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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering

Anna University Regulation: 2021

EC3501 –WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

III Year / V Semester

Unit II

QUESTION BANK

Prepared by,
Mrs. E. M. Uma selvi , AP/ECE

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PART A
1. What are the three basic propagation mechanisms? (Dec 2014)
The three basic propagation mechanisms which impact propagation in a mobile communication
system are 1.Reflection 2.Diffraction 3.Scattering
2. Write the effects of fading.
1. Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval.
2. Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals
3. Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays.
3. Define coherence bandwidth and coherence timer.
The coherence bandwidth is related to the specific multipath structure of the channel. The coherence
bandwidth is a measure of the maximum frequency difference for which signals are still strongly correlated
in amplitude. This bandwidth is inversely proportional to the rms value of time delay spread.
The coherence timer is defined as the required time interval to obtain an envelope correlation of 0.9 or less.
4. Define Doppler shift and Doppler spread.
The shift in received signal frequency due to motion is called the Doppler shift.
The Doppler spread is defined as the range of frequencies over which the received Doppler spectrum is
essentially non-zero.
5. What are the effects of multipath propagation?
Slow fading and fast fading
6. What is flat fading? Write its conditions.
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth which is
greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the received signal will undergo flat fading.
Conditions: BW of signal<<BW of channel Bs<<Bc ; Symbol period>>Delay spread Ts>>ơ
7. What is frequency selective fading? Write its conditions.
If the channel possesses a constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth that is, smaller
than the bandwidth of transmitted signal, then the channel creates frequency selective fading on the
received signal.
Conditions: BW of signal>BW of channel Bs > Bc ; Symbol period< Delay spread Ts < ơ
8. Define fast fading channel and slow fading channel.
The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration. This type of channel is called
fast fading channel.
The channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower than the transmitted baseband signal. This
type of channel is called slow fading channel.
9. What is meant by time dispersion and frequency dispersion?
The received signal has a longer duration than that of the transmitted signal, due to the different delays
of the signal paths. This is known as time dispersion.
The received signal has a larger bandwidth than that of the transmitted signal, due to the different Doppler
shifts introduced by the components of the multipath. This is known as frequency dispersion.
10. Classify the wireless channels.
Time-flat channels, Frequency -flat channels, Frequency-selective channels
11. What is the need of propagation model?(June 2012)
Propagation models have traditionally focused on predicting the average received signal strength at a
given distance from the transmitter, as well as the variability of the signal strength in close spatial proximity
to a particular location. Propagation models that predict the mean signal strength for an arbitrary
transmitter- receiver separation distance are useful in estimating the radio coverage area of a transmitter.
12. What is free space propagation model?
It is a model which is used to predict received signal strength, when unobstructed line of sight path
between transmitter and receiver.
13. What are Fresnel zones?(June 2012)
The concentric circles on the transparent plane located between a transmitter and receiver represent the
loci of the origins of secondary wavelets which propagate to the receiver such that the total path length
increases by 1/2 for successive circles. These circles are called Fresnel zones.
14. Explain knife-edge diffraction model.(Dec 2012)
Knife edge is the simplest of diffraction models, and the diffraction loss can be readily estimated using the
classical Fresnel solution for the field behind the knife edge.

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15. What is the need of path loss models in link budget design?
The path loss models are used to estimate the received signal level as the function of distance it becomes
possible to predict the SNR for a mobile communication system.

16. Differentiate Flat fading & Frequency selective fading.(Dec 2012)

Flat Fading Frequency Selective Fading
1.Bandwidth of the signal is lesser than the 1.Bandwidth of the signal is greater than the
bandwidth of the channel. bandwidth of channel.
2. Delay spread is lesser than symbol period. 2.Delay spread is greater than symbol period
17. Define Snell’s law.(June 2013)
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to
the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of
refraction:

18. What are the three most important effects due to multipath in mobile radio channel? (Dec
2013) Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval, random
frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath signals.

19. State the difference between Narrow band and Wide band systems? (Dec 2013)
Narrow band Wide band
For a narrowband channel, the impulse response The most commonly used wideband model is an N-tap
is a delta function with a time-varying attenuation Rayleigh-fading model
the variations in amplitude over a small area are This is a fairly generic structure, and is basically just the
typically modeled as a random process, with an tapped delay line structure with the added restriction that
autocorrelation function that is determined by the the amplitudes of all taps are subject to Rayleigh fading.
Doppler spectrum

20. State the difference between small scale and large scale fading? (June 2013)
Small scale fading Large scale fading
The rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phases; The rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phases, or
or multipath delays of a radio signal over a short multipath delays of a radio signal over a long period of
period of time or travel distance is known as small time or travel distance is known as large scale fading.
scale fading.

21. Differentiate Fast fading & slow fading.

Fast Fading Slow Fading
1.High Doppler spread. 1.Low Doppler Spread.
2.Coherence time is lesser than symbol period. 2.Coherencetimeisgreaterthan symbol period.
3.Channel variations faster than base band signal 3.Channel variations slower than base band signal
variations. variations.

22. State the propagation effects in mobile radio. (June 2014)

The type of fading experienced by a signal propagating through a mobile communication channel
depends on the nature of the transmitted signal with respect to the characteristics of the wireless
channel.
Fading effets in a mobile environment can be classified as
1. Fading effects due to multiple path time delay spread.
2. Fading effects due to Doppler spread.

23. Interpret link budget equation. (June 2014)

A link budget equation: Prx = Ptx + Gtx - Ltx - Lfs - Lm + Grx - Lrx
Prx = received power (dBm)
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Ptx = transmitter output power

(dBm) Gtx= transmitter antenna
gain (dBi)
Ltx = transmitter losses (coax, connectors...)
(dB) Lfs= free space loss or path loss (dB)
Lm= miscellaneous losses (fading margin, body loss, polarization mismatch, other losses...)
(dB) Grx = receiver antenna gain (dBi)
Lrx= receiver losses (coax, connectors...) (dB)

24. What are the different fading effects due to Doppler spread? (Dec 2014)
Fast fading and Slow fading.

PART B(16 MARKS)

1. With neat diagrams explain the Free Space Propagation Model? (8 marks)
Derivation of the Friis’ law:

2. Derive the equation of the Path loss using Two-Ray Model with neat diagrams Derivation
of the following Equation, the power received at a distance d from atransmitteris
given by,

For derivation refer ( Rappaport Book)

3. Explain knife Edge Diffraction Model
Explain diffraction and Fresnel zones for different knife edge Scenarios using
diagrams andderive diffraction gain exp and electric field due to diffraction
4. Derive the Impulse response model of a Multipath channel.
Explain
 Impulse response of the mobile radio channels
 Derive the expression for impulse response of mobile radio channels
 Refer Rappaport book

5. What is small scale fading? What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
 Definition
 Effects of small scale fading
 Factors influencing
o Multipath propagation
o Speed of the mobile
o Speed of surrounding objects
o Transmission bandwidth of the signal

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6. Explain detail about type of small scale fading?

7. Explain Clarke’s model for flat fading?

It is used to find Doppler spread in Flat fading
channelsRefer Rappopart book

8. Explain different propagation mechanism

In a more realistic scenario, there are dielectric and conducting obstacles (Interacting Objects (IOs)).Ifthese
IOs have a smooth surface, waves are reflected and a part of the energy penetrates the IO (transmission). If
the surfaces are rough, the waves are diffusely scattered. Finally, waves can also bediffracted at the edges
of the IOs. Explain the following mechanism
 Reflection and Transmission
 Diffraction
 Scattering

9. Explain the wideband channel models

1. Frequency selective model
2. Time selective models
3. Gaussian models
4. WSSUS model
5. Non stationary channels

10. Explain different types of wide band and narrow band models
For a narrowband channel, the impulse response is a delta function with a time-varyingattenuation, sothat for
slowly time-varying channels: h(t, τ ) = α(t)δ(τ )

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Anna University ECE - Reg 2021

1st Semester 2nd Semester 3rd Semester
Random Process & Linear
Professionsal English I Professional English II
Algebra
Statistics and Numerical C Programming & Data
Matrices and Calculas Methods Structures
Engineering Graphics Signals and Systems
Engineering Physics
Physics for Electronics
Electronic Devices and Circuits
Engineering
Engineering Chemistry
Electrical and Instrumentation Control Systems
Engineering
Problem Solving & Python
Programming Circuit Analysis Digital Systems Designs

4th Semester 5th Semester 6th Semester

Electromagnetic Fields Embedded System & IOT

Wireless Communication Design

Networks & Security Artificial Intelligence &

VLSI and Chip Design
Machine Learning
Linear Integrated Circuits Transmission Lines & RF Open Elective I
Systems
Digital Signal Processing Professional Elective I Professional Course III

Communication Systems Professional Elective II Professional Course IV

Environmental Sciences &

Sustainability Mandatory Course I Mandatory Course II

7th Semester 8th Semester

Human Values & Ethics Project Work

Elective Management

EEE ECE
Open Elective II CSE
Open Elective III Click on clouds to navigate
other departments
Open Elective IV

MECH CIVIL
http://www.poriyaan.in