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Study Guide: Exam 3

3.4: The Chain Rule


Chain Rule: Let 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝐸(𝐼(𝑥)), where I is for interior function and E is for exterior function, then

𝑚 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐸 ′ (𝐼(𝑥)) ∗ 𝐼′(𝑥)

In general, this is how we think of the chain rule. We identify the “inside function” and the “outside function”. We then
differentiate the outside function leaving the inside function alone and multiply all of this by the derivative of the
inside function.

Here are the different derivative rules:


Constant Rule: [𝑐]′ = 0 Line Rule: [𝑐𝑥]′ = 𝑐 Power Rule: [𝑥 𝑛 ]′ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
1
“e” Rule: [𝑒 𝑥 ]′ = 𝑒 𝑥 ‘ln’ Rule: [ln 𝑥]′ = 𝑥

𝑇 ′ 𝑇′ 𝐵−𝑇𝐵′
Product Rule: [𝐹𝑆]′ = 𝐹 ′ 𝑆 + 𝐹𝑆′ Quotient Rule: [ ] =
𝐵 𝐵2

1 𝑢′
Chain Rule: [𝑢𝑛 ]′ = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑢′ [𝑒 𝑢 ]′ = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′ [ln 𝑢]′ = ∙ 𝑢′ =
𝑢 𝑢

Logarithmic Differentiation
A common question in this section is to differentiate a function using logarithmic differentiation.
Here are the steps you take the solve this type of problem:

1. Take the ‘ln’ of both sides


2. Use logarithmic properties (see below) to expand the right-hand side
3. Differentiate BOTH sides
4. Multiply both sides by 𝑦

Properties of Logarithms (Note: These are ALGEBRAIC properties)


𝑢
Product Rule: ln(𝑢𝑣) = ln(𝑢) + ln(𝑣) Quotient Rule: ln ( 𝑣 ) = ln(𝑢) − ln(𝑣) Power Rule: ln(𝑢𝑟 ) = 𝑟 ln(𝑢)

4.1 First Derivative and Graphs


• The x-values where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑂𝑅 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is undefined are called PARTITION numbers. Partition numbers
which are in the domain of 𝑓, are called CRITICAL numbers (so critical numbers are special partition
numbers). These numbers are how you create your sign charts.
• If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑐 is in the domain of 𝑓 → 𝑓 has a horizontal tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑐
• 𝑓 ′ > 0 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) → 𝑓 is increasing
• 𝑓 ′ < 0 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) → 𝑓 is decreasing.
• The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called a local extremum if it is either a local maximum or a local minimum (see below for
test)
First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

4.2 Second Derivative and Graphs


For the interval (𝑎, 𝑏):

• 𝑓 ′′ > 0 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) → 𝑓 is concave up


• 𝑓 ′′ < 0 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) → 𝑓 is concave down

• If 𝑥 = 𝑐 is in the domain of 𝑓 and the concavity changes at 𝑥 = 𝑐, then (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) is called an inflection point.

Concave up -> shaped like an upwards parabola

Concave down -> shaped like a downwards parabola

4.4 Curve Sketching Techniques

Graphing Strategy

a. Using 𝑓(𝑥) → Find domain, 𝑥-intercepts, 𝑦-intercept, and asymptotes.


b. Using 𝑓′(𝑥) →Find intervals of increase and decrease and local extrema.
c. Using 𝑓′′(𝑥) →Find intervals of concavity and inflection points
d. Sketch the graph.

IMPORTANT: For 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4: if given a function to analyze and sketch, it will only be a
polynomial or rational function. Polynomials will always have domain all real numbers and have
no asymptotes.

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