Department of Information & Communication Technology.

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Group-3 Alimul Rajee
Team Members- Lecturer
Jasmine Akter (22309011) Dept. of ICT
Tamanna Akter (22309012) Comilla University
Ahad Hossain (22309014)
MD. Billal Hossain (22309015)

Date of Submission: 22 Oct, 2024

3(a)

MIDI Technique? MIDI Interface? Explain the component of

MIDI with their activities.

Answer:

MIDI Technique:
MIDI is an acronym that stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It’s a way
to connect devices that make and control sound, such as synthesizers, samplers, and
computers, so that they can communicate with each other using MIDI messages.
This lets one keyboard trigger sounds on another synthesizer, and it makes it possible
to record music in a form that allows for easy note editing and song arrangement.

The most important thing to understand about MIDI is that it is based on the idea of
message-passing between devices.

Fig: Simple demonstartion of MIDI technique

Imagine a common situation, we have a keyboard synthesizer and would like to
record a sequence using the sounds that are in that synthesizer. We connect the
computer and synthesizer so that they can communicate using the MIDI protocol,
and start recording. When we play notes on the synthesizer, all our physical actions
are transmitted as MIDI messages to the computer sequencing software, which
records the messages. MIDI messages are brief numeric descriptions of an action.

MIDI Interface:
A MIDI interface is a device that provides MIDI In/Out to and from a computer or
MIDI-equipped hardware via standard 5-pin MIDI jacks. There are standalone MIDI
interfaces, virtually all of which connect to a computer via USB. MIDI interfaces
can also be integrated into keyboards, pad controllers, control surfaces, and audio
interfaces. This provides a wide range of options for configuring studio.

MIDI interfaces commonly come in 2, 4 and 8-port configurations (e.g. 8 in x 8 out).

Since each port can transmit 16 channels of MIDI data, an 8-port interface can handle
a total of 128 MIDI channels. An 8-port MIDI interface is useful for those who have
a number of external sound modules, control surfaces, and keyboards to connect.
 Fig: MIDI interface

MIDI is a single-direction communications protocol. Therefore, a single MIDI jack

can either transmit or receive MIDI data. To send MIDI from a keyboard to
computer, connect the keyboard’s MIDI Out jack to MIDI interface’s MIDI in jack.

MIDI Through was found on keyboards when extensive MIDI daisy chains were
common and latency was an issue. To send MIDI on to another device in the series,
need to connect the MIDI Through of the first sound module to the MIDI In of the
next.

Components of a MIDI System:

→ Synthesizer:
● It is a sound generator (various pitch, loudness, tone color).
 ● A good (musician's) synthesizer often has a microprocessor, keyboard, control
panels, memory, etc.

→ Sequencer:
● It can be a stand-alone unit or a software program for a personal computer. (It
used to be a storage server for MIDI data. Nowadays it is more a software music
editor on the computer.
● It has one or more MIDI INs and MIDI OUTs.

→ Track:
● Track in sequencer is used to organize the recordings.
● Tracks can be turned on or off on recording or playing back.

→ Channel:
● MIDI channels are used to separate information in a MIDI system.
● There are 16 MIDI channels in one cable.
● Channel numbers are coded into each MIDI message.

→ Voice:
● Voice is the portion of the synthesizer that produces sound.
● Synthesizers can have many (12, 20, 24, 36, etc.) voices.
● Each voice works independently and simultaneously to produce sounds of
different timbre and pitch.

→ Patch:
● The control settings that define a particular timbre.
→ Timbre:
● The quality of the sound, e.g., flute sound, cello sound, etc.
● Multitimbral - capable of playing many different sounds at the same time (e.g.,
piano, brass, drums, etc.)

→ Pitch:
● Musical note that the instrument plays.
3(b) Describe Commonly Used Audio Formats
Answer:
Commonly used audio formats differ in terms of file size, quality, and compression
methods. Here’s the most popular audio formats:
1. MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III)
Type: Lossy compression
Advantages:
• Widely supported by most devices and software.
• Compresses files significantly, reducing file size while maintaining
reasonable sound quality.
Disadvantages:
• Some audio quality is lost during compression, especially at lower bitrates.
2. WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
Type: Uncompressed
Advantages:
• Provides very high sound quality, as it is uncompressed.
• Ideal for professional audio recording and editing.
Disadvantages:
• Large file size due to lack of compression.
3. FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
Type: Lossless compression
Advantages:
• Maintains the original quality of audio while reducing file size.
• Supports metadata, which makes it a popular format for audiophiles.
Disadvantages:
• Larger file sizes compared to lossy formats like MP3.
4. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
Type: Lossy compression
Advantages:
• Better sound quality than MP3 at similar or even smaller file sizes.
• Used in Apple devices and by streaming platforms (e.g., YouTube).
Disadvantages:
• Compatibility can be less universal than MP3.
5. WMA (Windows Media Audio)
Type: Both lossy and lossless versions available
Advantages:
• Lossy version has higher compression efficiency than MP3.
• Windows native format, highly optimized for Windows platforms.
Disadvantages:
• Limited support outside Windows environments.
3(d) describe of MPEG-4 Coding Principles with diagram.
Answer:

MPEG-4, developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), is an advanced

multimedia coding standard designed to efficiently compress, encode, and transmit
multimedia content (audio, video, images, and interactive elements). Below is a deep
dive into the coding principles that make MPEG-4 a highly flexible and scalable
standard.

1. Object-Based Coding
• Key Concept: MPEG-4 divides audio and video content into individual media
objects rather than treating the entire frame as one unit.
• Example: A video frame is segmented into separate objects—such as the
speaker, the background, or text overlays—each encoded independently.
• Benefit:
- Enables selective manipulation of objects (e.g., modifying background
without touching the subject).
- Interactive applications (like augmented reality) become easier to
implement.

2. Temporal, Spatial, and Quality Scalability

Scalability allows adjustment of video quality and resource usage depending on the
environment, like bandwidth availability or display requirements.
Types of Scalability:
 • Temporal Scalability:
- Adjusts frame rate for different network speeds.
- E.g., Reduce frame rates for smoother playback over low-bandwidth networks.

• Spatial Scalability:
- Encodes the video at multiple resolutions (e.g., 240p, 480p, 1080p).
- Applications: Streaming services offer both low and high-resolution versions
for different devices.

• Quality Scalability:
- Adjusts bit-depth and color precision to save bandwidth while preserving the
essential content.
- Used in adaptive bitrate streaming where the system dynamically changes the
stream quality based on network conditions.

3. Motion Compensation and Prediction Techniques

• Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation reduce temporal redundancy
between consecutive video frames.
• Key Idea: Instead of encoding each frame completely, only differences
between frames (motion vectors) are transmitted.
• Process:
1. Motion Estimation: Detects how an object moves from one frame to the
next.
 2. Motion Compensation: Uses motion vectors to reconstruct new frames
based on previously encoded frames.

▪ Types of Frames:
• I-frames (Intra-frames): Encoded independently without reference to other
frames.
• P-frames (Predicted frames): Encoded using differences from previous
frames.
• B-frames (Bidirectional frames): Encoded using information from both
past and future frames.

4. Advanced Audio and Video Coding (AAC and AVC)

Audio Coding (AAC):
- Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) compresses audio more efficiently than MP3
while maintaining high sound quality.
- Supports multiple audio channels (stereo and surround sound) and low bitrates
for streaming applications.

Video Coding (H.264/AVC):

- Part of MPEG-4, H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) provides 50% better
compression than previous standards.
- Used extensively in video streaming services (Netflix, YouTube) and video
conferencing apps (Zoom, Skype).
5. Error Resilience and Error Concealment
MPEG-4 is designed to work efficiently even in unreliable network conditions where
packet loss or bit errors may occur.
Techniques for Error Handling:
- Data Partitioning: Separates the video stream into smaller independent parts. Even
if one part is lost, others remain decodable.
- Resynchronization Markers: Markers in the bitstream that allow faster recovery
when errors occur.
- Error Concealment: Estimates the lost data by interpolating from neighboring
frames or pixels.

6. Support for Interactivity and User-Controlled Content

- Interactive Media Objects: Users can interact with individual elements within the
video (e.g., rotating 3D models or changing views in virtual environments).
- Example: In interactive TV, viewers can select the camera angle they want to watch
during a live sports event.
- Usage: This feature is used in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and
gaming applications.

7. Streaming and Progressive Transmission

- MPEG-4 supports progressive downloading and streaming, ensuring smooth real-
time playback.
- Progressive Transmission: The content starts playing at a lower resolution or bitrate
and gradually improves as more data is downloaded.
- Streaming: Content is transmitted in packets and played back continuously, even
before the entire file is downloaded.
8. Intellectual Property Management and Digital Rights Management
(DRM)
- MPEG-4 includes tools to protect copyrighted content and prevent unauthorized
use.
- Digital Rights Management (DRM) ensures that content creators and distributors
can control access and usage rights.
- Usage: DRM is used in platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Apple Music to
prevent illegal copying and distribution.

9. Flexible File Format: MP4 Container

- The MP4 file format serves as a multimedia container that can store multiple types
of content, such as:
• Video streams
• Audio streams
• Subtitles or closed captions
• Metadata (e.g., title, artist, album information)

- Benefit: MP4 is widely used across devices, making it ideal for mobile video,
streaming services, and online platforms.
 Fig: Diagram of MPEG-4 Coding Principles
This diagram aligns well with the MPEG-4 coding principles by showcasing how
object-based coding is implemented using Video Object Planes (VOPs). Below is an
explanation of how the diagram represents the coding and decoding process
according to the MPEG-4 standard.

1. Pre-process Block:
- The input video is analyzed and segmented into multiple video objects (VOs).
- Each video frame is decomposed into individual VOPs (Video Object Planes),
where each VOP corresponds to a distinct media object (e.g., foreground,
background, text overlay).

2. VOP Coding Blocks:

- Each VOP (like VOP 0, VOP 1, ..., VOP N) is encoded independently.
- This ensures that changes to one object (e.g., a moving subject) do not require
re-encoding of the entire frame.
- Different compression techniques can be applied to each VOP depending on the
object’s properties.
3. Mux (Multiplexer):
- After encoding, the multiple VOP streams are combined into a single bitstream
using the multiplexer.
- This makes transmission and storage efficient, as the encoded objects are packed
into a common stream while keeping their identities intact.

4. Demux (Demultiplexer):
- On the receiving side, the bitstream is unpacked into its original VOP
components.
- Each individual VOP is then sent to the corresponding decoding block for further
processing.

5. VOP Decoding Blocks:

- Each VOP undergoes independent decoding to recreate the original media object
(like the speaker, background, or text).
- This enables the flexibility of manipulating individual elements at the receiving
end.

6. Composite Block:
- The decoded VOPs are reassembled to produce the complete video frame.
- This composition allows for dynamic modifications (e.g., replacing a
background) or custom content generation without altering the other objects.

7. Video Out:
- The final video is reconstructed from the individual objects and output for
viewing.
This diagram effectively illustrates the MPEG-4 coding workflow using VOPs,
demonstrating how video content is segmented, encoded, and decoded
independently to enable advanced features like object manipulation and efficient
streaming. This modular approach lies at the heart of MPEG-4, providing flexibility,
interactivity, and better compression over traditional video codecs.
3(e) Time taken to transmit an image depends on some
parameters, describe with proper example and equations.
Answer:

The time taken to transmit an image over a network depends on several key
parameters, including the image file size, the available bandwidth, network latency,
and any compression applied to the image. Here’s a detailed explanation, with
equations and an example:

Key Parameters Affecting Transmission Time

1. Image File Size (S):

The size of the image in bits or bytes. For example, an image may be 5 MB
(megabytes), which equals 5 × 8 × 10^6 bits.

2. Bandwidth (B):

The network bandwidth is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over
a connection. Bandwidth is typically measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per
second (kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps)

3. Transmission Delay (T_trans):

The time taken to send the image depends primarily on the size of the image and the
bandwidth of the connection. The transmission delay can be calculated using the
following equation:
 𝑆
Ttrans =
𝐵

Where , Ttrans = Transmission delay (in seconds)

S= Size of the image (in bits)

B = Bandwidth (in bits per second)

4. Propagation Delay (T_prop):

This refers to the time it takes for the signal to travel from the sender to the receiver.
Propagation delay is typically small for short distances but can become significant
over long distances like intercontinental links.

𝑑
Tprop=
𝑣

Where, d= Distance between the sender and receiver (in meters),v= Propagation
speed (in meters per second)

5. Latency (T_lat):

The total time taken to transmit a file also includes network latency, which is the
delay caused by routers, switches, and other network devices along the path. Latency
can include queuing delay, processing delay, and propagation delay.

6. Processing Delay and Queuing Delay (T_proc, T_queue):

Processing delay occurs as the data is processed through the layers of network
devices, while queuing delay is the time the data spends waiting to be transmitted,
which can depend on the network load.
Example: Transmission of a 5 MB Image

Let’s consider a scenario where a 5 MB image is transmitted over a network

connection, and we calculate the time taken for the transmission:

Image File Size (S):

5 MB = 5 × 8 × 10^6 bits = 40,000,000 bits

Bandwidth (B):

Assume the bandwidth of the network is 10 Mbps (10 megabits per second).

Propagation Delay (T_prop):

Let’s assume the distance between the sender and receiver is 500 km, and the
signal travels at 2 × 10^8 meters per second (since signals travel slower through
cables than in a vacuum).

Step 1: Calculate Transmission Delay (T_trans)

Using the formula for transmission delay:

𝑆 40,000,000 bits
Ttrans = = = 4 seconds
𝐵 10×10^6 bps

Step 2: Calculate Propagation Delay (T_prop)

Using the propagation delay formula:

𝑑 500,000 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Tprop = = = 0.0025 seconds = 2.5 milliseconds
𝑣 2×10^8 meters per second
Step 3: Total Transmission Time (T_total)

The total transmission time Ttotal is the sum of the transmission delay and the
propagation delay (assuming queuing and processing delays are negligible in this
example):

Ttotal = Ttrans+Tprop = 4 seconds + 0.0025 seconds = 4.0025 seconds

Thus, the image would take approximately 4.0025 seconds to transmit over the
network.