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Chapter 1

Uploaded by

slymanalsbyhy48
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks

Dr. Esraa Alqaralleh


Irbid National University

Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Data communications are the exchange of data between


two devices via some form of transmission medium
such as a wire cable.

The five components that make up a data communications system are the
Message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol.

1.2
1-2 NETWORKS

•A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links.
•A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
•A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium
which can transport a signal carrying information.

1.3
Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

1.4
Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Type of transmission
 unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

1.5
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.6
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.7
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

In mesh topology, we need n(n -1) /2 duplex-mode links

1.8
Advantage of mesh topology

1- Use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data
load.
2- Robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system.
3- Security. When every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it.
4- Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy.

1.9
Disadvantage of mesh topology

1- The amount of cabling because every device must be connected to every other
device.
2- The number of I/O ports required.
3- The hardware required to connect each link can be prohibitively expensive.

1.10
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.11
Advantage of Star topology

1- Less expensive than a mesh topology.


2- Easy to install and reconfigure. Far less cabling needs to be housed.
3- Include robustness.

Disadvantage of Star topology

1- the dependency of the whole topology on one single point.


2- more cabling is required in a star than in some other topologies (such as ring or
bus).

1.12
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.13
Advantage of Bus topology

1- Ease of installation.
2- Less cabling than mesh or star topologies.
3- Backbone cable can be laid along the most efficient path, then connected to the
nodes by drop lines of various lengths.

1.14
Disadvantage of Bus topology

1- Difficult reconnection and fault isolation.


2- Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality.
3- Fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission.

1.15
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.16
Advantage of Ring topology

1- Easy to install and reconfigure.


2- Fault isolation is simplified.

Disadvantage of Ring topology

- Unidirectional traffic.

1.17
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.18
Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)


 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

1.19
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.20
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.21
1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule.


It consists of a set of rules that govern data
communications. It determines what is communicated,
how it is communicated and when it is communicated.

1.22
Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup
• No hierarchy among computers  all are equal
• No administrator responsible for the network

Peer-to-peer

1.23
• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer

• Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:


• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy

• Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:


• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue

1.24
Clients and Servers
• Network Clients (Workstation)
• Computers that request network resources or services
• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than
clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also
users, groups, security, and applications on the network.

1.25
• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access to
Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer
networks

• Disadvantages of client/server networks


• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system

1.26 View publication stats

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