Database Management Systems Laboratory BCS403

K. L. E. SOCIETY’S

K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
Gokul, Hubballi-580 030

Dept of Computer Science & Engg.

Laboratory Manual

IV SEMESTER

DBMS LABORATORY WITH MINI PROJECT LABORATORY

(BCS403)
2023-24

Prepared By Pradeep Surasura

Approved By Dr. Shridhar Allagi

HOD

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Database Management Systems Laboratory BCS403

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision

Prepare computer professionals embodied with competence and values to meet the challenges in
the field of Information Technology.

Mission

M-1: Providing hands-on experience with state-of-the-art hardware and software infrastructure,
enhancing competency of committed faculty to meet the requirements of industry and research
institutions

M-2: Inculcating theoretical and practical foundations and design and development skills
necessary for lifelong learning.
M-3: Organizing value addition courses and continuous industry-institute interactions for bridging
the gap between academia and industry

M-4: Imbibing human values and ethics to make them socially responsible professionals.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) Vision and Mission of the

Department

Vision

PEO 1 : Ability to apply the knowledge of Basic Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science and
Engineering to solve real world problems using digital computing systems.

PEO 2 : Graduates of the program will be able to choose professional career in software industry,
research, entrepreneurship, academia and engineering and administrative services.

PEO 3 : Graduates of the program will be able to model, design, implement and evaluate computing
systems to meet desired needs and specifications.

PEO 4 : Graduates of the program will be able to demonstrate interpersonal skills and lifelong
learning attitude in their profession.

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PEO 5 : Graduates of the program will be able to address and solve ethically the issues related to
profession, society and environment.

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write

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effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Adopt and incorporate latest trends and technologies, which emerge over the period.

Course Outcomes-CO

At the end of the course students will be able to:

i. Describe the basic elements of a relational database management system

ii. Design entity relationship for the given scenario.
iii. Apply various Structured Query Language (SQL) statements for database manipulation.
iv. Analyze various normalization forms for the given application.
v. Develop database applications for the given real world problem.
vi. Understand the concepts related to NoSQL databases.

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Experiments

1. Create a table called Employee & execute the following.

Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains attributes EMPNO,
ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION and use rollback. Check the
result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table.
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.

2. Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, SAL
& execute the following.
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job.
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.

3. Queries using aggregate functions (COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM), Group by,
Orderby.
Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
2. Count number of employee names from employeetable.
3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from employeetable.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.

4. Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or UPDATE
or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This trigger will display the
salary difference between the old & new Salary.
CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)

5. Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the variables,
Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.
Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

6. Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge the data
available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data available in the table
N_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in the second table then that data should
be skipped.

7. Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic CRUD (Create,
Read, Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic Queries using CRUD
operations.

8. Activity Based Learning (Suggested Activities in Class)/ Practical Based learning Mini
Project: Project Based Learning
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 For any problem selected, write the ER Diagram, apply ER-mapping rules, normalize
the relations, and follow the application development process.
 Make sure that the application should have five or more tables, at least one trigger and
one stored procedure, using suitable frontend tool.
 Indicative areas include; health care, education, industry, transport, supply chain, etc.

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INTRODUCTION TO SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a database computer language designed for the
retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems (RDBMS),
database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management.
SQL is a programming language for querying and modifying data and managing
databases. SQL was standardized first by the ANSI and (later) by the ISO. Most database
management systems implement a majority of one of these standards and add their
proprietary extensions. SQL allows the retrieval, insertion, updating, and deletion of data.
A database management system also includes management and administrative
functions. Most -- if not all -- implementations also include a Command-line Interface
(SQL/CLI) that allows for the entry and execution of the language commands, as opposed to
only providing an API intended for access from a GUI.
The first version of SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and
Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL, was designed
to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original relational database product, System
R. IBM patented their version of SQL in 1985, while the SQL language was not formally
standardized until 1986, by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as SQL-86.
Subsequent versions of the SQL standard have been released by ANSI and as International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
Originally designed as a declarative query and data manipulation language, variations
of SQL have been created by SQL database management system (DBMS) vendors that add
procedural constructs, control-of-flow statements, user-defined data types, and various other
language extensions. With the release of the SQL:1999 standard, many such extensions were
formally adopted as part of the SQL language via the SQL Persistent Stored Modules
(SQL/PSM) portion of the standard.
Common criticisms of SQL include a perceived lack of cross-platform portability
between vendors, inappropriate handling of missing data (see Null (SQL)), and unnecessarily
complex and occasionally ambiguous language grammar and semantics.

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FEATURES OF SQL
SQL is both an easy-to-understand language and a comprehensive tool for managing
data. Some of the major features of SQL are
· Vendor independence
· Portability across computer systems
· SQL standards
· IBM endorsement and commitment (DB2)
· Microsoft commitment (SQL Server , ODBC, and ADO)
· Relational foundation
· High-level, English-like structure
· Interactive, ad hoc queries
· Programmatic database access
· Multiple views of data
· Complete database language
· Dynamic data definition
· Client/server architecture
· Enterprise application support
· Extensibility and object technology
· Internet database access
· Java integration (JDBC)
· Industry infrastructure

SQL COMMANDS
SQL Consisting of DDL,DML,DCL,TCL COMMANDS.
DDL
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or
schema.
DDL Commands: Create , Alter ,Drop , Rename, Truncate
CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed
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RENAME - rename an object

DML
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema
objects
DML Commands: Insert ,Update, Delete, Select
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database

DCL
Data Control Language (DCL) statements is used to create roles, permissions, and referential
integrity as well it is used to control access to database by securing it.
DCL Commands: Grant, Revoke
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

TCL
Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML
statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
TCL Commands: Commit, Rollback, Save point

COMMIT - save work done

SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later
roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT

SYNTAX’S OF COMMANDS column_name1 data_type,

CREATE TABLE column_name2 data_type,
CREATE TABLE table_name column_name3 data_type,
( ....);
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ALTER A TABLE
To add a column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name UPDATE
ADD column_name datatype; UPDATE table_name
To delete a column in a table SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
ALTER TABLE table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;
DROP COLUMN column_name;
DELETE
DROP TABLE DELETE FROM table_name
DROP TABLE table_name; WHERE some_column=some_value;

TRUNCATE TABLE SELECT

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name; SELECT column_name(s) FROM
table_name;
INSERT DCL AND TCL COMMANDS
INSERT INTO table_name CREATING A USER
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...); SQL>CONNECT SYSTEM/MANAGER;
( OR ) SQL>CREATE USER "USERNAME"
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, IDENTIFIED BY "PASSWORD"
column2, column3,...) SQL>GRANT DBA TO "USERNAME"
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...); SQL>CONNECT
"USERNAME"/"PASSWORD";

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List of Experiments
Experiments

1. Create a table called Employee & execute the following.

Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table contains attributes EMPNO,
ENAME JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION and use rollback. Check the
result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table.
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.

SQL> create user jade identified by jade;

User created.

SQL> grant connect, resource to jade identified by jade;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant create view to jade identified by jade;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> create table employee(empno int, ename varchar(10), job varchar(10), manager_no
int, salary int
, comm int);

Table created.

SQL> insert into employee values (1,'abc','ss',1,25000,3);

1 row created.

SQL> create table emp( empno int primary key, ename varchar(10) not null, job varchar(10),
manager_n
o int, sal int, comm int);

Table created.

SQL> insert into employee values (1,'abc','ss',1,25000,3);

1 row created.
SQL> /
insert into emp values (1,'abc','ss',1,25000,3)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (JADE.SYS_C005461) violated
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SQL> insert into emp values (2,'xyz','os',2,30000,2);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values (3,'pqr','cs',1,18000,2);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MANAGER_NO SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 abc ss 1 25000 3
2 xyz os 2 30000 2
3 pqr cs 1 18000 2

SQL> insert into emp values ('&empno','&enma','&job','&ma_no','&sal','&comm');

Enter value for empno: 5
Enter value for enma: ee
Enter value for job: op
Enter value for ma_no: 2
Enter value for sal: 12000
Enter value for comm: 1
old 1: insert into emp values ('&empno','&enma','&job','&ma_no','&sal','&comm')
new 1: insert into emp values ('5','ee','op','2','12000','1')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 4
Enter value for enma: rr
Enter value for job: yy
Enter value for ma_no: 3
Enter value for sal: 10000
Enter value for comm:
old 1: insert into emp values ('&empno','&enma','&job','&ma_no','&sal','&comm')
new 1: insert into emp values ('4','rr','yy','3','10000','')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno:
Enter value for enma:
Enter value for job: tr
Enter value for ma_no: 2
Enter value for sal: 1200
Enter value for comm:
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old 1: insert into emp values ('&empno','&enma','&job','&ma_no','&sal','&comm')

new 1: insert into emp values ('','','tr','2','1200','')
insert into emp values ('','','tr','2','1200','')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("JADE"."EMP"."EMPNO")

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MANAGER_NO SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 abc ss 1 25000 3
2 xyz os 2 30000 2
3 pqr cs 1 18000 2
5 ee op 2 12000 1
4 rr yy 3 10000

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

2. Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, SAL
& execute the following.
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employee table.
2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job.
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.

SQL> create table employee(empid int primary key, ename varchar(10) not null, mgr_id int,
2 salary int, job varchar(8));

Table created.

SQL> alter table employee add comm int;

Table altered.

SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
MGR_ID NUMBER(38)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
JOB VARCHAR2(8)
COMM NUMBER(38)
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SQL> insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm');

Enter value for empid: 1001
Enter value for ename: jay
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 1200
Enter value for job: os
Enter value for comm: 3
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1001','jay','123','1200','os','3')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 123
Enter value for ename: veer
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 30000
Enter value for job: manager
Enter value for comm: 50
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('123','veer','123','30000','manager','50')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 1002
Enter value for ename: raj
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 2000
Enter value for job: turner
Enter value for comm: 3
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1002','raj','123','2000','turner','3')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 1003
Enter value for ename: vijay
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 3200
Enter value for job: operator
Enter value for comm: 5
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1003','vijay','123','3200','operator','5')

1 row created.
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Database Management Systems Laboratory BCS403

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 1001
Enter value for ename: f
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 2300
Enter value for job: ee
Enter value for comm: 2
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1001','f','123','2300','ee','2')
insert into employee values ('1001','f','123','2300','ee','2')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (JADE.SYS_C005467) violated

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 1004
Enter value for ename: seshu
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 2100
Enter value for job: analyst
Enter value for comm: 4
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1004','seshu','123','2100','analyst','4')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empid: 1005
Enter value for ename: john
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 2100
Enter value for job: ttainer
Enter value for comm: 2
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('1005','john','123','2100','ttainer','2')

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MGR_ID SALARY JOB COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
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123 veer 123 30000 manager 50

1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 ttainer 2

6 rows selected.

SQL> update employee set job='trainer' where empid=1005;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MGR_ID SALARY JOB COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2

6 rows selected.

SQL> desc employee

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
MGR_ID NUMBER(38)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
JOB VARCHAR2(8)
COMM NUMBER(38)

SQL> ALTER TABLE employee RENAME COLUMN MGR_ID to manager;

Table altered.

SQL> desc employee

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
MANAGER NUMBER(38)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
JOB VARCHAR2(8)
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COMM NUMBER(38)

SQL> insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm');

Enter value for empid: 105
Enter value for ename: sam
Enter value for mgrid: 123
Enter value for salary: 2100
Enter value for job: fun
Enter value for comm: 1
old 1: insert into employee values ('&empid','&ename','&mgrid','&salary','&job','&comm')
new 1: insert into employee values ('105','sam','123','2100','fun','1')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MANAGER SALARY JOB COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2
105 sam 123 2100 fun 1

7 rows selected.

SQL> delete from employee where empid=105;

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MANAGER SALARY JOB COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2

6 rows selected.

3. Queries using aggregate functions (COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM), Group by, Order
by.
Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
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2. Count number of employee names from employee table.

3. Find the Maximum age from employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from employee table.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MANAGER SALARY JOB COMM

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2

6 rows selected.

SQL> alter table employee add age int;

Table altered.

SQL> desc employee

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
MANAGER NUMBER(38)
SALARY NUMBER(38)
JOB VARCHAR2(8)
COMM NUMBER(38)
AGE NUMBER(38)

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MANAGER SALARY JOB COMM AGE

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2

6 rows selected.

SQL> update employee set age=31 where empid=1001;

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1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set age=28 where empid=1002;

1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set age=42 where empid=123;

1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set age=31 where empid=1003;

1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set age=28 where empid=1004;

1 row updated.

SQL> update employee set age=22 where empid=1005;

1 row updated.

SQL> select * from employee;

EMPID ENAME MANAGER SALARY JOB COMM AGE

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 123 1200 os 3 31
123 veer 123 30000 manager 50 42
1002 raj 123 2000 turner 3 28
1003 vijay 123 3200 operator 5 31
1004 seshu 123 2100 analyst 4 28
1005 john 123 2100 trainer 2 22

6 rows selected.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select empid,ename, age, salary from employee;

EMPID ENAME AGE SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 31 1200
123 veer 42 30000
1002 raj 28 2000
1003 vijay 31 3200
1004 seshu 28 2100
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1005 john 22 2100

6 rows selected.

SQL> select count(empid) from employee;

COUNT(EMPID)
------------
6

SQL> select count (ename) from employee;

COUNT(ENAME)
------------
6

SQL> select max(age) from employee;

MAX(AGE)
----------
42

SQL> select min(age) from employee;

MIN(AGE)
----------
22

SQL> select empid,ename, age, salary from employee order by ename;

EMPID ENAME AGE SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 31 1200
1005 john 22 2100
1002 raj 28 2000
1004 seshu 28 2100
123 veer 42 30000
1003 vijay 31 3200

6 rows selected.

SQL> select empid,ename, age, salary from employee order by salary;

EMPID ENAME AGE SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 31 1200
1002 raj 28 2000
1005 john 22 2100
1004 seshu 28 2100
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1003 vijay 31 3200

123 veer 42 30000

6 rows selected.

SQL> select empid,ename,salary from employee group by (empid,ename,salary) order by

empid;

EMPID ENAME SALARY

---------- ---------- ----------
123 veer 30000
1001 jay 1200
1002 raj 2000
1003 vijay 3200
1004 seshu 2100
1005 john 2100

6 rows selected.

4. Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or UPDATE
or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This trigger will display the
salary difference between the old & new Salary.
CUSTOMERS (ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)

SQL> create table customer (id int primary key, name varchar(10) not null, Age int, address
varchar(
10), salary int);

Table created.

SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes

2 BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customer
3 FOR EACH ROW
4 WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
5 DECLARE
6 sal_diff int;
7 BEGIN
8 sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
9 dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
10 dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
11 dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
12 END;
13 /

Trigger created.

SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')'
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2
SQL> insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary');
Enter value for id: 1001
Enter value for name: jay
Enter value for age: 29
Enter value for address: hubli
Enter value for salary: 21000
old 1: insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')
new 1: insert into customer values ('1001','jay','29','hubli','21000')
Old salary:
New salary: 21000
Salary difference:

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for id: 1002
Enter value for name: vijay
Enter value for age: 32
Enter value for address: gadag
Enter value for salary: 35000
old 1: insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')
new 1: insert into customer values ('1002','vijay','32','gadag','35000')
Old salary:
New salary: 35000
Salary difference:

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for id: 1003
Enter value for name: ram
Enter value for age: 29
Enter value for address: dharwad
Enter value for salary: 32000
old 1: insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')
new 1: insert into customer values ('1003','ram','29','dharwad','32000')
Old salary:
New salary: 32000
Salary difference:

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for id: 1004
Enter value for name: ajay
Enter value for age: 28
Enter value for address: delhi
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Enter value for salary: 41000

old 1: insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')
new 1: insert into customer values ('1004','ajay','28','delhi','41000')
Old salary:
New salary: 41000
Salary difference:

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for id: 1005
Enter value for name: delhi
Enter value for age: 27
Enter value for address: delhi
Enter value for salary: 27000
old 1: insert into customer values ('&id','&name','&age','&address','&salary')
new 1: insert into customer values ('1005','delhi','27','delhi','27000')
Old salary:
New salary: 27000
Salary difference:

1 row created.

SQL> update customer set name ='ram' where id=1005;

Old salary: 27000
New salary: 27000
Salary difference: 0

1 row updated.

SQL> update customer set salary = salary + 1500 where id=1005;

Old salary: 27000
New salary: 28500
Salary difference: 1500

1 row updated.

SQL> update customer set salary = salary + 1500 where id=1003;

Old salary: 32000
New salary: 33500
Salary difference: 1500

1 row updated.

SQL> update customer set salary = salary + 1500 where id=1001;

Old salary: 21000
New salary: 22500
Salary difference: 1500

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1 row updated.

SQL> select * from customer;

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1001 jay 29 hubli 22500
1002 vijay 32 gadag 35000
1003 ram 29 dharwad 33500
1004 ajay 28 delhi 41000
1005 ram 27 delhi 28500

5. Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the variables,
Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.
Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

SQL> DECLARE
2 var_record employee%ROWTYPE;
3 CURSOR cur_test (max_sal NUMBER) IS
4 SELECT * FROM employee WHERE salary < max_sal;
5 BEGIN
6 OPEN cur_test(5800);
7 LOOP
8 FETCH cur_test INTO var_record;
9 EXIT WHEN cur_test%NOTFOUND;
10 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMP_ID: ' || var_record.empid || chr(9) ||
11 'Name: ' || var_record.ename || chr(9) || ' salary: ' || var_record.salary
12 || chr(9) || 'age: ' || var_record.age);
13 END LOOP;
14 CLOSE cur_test;
15 END;
16 /
EMP_ID: 1001 Name: jay salary: 1200 age: 31
EMP_ID: 1002 Name: raj salary: 2000 age: 28
EMP_ID: 1003 Name: vijay salary: 3200 age: 31
EMP_ID: 1004 Name: seshu salary: 2100 age: 28
EMP_ID: 1005 Name: john salary: 2100 age: 22

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

6. Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge the data
available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data available in the table
N_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in the second table then that data should
be skipped.

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SQL> create table CompDep(Roll int,Name varchar(20));

Table created.

SQL> create table Student(Roll int,Name varchar(20)) ;

Table created.

SQL> insert into Student values(1,'a');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Student values(2,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Student values(3,'c');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into Student values(4,'d');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into CompDep values(2,'b');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into CompDep values(5,'e');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into CompDep values(6,'f');

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> declare cursor cu1 is select Roll,Name from Student; cursor cu2 is select Roll from
CompDep;
rno int; nm varchar(20); rno2 int; begin open cu1; open cu2; loop fetch cu1 into rno,nm;
fetch
cu2 into rno2; exit when cu1%found = false; if rno2 <> rno then insert into CompDep
values(rno,nm);
end if; end loop; close cu1; close cu2; end;
/

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PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from CompDep;

ROLL NAME
---------- --------------------
2b
5e
6f
1a
2b
3c
4d

7 rows selected.

SQL> select * from Student;

ROLL NAME
---------- --------------------
1a
2b
3c
4d

7. Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic CRUD (Create,
Read, Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic Queries using CRUD
operations.

8. Activity Based Learning (Suggested Activities in Class)/ Practical Based learning Mini
Project:
• Project Based Learning

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VIVA VOCE

1. What is database?

A database is a collection of data in an organized manner.

2. What is DBMS?

DBMS is a software that is used to perform operations on a database. These operations may
include reading, writing, modifying of data and even provide control over accessing of data
when multiple users were accessing the data at the same time or even at different times.

3. Advantages of DBMS?

 Redundancy is controlled.
 Unauthorized access is restricted.
 Providing multiple user interfaces.
 Enforcing integrity constraints.
 Providing backup and recovery.

4. Disadvantage in File Processing System?

 Data redundancy & inconsistency.

 Difficult in accessing data.
 Data isolation.
 Data integrity.
 Concurrent access is not possible.
 Security Problems.

5. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?

Three levels of abstraction:

 Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
 Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in
database and what relationship among those data.
 View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

6. Define the "integrity rules"

There are two Integrity rules.

 Entity Integrity: States that? Primary key cannot have NULL value?
 Referential Integrity: States that? Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should
be Primary Key value of other relation.

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7. What is Data Independence?

Data independence means, the ability to modify the schema definition in one level should
not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.

Two types of Data Independence:

 Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the
logical level.
 Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view
level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

8. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its
own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base tables. Growth and
restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from
the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data
independence.

9. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and
constraints is called Data Model.

10. What is E-R model?

This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of
relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.

11. What is Object Oriented model?

This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance
variables within the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object.
These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the
same methods are grouped together into classes.

12. What is an Entity?

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It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence.

13. What is an Entity type?

It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.

14. What is an Entity set?

It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.

15. What is Weak Entity set?

An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key
compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak
Entity set.

16. What is an attribute?

It is a particular property, which describes the entity.

17. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?

A relation Schema denoted by R (A1, A2,…?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the
list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the
relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3... tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=
(v1, v2... vn).

18. What is degree of a Relation?

It is the number of attributes of its relation schema.

19. What is Relationship?

It is an association among two or more entities.

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20. What is Relationship set?

The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

21. What is Relationship type?

Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of
entity types.

22. What is DML Compiler?

It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query
evaluation engine can understand.

23. What is Query evaluation engine?

It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.

24. What is DDL Interpreter?

It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.

25. What is Record-at-a-time?

The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records.
This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.

26. What is Relational Algebra?

It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two
relations as input and produce a new relation.

27. What is normalization?

It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional

Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties

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 Minimizing redundancy
 Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

28. What is Functional Dependency?

A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are
subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R.
The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y].
This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of
component Y.

29. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?

 Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.
 We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a
proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.
 We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is
equivalent to F.

30. What is Lossless join property?

It guarantees that the spurious tuples generation does not occur with respect to relation
schemas after decomposition.

31. What is Fully Functional dependency?

It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full

functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency
does not hold any more.

32. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.

33. What is 2NF?

A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully

functionally dependent on primary key.

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34. What is 3NF?

A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is
true

 X is a Super-key of R.
 A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.

35. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?

A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for
every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.

36. What is 4NF?

A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every multivalued dependency X Y that holds
over R, one of following is true

? X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.

? X is a super key.

37. What is 5NF?

A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2... Rn} that holds
R, one the following is true

? Ri = R for some i.

? The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.

38. What is Domain-Key Normal Form?

A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the
constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on
the relation.

39. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?

Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.
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Types:

 Binary search style indexing

 B-Tree indexing
 Inverted list indexing
 Memory resident table
 Table indexing

40. What is meant by query optimization?

The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least
estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.

41. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?

Atomicity: Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry
about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of
incomplete transactions.

Aggregation: A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of

entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among
relationships.

42. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur?

A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can
reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

43. What are the different phases of transaction?

Different phases are Analysis phase Redo Phase Undo phase

44. What do you mean by flat file database?

It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file
capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management.

45. What is "transparent DBMS"?

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It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.

46. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties

Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize records while a hierarchical schema
uses a tree data structure.

47. What is a query?

A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data
base.

48. What do you mean by Correlated sub query?

Sub queries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent
query. Depending on how the sub query is written, it can be executed once for the parent
query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the sub query
is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated sub query.

E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE from ORDER Where
CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM)

49. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?

Addition, deletion and modification.

50. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored

? Edit? Buffer

51. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?

PROJECTION and SELECTION.

52. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?

No.

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PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.

JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.

53. What is RDBMS KERNEL?

Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the
data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to
manage the database

54. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How?

Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the
database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

55. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?

The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access
to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

56. How do you communicate with an RDBMS?

You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)

57. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional
programming Languages

SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on
normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other
conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations
should be performed rather than how to perform them.

58. What is an Oracle Instance?

The Oracle system processes, also known as Oracle background processes, provide functions
for the user processes.

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Oracle database-wide system memory is known as the SGA, the SYSTEM GLOBAL AREA
or SHARED GLOBAL AREA.

The combination of the SGA and the Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle
instance

59. What are the four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the
database to be useable

DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR (Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor), and PMON
(Process Monitor).

60. What are database files, control files and log files? How many of these files should a
database have at least? Why?

Database Files: The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in size.
The database files are fixed in size and never grow bigger than the size at which they were
created. Depending on their sizes, the tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can
go in one database file? But that's not an ideal situation because it does not make the
database structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users, putting
the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just part of the database.

Control Files: The control file records the name of the database, the date and time it was
created, the location of the database and redoes logs, and the synchronization information to
ensure that all three sets of files are always in step. Every time you add a new database or
redo log file to the database, the information is recorded in the control files.

Redo Logs: The redo logs record all changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type
of failure occurs, the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a
consistent state without losing any committed transactions. The redo log files are fixed in
size and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created.

61. What is ROWID?

The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address for every row on every table. Once
assigned it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped. The ROWID is
used internally in indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value.

62. What is database Trigger?

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A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can be defined to perform certain actions
automatically when a condition is encountered. For example: a trigger can be defined to
deny any database insertions into a database on a specified system date.

63. Name two utilities that Oracle provides, which are use for backup and recovery.

Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two utilities that you can use to back up
and restore the database. These utilities are Export and Import.

The Export utility dumps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an
operating system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export,
recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data

64. What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them?

Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation by executing
the SQL commands and returning the result to the client Stored procedures are used to
reduce network traffic.

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