field at the centre of the loop is B2. The ratio is: (2018)
B2
1
(a)
2
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 2

2. An electron, a proton and an alpha particle having the same kinetic energy are moving in circular
orbits of radii re, rp, rα respectively in a uniform magnetic field B. The relation between re, rp, rα is :
(2018)
(a) re < rp < rα
(b) re > rp = rα
(c) re < rp = rα
(d) re < rp < rα

3. A Helmholtz coil has a pair of loops, each with N turns and radius R. They are placed coaxially at
(2018)

8 N 0 I
(a)
51/ 2 R
4N  I
(b) 3/ 2 0
5 R
4N  I
(c) 1/ 2 0
5 R
8 N 0 I
(d) 3/ 2
5 R

4. The B-H curve for a ferromagnet is shown in the figure. The ferromagnet is placed inside a long
solenoid with 1000 turns/cm. The current that should be passed in the solenoid to demagnetise the
ferromagnet completely is : (2018)

@aakashallen
(a) 2 mA
(b) 20 μA
(c) 1 mA
(d) 40 μA

5. A charge q is spread uniformly over an insulated loop of radius r. If it is rotated with an angular
velocity ω with respect to normal axis then magnetic moment of the loop is : (2018)
3
(a) q r 2
2
1
(b) q r 2
2
(c) q r 2
4
(d) q r 2
3

6. A galvanometer with its coil resistance 25Ω requires a current of 1mA for its full deflection. In
order to construct an ammeter to read up to a current of 2A the approximate value of the shunt
resistance should be : (2018)
(a) 1.25 × 10-2 Ω
(b) 2.5 × 10-3 Ω
(c) 2.5 × 10-2 Ω
(d) 1.25 × 10-3 Ω

7. In a circuit for finding the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method a 6V battery and
a high resistance of 11kΩ are used. The figure of merit of the galvanometer produces a deflection of
θ = 9 divisions when current flows in the circuit. The value of the shunt resistance that can cause the
deflection of θ/2 is (2018)
(a) 550Ω
(b) 220Ω
(c) 55Ω
(d) 110Ω

8. A magnetic field B = B0 ˆj exists in the region a < x < 2a and B = − B0 ˆj , in the region 2a < x < 3a,
where B0 is a positive constant. A positive point charge moving with a velocity v = v0iˆ where v0 is a
positive constant, enters the magnetic field at x = a. The trajectory of the charge in this region can be
like (2007)

@aakashallen
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

9. An electron moving with a speed u along the positive x-axis at y = 0 enters a region of uniform
magnetic field B = − B0 kˆ which exists to the right of y-axis. The electron exits from the region after
sometime with the speed v at coordinate y, then (2004)

(a) v > u, y < 0

(b) v = u, y > 0
(c) v > u, y > 0
(d) v = u, y < 0

@aakashallen
10. For a positively charged particle moving in a x-y plane initially along the x-axis, there is a sudden
change in its path due to the presence of electric and or magnetic fields beyond P. The curved path is
shown in the x - y plane and is found to be non-circular.

Which of the following combinations is possible ? (2003)

(a) E = 0; B = b j + c k
(b) E = ai; B = c k + ai
(c) E = 0; B = c j + b k
(d) E = ai; B = ck + b j

11. A particle of mass m and charge q moves with a constant velocity v along the positive x-direction.
It enters a region containing a uniform magnetic field B directed along the negative z-direction,
extending from x = a to x = b. The minimum value of v required so that the particle can just enter the
region x > b (2002)
qbB
(a)
m
q(b − a) B
(b)
m
qaB
(c)
m
q(b + a) B
(d)
2m

12. Two particles A and B of masses mA and mB respectively and having the same charge are moving
in a plane. A uniform magnetic field exists perpendicular to this plane. The speeds of the particles
are vA and vB, respectively and the trajectories are as shown in the figure. Then (2001)

(a) mA vA < mB vB
(b) mA vA > mB vB
(c) mA < mB and vA < vB
(d) mA = mB and vA = vB

13. An ionized gas contains both positive and negative ions. If it is subjected simultaneously to an
electric field along the -x-direction and a magnetic field along the +z-direction, then (2000)
(a) positive ions are deflected towards +y-direction and negative ions towards -y-direction
(b) all ions are deflected towards +y-direction
(c) all ions are deflected towards -y-direction
(d) positive ions are deflected towards -y-direction and negative ions towards -y-direction

@aakashallen
14. A charged particle is released from rest in a region of steady and uniform electric and magnetic
fields which are parallel to each other. The particle will move in a (1999)
(a) straight line
(b) circle
(c) helix
(d) cycloid

15. Two particles X and Y having equal charges. After being accelerated through the same potential
difference, they enter a region of uniform magnetic field and describe circular paths of radii R1 and
R2 respectively. The ratio of the masses of X to that of Y is (1988)
(a) (R1/R2)1/2
(b) (R2/R1)
(c) (R1/R2)2
(d) R1/R2

16. Two identical wires A and B, each of length l, carry the same current I. Wire A is bent into a circle
of radius R and wire B is bent to form a square of side a. If BA and BB are the values of magnetic field
BA
at the centres of the circle and square respectively, then ratio is (2016)
BB
2
(a)
8
2
(b)
16 2
2
(c)
16
2
(d)
8 2

17. An infinitely long hollow conducting cylinder with inner radius Ra and outer radius R carries a
uniform current density along its length. The magnitude of the magnetic field, |B| as a function of
the radial distance r from the axis is best represented by (2012)
(a)

(b)

(c)

@aakashallen
(d)

18. A long insulated copper wire is closely wound as a spiral of N turns. The spiral has inner radius a
and outer radius b. The spiral lies in the X-Y plane and a steady current I flows through the wire. The
Z-component of the magnetic field at the centre of the spiral is (2011)

0 NI b
(a) ln  
2(b − a )  a 
0 NI b+a
(b) ln  
2(b − a)  b − a 
 NI  b 
(c) 0 ln  
2b a
 NI  b + a 
(d) 0 ln  
2b b−a

19. A long straight wire along the z-axis carries a current I in the negative z-direction. The magnetic
vector field B at a point having coordinate (x, y) on the z = 0 plane is (2002)
0 I ( yiˆ − xjˆ)
(a)
2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
 I ( xiˆ + yjˆ)
(b) 0 2
2 ( x + y 2 )
 I ( xjˆ − yiˆ )
(c) 0 2
2 ( x + y 2 )
 I ( xiˆ − yjˆ)
(d) 0 2
2 ( x + y 2 )

20. A coil having N turns is wound tightly in the form of a spiral with inner and outer radii a and b
respectively. When a current I passes through the coil, the magnetic field at the centre is (2001)

@aakashallen
 0 NI
(a)
b
2 0 NI
(b)
a
0 NI b
(c) ln
2(b − a) a
0 I N b
(d) ln
2(b − a) a

21. A non-planar loop of conducting wire carrying a current I is placed as shown in the figure. Each of
the straight sections of the loop is of length 2a. The magnetic field due to this loop at the point
P (a. 0, a) paints in the direction (2001)

1
(a) (− j + k )
2
1
(b) (− j + k + i )
3
1
(c) (i + j + k )
3
1
(d) (i + k )
2

22. Two long parallel wires are at a distance 2d apart. They carry steady equal currents flowing out
of the plane of the paper as shown. The variation of the magnetic field B along the line XX’ is given
by (2000)
(a)

(b)

@aakashallen
(c)

(d)

23. An infinitely long conductor PQR is bent to form a right angle as shown in figure. A current I flows
through PQR. The magnetic field due to this current at the point M is H1. Now, another infinitely long
straight conductor QS is connected at Q, so that current is I/2 in QR as well as in QS, the current in
PQ remaining unchanged. The magnetic field at M is now H2. The ratio H1 /H2 is given by (2000)

(a) 1/2
(b) 1
(c) 2/3
(d) 2

24. A battery is connected between two points A and B on the circumference of a uniform
conducting ring of radius r and resistance R. One of the arcs AB of the ring subtends an angle  at the
centre. The value of the magnetic induction at the centre due to the current in the ring
is (1995)
0
(a) proportional to (180 - θ)
(b) inversely proportional to r
(c) zero, only if (θ = 1800)
(d) zero for all values of θ

@aakashallen
25. A current I flows along the length of an infinitely long, straight, thin-walled pipe. Then
(1993)
(a) the magnetic field at all points inside the pipe is the same, but not zero
(b) the magnetic field at any point inside the pipe is zero
(c) the magnetic field is zero only on the axis of the pipe
(d) the magnetic field is different at different points inside the pipe

26. Two coaxial solenoids of different radii carry current I in the same direction. Let F1 be the
magnetic force on the inner solenoid due to the outer one and F2 be the magnetic force on the outer
solenoid due to the inner one. Then, (2015)
(a) F1 is radially outwards and F2 = 0
(b) F1 is radially inwards and F2 is radially outwards
(c) F1 is radially inwards and F2 = 0
(d) F21 = F2 = 0

27. Two long current carrying thin wires, both with current I, are held by insulating threads of length
L and are in equilibrium as shown in the figure, with threads making an angle θ with the vertical. If
wires have mass λ per unit length then, the value of I is (g = gravitational acceleration)
(2015)

 gL
(a) 2sin 
0cos
 gL
(b) sin 
0cos
 gL
(c) 2 tan 
0
 gL
(d) tan 
0

28. A conducting loop carrying a current I is placed in a uniform magnetic field pointing into the
plane of the paper as shown. The loop will have a tendency to (2003)

(a) contract

@aakashallen
(b) expand
(c) move towards +ve x-axis
(d) move towards -ve x-axis

29. Two thin long parallel wires separated by a distance b are carrying a current i ampere each. The
magnitude of the force per unit length exerted by one wire on the other is (1986)
 0i 2
(a)
b2
 i2
(b) 0
2 b
i
(c) 0
2 b
 0i
(d)
2 b 2

30. A rectangular loop carrying a current i is situated near a long straight wire such that the wire is
parallel to one of the sides of the loop and is in the plane of the loop. If steady current I is
established in the wire as shown in the figure, the loop will

(a) rotate about an axis parallel to the wire

(b) move away from the wire
(c) move towards the wire
(d) remain stationary

31. A rectangular loop of sides 10 cm and 5cm carrying a current I of 12 A is placed in different
orientations as shown in the figures below. (2015)
(a)

(b)

(c)

@aakashallen
(d)

If there is a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T in the positive z-direction, in which orientations the loop
would be in
(i) stable equilibrium and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(a) (a) and (b) respectively
(b) (b) and (d) respectively
(c) (a) and (c) respectively
(d) (b) and (c) respectively

32. A loop carrying current! lies in the x-y plane as shown in the figure. The unit vector k is coming
out of the plane of the paper. The magnetic moment of the current loop is (2012)

(a) a2 Ik
 
(b)  + 1 a 2 I kˆ
2 
 
(c) −  + 1 a 2 I kˆ
2 
(d) (2 + 1) a 2 I kˆ

33. A current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in four different orientations, I, II, III
and IV. Arrange them in the decreasing order of potential energy. (2003)

@aakashallen
(a) I > III > II > IV
(b) I > II > III > IV
(c) I > IV > II > III
(d) III > IV > I > II

34. A particle of charge q and mass m moves in a circular orbit of radius r with angular speed ω. The
ratio of the magnitude of its magnetic moment to that of its angular momentum depends on (2000)
(a) ω and q
(b) ω, q and m
(c) q and m
(d) ω and m

35. Two particles, each of mass in and charge q, are attached to the two ends of a light rigid rod of
length 2R. The rod is rotated at constant angular speed about a perpendicular axis passing through
its centre. The ratio of the magnitudes of the magnetic moment of the system and its angular
momentum about the centre of the rod is (1998)
(a) q/2m
(b) q/m
(c) 2q/m
(d) q/πm

36. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries a constant current i. It is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B0 such that B0 is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The magnetic force acting on
the loop is (1983)
(a) ir B0
(b) 2π ir B0
(c) zero
(d) π ir B0

37. Hysteresis loops for two magnetic materials A and B are as given below :

These materials are used to make magnets for electric generators, transformer core and
electromagnet core. Then, it is proper to use (2016)
(a) A for electric generators and transformers
(b) A for electromagnets and B for electric generators
(c) A for transformers and B for electric generators
(d) B for electromagnets and transformers

@aakashallen
38. The coercivity of a small magnet where the ferromagnet gets demagnetised is 3 × 103 Am-1. The
current required to be passed in a solenoid of length 10 cm and number of turns 100, so that the
magnet gets demagnetised when inside the solenoid is (2014)
(a) 30 mA
(b) 60 mA
(c) 3 A
(d) 6 A

39. Two short bar magnets of length 1 cm each have magnetic moments 1.20 Am2 and 1.00 Am2,
respectively. They are placed on a horizontal table parallel to each other with their North poles
pointing towards the South. They have a common magnetic equator and are separated by a distance
of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of the line
joining their centres is close to (Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic induction is (3.6 × 10-5
Wb/m2) (2013)
(a) 3.6 × 10-5 Wb/m2
(b) 2.56 × 10-4 Wb/m2
(c) 3.50 × 10-4 Wb/m2
(d) 5.80 × 10-4 Wb/m2

40. The magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet are correctly shown in (2002)
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

41. A magnetic needle is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. It experiences (1982)

(a) a force and a torque
(b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force

@aakashallen
(d) neither a force nor a torque

42. An iron wire of length l is magnetized to have a magnetic moment m. If it is bent into a semicircle
of radius r, its magnetic moment is
(a) m
2m
(b)

m
(c)

l
(d) m


43. A solenoid 10 cm long is wound with 1000 turns of wire. The current that is needed to produce
6.28 × 10-4 T at the centre of the solenoid is
(a) 30 mA
(b) 40 mA
(c) 50 mA
(d) 60 mA

44. A magnet is suspended horizontally in the earth's magnetic field. When slightly displaced, it
oscillates in the horizontal plane with a period T. If a piece of wood having the same moment of
inertia as the magnet is attached to the magnet, the new period of oscillation is
T
(a)
2
T
(b)
2
(c) 2T
(d) 2T

45. The work done in rotating a magnet of magnetic moment m by an angle 900 from the magnetic
meridian is n times the corresponding work done to rotate it through an angle of 600. The value of n
is
(a) 1/2
(b) 2
(c) 1/4
(d) 1

46. A magnet is suspended in such a way that it oscillates in the horizontal plane. It makes 20
oscillations per minute at a place where the angle of dip is 300 and 15 oscillations per minute at a
place where the angle of dip is 600. The ratio of earth's total magnetic fields at the two places is
(a) 3 3 : 8
(b) 16 : 9 3
(c) 4 : 9
(d) 2 3 : 9

47. The intensity of cosmic rays measured at different places on earth is

(a) uniform all over the earth

@aakashallen
(b) maximum at poles
(c) maximum at equator
(d) minimum at poles

48. A diamagnetic liquid is taken in a U-tube. A strong magnetic field is applied across the liquid in
any one limb of the U-tube. The level of the liquid in that limb.

(a) raises relative to the liquid level in the other limb

(b) falls relative to the liquid level in the other limb
(c) remains same
(d) oscillates up and down

49. Two wires A and B of same length are shaped into a square and a circle respectively. If they carry
the same current, the ratio of their magnetic moments is:
(a) 1 : π
(b) 4 : π
(c) π : 4
(d) 1 : 1

50. The ratio of magnetic field at two points P and Q on the axis of a short bar magnet of length 3 cm
at points P and Q, distant 2.4 cm and 4.8 cm from its centre is
(a) 8 : 1
(b) 1 : 8
(c) 1: 2 2
(d) 4 : 1

51. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 300 with an external magnetic field 0.16 T, experience a
torque of magnitude 0.032 Nm. The magnetic moment of the bar magnet is (in units of J T-1).
(a) 4
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.4

52. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment 1.2 Am2. The magnetic field at a point on the axis of
the magnet at distance 0.1 m from its centre is
(a) 2.4 × 10+5 T
(b) 1.2 × 104 T
(c) 2.4 × 10-5 T
(d) 2.4 × 10-4 T

53. Two magnets are tied together and allowed to oscillate in the earth’s field. When their like poles
are pointing in the same direction, the system performs 12 vibrations per minute. When unlike poles
are pointing in the same direction, the system performs 4 vibrations per minute. The ratio of their
magnetic moments is
(a) 4 : 5
(b) 1 : 1

@aakashallen
(c) 9 : 1
(d) 5 : 4

54.A bar magnet held horizontally, is set into angular oscillations in the earth’s magnetic field. Its
time periods are T1 and T2 at two places, where the angles of dip are θ1 and θ2 respectively. The ratio
of the resultant magnetic fields at these two places is
(a) T1 sin θ1 : T2 sin θ2
(b) T1 cos θ1 : T2 cos θ2
(c) T22cosθ 2 :T12cosθ1
(d) T22cosθ1:T12cosθ 2

55. Two small magnets each of magnetic moment 10 Am2 are placed in end- on- position 0.1 m apart
from their centres. The force acting between them is
(a) 0.6 × 10-7 N
(b) 0.6 × 107 N
(c) 0.6 N
(d) 0.6 × 105 N

56. Two identical and short bar magnets are placed mutually perpendicular to each other as shown
in figure. The resultant magnetic field at a point P at a distance r frorm the common centre of the
system is

0 m 3
(a)
4 r 3
 2m
(b) 0 3
4 r
m 5
(c) 0 3
4 r
 2m
(d) 0 3
4 r

57. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period of oscillation T. Now it is broken into
two halves. One piece is made oscillate freely in the same field. If new period of oscillation is T, then
T'
is
T
1
(a)
2
(b) 2
1
(c)
4
1
(d)
2 2

@aakashallen
58. Points A and B are situated along the extended axis of a 2 cm long bar magnet at distances x and
2x respectively from the pole nearer to the points. The ratio between the magnetic fields at A and B
will be
(a) 4 : 1 exactly
(b) 4 : 1 approximately
(c) 8 : 1 exactly
(d) 8 : 1 approximately

59. A magnetic needle oscillates in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian about the
horizontal axis with a frequency v. If the plane of oscillation is turned about a vertical axis by 900, the
frequency of oscillation will be
(a) v
(b) zero
(c) less than v
(d) greater than v

60. A magnetic dipole is under the effect of two magnetic fields inclined at 750 to each other. One of
the fields has a magnitude of 1.5 × 10-2 T. The magnet comes to stable position at an angle of 300
with the direction of above field. The magnitude of the other field is
15
(a)  10−2 T
2 2
1.5
(b)  10−2 T
2
(c) 15  2  10−2 T
(d) 1.5  10−2 T

61. The magnetic moment (μe) of an orbiting electron in an atom varies with the principal quantum
number (n) of the orbit as
(a) n
(b) n2
1
(c)
n
1
(d) 2
n

62. A circular coil of radius 4 cm and 20 turns carries a current of 3 A. It is placed in a magnetic field
of 0.5 T. The magnetic dipole moment of the coil is
(a) 0.6 A m2
(b) 0.45 A m2
(c) 0.3 A m2
(d) 0.15 A m2

63. Consider the two idealised systems:

(a) A parallel-plate capacitor with large plates and small separation and
(b) A long solenoid of length L >> R, radius of cross section.
In (a), E is ideally treated as constant between plates and zero outside.
In (b), magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid and zero outside. These idealized assumptions,
however, contradict fundamental laws as below:
(a) Case (a) contradicts Gauss’s law for electrostatic fields

@aakashallen
(b) Case (b) contradicts Gauss’s law for magnetic fields
(c) Case (a) agrees with  E.dt = 0
(d) Case (b) contradicts  H .dl = I
64. A toroidal coil of 300 turns and mean radius of 10 cm carries a current of 1 A. It has a solf iron
core of relative permeability 2000. The magnitude of the magnetic field in the core is
(a) 0.012 T
(b) 0.12 T
(c) 1.2 T
(d) 12 T

65. The angle of dip is θ at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of earth's magnetic
field are equal. The value of θ is
(a) 00
(b) 300
(c) 450
(d) 600

66. The earth's magnetic induction at a certain point is 7 × 10-5 Wb m-2. This field is to be annulled by
the magnetic induction at the centre of a circular conducting loop 5 cm in radius. The required
current is nearly
(a) 5.6 A
(b) 56 A
(c) 2.8 A
(d) 28 A

67. The earth's magnetic field may be considered to be due to a short magnet placed at the centre of
the earth and oriented along the magnetic south-north direction. The ratio of the magnitude of the
magnetic field on the earth's magnetic equator to that at the magnetic poles is
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 4
(d)4 : 1

68. An iron rod of cross-section area 4 cm2 is placed with its length along a magnetic field of intensity
1200 A m-1. The flux through the rod is 40 × 10-4 Wb. The permeability of the rod is
(a) 8.3 × 10-3 Wb A-1 m-1
(b) 8.3 × 10-4 Wb A-1 m-1
(c) 8.3 × 10-5 Wb A-1 m-1
(d) 8.3 × 10-6 Wb A-1 m-1

69. If the earth's radius is 6400 km, then earth's magnetization by assuming that the earth's field can
be approximated by a giant bar magnet of magnetic moment 8 × 1022A m2 is
(a) 70 A m-1
(b) 73 A m-1
(c) 83 A m-1
(d) 80 A m-1

70. An iron rod of 0.2 cm2 cross-sectional area is subjected to a magnetizing field of 1200 Am-1. If the
susceptibility of iron is 599, the magnetic flux produced is

@aakashallen
(a) 0.904 × 10-5 Wb
(b) 1.81 × 10-5 Wb
(c) 2.34 × 10-5 Wb
(d) 5.43 × 10-5 Wb

71. A magnetizing filed of 1600 A m-1 produces a magnetic flux of 2.4 × 10-5 Wb in an iron bar of
cross-sectional area 0.2 cm2. The susceptibility of the iron bar is
(a) 298
(b) 596
(c) 1192
(d) 1788

72. A toroidal winding carrying a current of 5 A is wound with 300 turn/m of the wire. The wire is of
iron, which has a magnetic permeability of 5000 μ0 under the given condition. The H, B and M inside
the core is
(a) 1500 A turns/m, 9.42 T, 7.5 × 106 A m-1
(b) 500 A turns/m, 9.42 T, 7.5 × 106 A m-1
(c) 1500 A turns/m, 9 T, 7.5 × 106 A m-1
(d) 1000 A turns/m, 9.2 T, 7.5 × 106 A m-1

73. The percentage increase in the magnetic field B when the space within a current carrying toroid
is filled with aluminium (the susceptibility of aluminium = 2.1 × 10-5) is
(a) 10-3
(b) 2.1 × 10-3
(c) 4 × 10-3
(d) 3 × 10-3

74. The maximum value of permeability of Mu - Metal is 0.126 T m A-1. Then the maximum relative
permeability and susceptibility is
(a) 102, 102
(b) 103, 103
(c) 104, 104
(d) 105, 105

75. An iron rod os 0.2 cm2 cross-sectional area is subjected to a magnetizing field of 1200 A m-1. The
susceptibility of iron is 599. The permeability and magnetic flux produced are:
(a) 7.5 × 10-4 T m A-1, 1.8 × 10-5 Wb
(b) 7 × 10-4 T m A-1, 1.8 × 10-5 Wb
(c) 7.5 × 10-4 T m A-1, 0.8 × 10-5 Wb
(d) 7 × 10-4 T m A-1, 0.8 × 10-5 Wb

76. The susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 × 10-5. The temperature at which the
susceptibility increases to 1.8 × 10-5 is
(a) 2000 C
(b) 250 K
(c) 200 K
(d) 300 K

77. The coercivity of a permanent magnet is 4 × 104 A m-1. The magnet is placed inside a solenoid
15 cm long having 600 turns. A current is passed in the solenoid to demagnetize it completely. Then
the current is

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(a) 20 A
(b) 1 A
(c) 10 A
(d) 100 A

78. The magnetic moment of atomic neon is equal to where  B is the Bohr magneton
(a) zero
1
(b) B
2
(c)  B
3
(d)    B
2

79. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetization of 8 A m-1 when placed in an external
magnetic field of 0.6 T at a temperature of 4 K. When the sample is placed in an external magnetic
field of 0.2 T at a temperature of 16 K, the magnetization will be :
32
(a) Am -1
3
2
(b) Am -1
3
(c) 6 A m-1
(d) 2.4 A m-1

80. A long solenoid has 1000 turns per mete and carries a current of 1 A. It has a soft ion core of
μr = 1000. The core is heated beyond the curie temperature, Tc.
(a) The H field in the solenoid is unchanged and B field increases drastically.
(b) The H and B fields in the solenoid are nearly unchanged.
(c) The magnetization in the core reverses direction
(d) The magnetization in the core diminishes by a factor of about 108

81. The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is K at 270C. At what temperature will its
susceptibility be K/2?
(a) 6000 C
(b) 2870 C
(c) 540 C
(d) 3270 C

82. Force between two identical short bar magnets whose centres are r metre apart is 8.1 N, when
their axes are along the same line. If separation is increased to 3 r and the axis are rearranged
perpendicularly, the force between them would become
(a) 2.4 N
(b) 1.2N
(c) 0.1 N
(d) 1.15 N

83. A bar magnet has a magnetic moment equal to 5 × 10-5 Wb-m. It is suspended in a magnetic field
which has a magnetic induction B equal to 8π × 10-4 T. The magnet vibrates with a period of vibration
equal to 15 s. The moment of inertia of magnet is
(a) 4.54 × 104 kg-m2

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(b) 4.54 × 10-5 kg-m2
(c) 4.54 × 105 kg-m2
(d) 4.54 × 105 kg-m2

84. In a vibration magnetometer, the time period of a bar magnet oscillating in horizontal
component of earth's magnetic field is 2 s. When a magnet is brought near and parallel to it, the
time period reduces to 1 s. The ratio F/H of the fields, F due to magnet and H, the horizontal
component will be
(a) 3
1
(b)
3
1
(c)
3
(d) 3

85. The mass of a specimen of a ferromagnetic material is 0.6 kg and the density is 7.8 × 10 3 kg m-3. If
the area of hysteresis loop of alternating magnetising field of frequency 50 Hz is 0.722 MKS units,
then hysteresis loss per second will be
(a) 27.77 × 10-5 J
(b) 2.777 × 10-5 J
(c) 27.77 × 10-4 J
(d) 27.77 × 10-6 J

86. In an experiment with vibration magnetometer, the value of 4 2 I / T 2 for a short bar magnet is
observed as 36 × 10-4. In the experiment with deflection magnetometer with the same magnet, the
value of 4 d 3 / 2 0 is observed as 108/36. The magnetic moment of the magnet used is
(a) 50 A-m
(b) 100 A-m
(c) 200 A-m
(d) 1000 A-m

87. A coil of 50 turns and area 1.25 × 10-3 m2 is pivoted about a vertical diameter in a uniform
horizontal magnetic field and carries a current of 2A. When the coil is held with its plane in N-S
direction, it experience a couple of 0.04 N-m; and when its plane is E-W, the corresponding couple is
0.03 N-m. The magnetic induction is

(a) 0.2 T
(b) 0.3 T
(c) 0.4 T
(d) 0.5 T

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88. Two short bar magnets of equal dipole moment M are fastened perpendicularly at their centres,
The magnitude of resultant of two magnetic field at a distance d from the centre on the bisector of
the right angle is
0 2 2M
(a)
4 d3
 2M
(b) 0
4 d3
 M
(c) 0
4 d3
 2M
(d) 0
4 d3

89. The magnetic needle of an oscillation magnetometer makes 10 oscillations per min under the
action of earth's magnetic field alone. When a bar magnet is placed at some distance along the axis
of the needle, it makes 14 oscillations per min. If the bar magnet is turned so that its poles
interchange their positions, then the new frequency of oscillation of the needle is
(a) 10 vibs-m-1
(b) 2 vibs-m-1
(c) 4 vibs-m-1
(d) 20 vibs-m-1

90. A circular loop of magnetic moment is in an arbitrary orientation in an external magnetic field B.
The work done to rotate the loop by 30˚ about an axis perpendicular to is planers
(a) MB
MB
(b) 3
2
MB
(c)
2
(d) 0

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 ANSWER KEYS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b)
29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (d) 41. (a)
42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (c)
55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b) 61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (a)
68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (d)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d)

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 SOLUTIONS

1. (d)

2. (c)

3. (d)

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4. (c)

5. (b)

6. (a)

7. (d)

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8. (a)

9. (d)

10. (b)

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11. (b)

12. (b)

13. (c)

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14. (a)
The charged particle will be accelerated parallel (if it is a positive charge) or antiparallel (if it is a
negative charge) to the electric field, i.e. the charged particle will move parallel or antiparallel to
electric and magnetic field. Therefore, net magnetic force on it will be zero and its path will be a
straight line.

15. (c)

16. (d)

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17. (d)

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18. (a)

19. (a)

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20. (c)

21. (d)

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22. (b)

23. (c)

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24. (d)

25. (b)

26. (d)

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27. (a)

28. (b)

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29. (b)

30. (c)

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31. (b)

32. (b)

33. (c)

34. (c)

35. (a)

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36. (c)
Magnetic force on a current carrying loop in uniform magnetic field is zero.

37. (d)

38. (c)

39. (b)

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40. (d)
Magnetic lines form closed loop. Inside magnet, these are directed from South to North pole.

41. (a)
In non-uniform magnetic field, the needle will experience both force and torque.

42. (b)

43. (c)

44. (c)

45. (b)

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46. (b)

47. (b)
Cosmic rays consist of charged particle, mostly protons, coming from unknown cosmic sources.
These rays fall uniformly over all regions of earth's surface. At the equatorial regions, these rays are
moving normal to the earth's magnetic field and hence are turned back. At the poles these rays are
moving along the earth's ma field lines and hence are not deflected away.

48. (b)
For a diamagnetic material, the relative permeability, μr < 1. Hence, the diamagnetic materials tend
to move away from the magnetic field, there by reducing the number of magnetic field lines through
them. Hence the liquid level falls.

49. (c)

50. (a)

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51. (d)

52. (d)

53. (d)

54. (c)

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55. (c)

56. (c)

57. (a)

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58. (d)

59. (c)

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60. (b)

61. (a)

62. (c)

63. (b)

64. (d)

65. (c)

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66. (a)

67. (a)

68. (a)

69. (b)

70. (b)

71. (b)
We know that magnetic permeability

72. (a)

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73. (b)

74. (d)

75. (a)

76. (c)

77. (c)

78. (a)

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79. (b)

80. (d)

81. (d)

82. (c)

83. (d)

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84. (d)

85. (c)

86. (b)

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87. (c)

88. (a)

89. (b)

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90. (d)
As, work done,

W = MB(cos1 − cos 2 ) = 0
As there no change in angle between M and B and when loop in rotated by 30˚

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