Cell CyCle & Cell division

CONCEPT OF CHROMOSOME, DNA, GENE :

CHROMOSOME :

 They are the rod shaped thread like structure in the nucleus made up of DNA & protein which
carries the heredity information.
 Chromosomes are appears only during karyokinesis.
 There are two chromosomes halves or chromatids, which are
attached to each other by a narrow area called centromere.

DNA :

 It is the polynucleotide molecule which contain the genetic

information & packed with protein to form chromosome.

GENE :

 It is the segment of DNA that carries the instruction to form

protein / It is the functional part of DNA.

CONCEPT FIGURE OF HAPLOID & DIPLOID :

INTRODUCTION :

 According to Rudolf Virchow, every cell arises from pre existing cell.
 So with his theory, cells have 3 functions i.e.
(i) Cell division
(ii) Cell growth
(iii) Cell differentiation
 Cell growth & cell division happens through a cycle whereas when the cell is out of the cycle, it
undergoes differentiation process.
 Various process of cell cycle was controlled by protein cyclins & cyclin dependent protein kinase
(CDKs).

PHASES OF CELL CYCLE :

 Cell cycle contains 2 phases i.e.

1. Inter phase
2. M- phase
1. INTER PHASE :

 It also called as Preparatory phase/Bio synthetic phase/Resting phase/energy phase.

 It required 75% - 95% of total generation time that means for example, In human the total cell
cycle time is approximately 24hr. & inter phase requires 23hr.
 It has 3 stages, i.e.
i) G1
ii) S
iii) G2

i) G1 PHASE :

 Otherwise called as first growth phase or post mitotic gap phase.

 It is the phase between M-phase of previous cell cycle & S-phase.
 It is the longest phase of inter phase.
 In this phase, the cell is metabolically active & grows continuously.
 In this phase RNA, protein, nucleotides, amino acid, histones are synthesized.
 In G1 phase the cell has three options, i.e.
A. To continue the cell cycle & enter into the S-phase.
B. Stop the cell cycle & enter to the G0 phase by differentiation process.
C. Get arrested in G1 phase, where it may enter into the G0-phase or enter to the cell cycle.
 This phase contain check point named G1 cyclin, which causes the transition of G1 to S phase.

ii) S PHASE :

 Otherwise called as synthetic phase.

 The main function of this stage is chromosome replication, that means 1C to 2C for haploid &
2C to 4C diploid cells.
 Along with DNA replication histone synthesis, centrioles replication, growth of nucleus also occur
in this phase.
 This phase is also called as invisible phase because the chromosomes are condensed & not visible
properly.

iii) G2 PHASE :

 Otherwise called as second growth phase or pre mitotic gap phase.

 DNA synthesis stops but RNA, protein synthesis takes place.
 It prepares the cell to undergo division.
 In contains second check point named mitotic cyclin, which causes the transition of G2 to
M phase.

2. MITOTIC PHASE (M-PHASE) :

 It is the final stage of cell cycle as it represents the stage of actual cell division.
 It consists of karyokinesis (division of nucleus) & cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
 After M-phase, the cell re-enter to the cell cycle or under goes differentiation to reach G0.
G0 PHASE (QUIESCENT STAGE) :

 It is the stage of inactivation of cycle due to non availability of mitogenes & energy.
 The cell reaches in this stage by the process of differentiation, it means the cell gained a
particular function.
 In this stage the cell functions as reserve cell means it can join the cycle at any time.

Cell division
 Cell division is the process of formation of new daughter cells from the pre existing parent cells.
 It occurs in 3 ways, i.e. amitosis, mitosis & meiosis.
 Amitosis is a simple method of cell division, without differentiation of chromosome & spindle
forms two daughter cells. Seen in some protozoa like Paramecium.

MITOSIS :

 Mitosis is the type of division in which chromosomes become equally distributed both
qualitatively & quantitatively into two daughter nuclei so that the daughter cells have the same
number & same type of chromosome as that parent.
 It is, therefore, called as equational division.
 Mitosis was first observed by Strasburger (1870) in plant cell & Flemming (1879) in animal cell.
 The term Mitosis was coined by Flemming in 1882.
 Mitosis occurs in the formation of somatic body cells & hence often named as somatic cell
division.
 The site of mitotic cell division in plants are meristematic region like stem tip, root tip, leaves,
flower, fruits etc.
 Mitosis consists of two steps – karyokinesis & cytokinesis

KARYOKINESIS :

 It has been divided into four stages or phases. They are prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase.

PROPHASE :

 It often studied in two sub-stages i.e. early prophase & late prophase.
 It takes more time as compare to other three substages.
 In early prophase the nucleus becomes spheroidal & viscosity of cytoplasm increases.
 Condensation of chromatin starts.
 As the end of chromosomes aren’t visible , they looks like a ball of wool, for which early
prophase is also named as spireme stage.
 In late prophase, each chromosome appears to consists of two longitudinal threads called
chromatids (or sister chromatids) are attached each other by a point called centromere.
 The nuclear wall along with nucleolus, golgi complex, ER etc. starts disappearing.
 The centrioles start moving to the opposite poles.
METAPHASE :

 Complete disintegration marks the beginning of metaphase means chromosomes found in the
cytoplasm.
 Chromosome condensation complete properly & become shorten & thick. Therefore it is the
best stage to study the morphology of chromosome.
 Chromosomes align themselves at equatorial plate/metaphasic plate. This alignment is known as
congression.
 Discontinuous fibres named as spindle fibres coming from the two poles & get attached to the
surface of the centromere or kinetochores of each chromosome.

ANAPHASE :

 The centromere of each chromosomes divides into two, so that each chromatids have its own
centromere.
 The two chromatids now start repelling each other & separate completely to become daughter
chromosomes.
 Now, the daughter chromosome moves towards the poles, as a result the anaphasic
chromosome appears V, L- shaped.
 At the end of the anaphase two groups of chromosomes are formed at the each pole.
 Most spindle fibres disappear from the near poles.
 The number & type of the chromosomes at each pole is same as present in the parent nucleus.

TELOPHASE :

 It is the final stage of karyokinesis & it is the reverse phase of prophase.

 During this phase cytoplasmic viscosity decreases.
 The two chromosome groups recognize themselves into nuclei that means nuclear envelope
appears again.
 Now the chromosome elongates & overlaps one another to form chromatin.
 Golgi complex & ER reformed.
 In this way two daughter nuclei are formed at each poles & cell undergoes cytokinesis.

CYTOKINESIS :

 It the phase in which the cell divided into two daughter cells that means division of cytoplasm
takes place.
 Now the cells get complete division finally.
 In an animal cell, cytokinesis is performed by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma
membrane, which gradually deepens and joins in the centre, dividing the cell cytoplasm into two
daughter cells.
 In plants, as the cell wall is present the cytokinesis occurs by cell plate method.
 In this method, wall formation starts in the centre of the cell and grows outward to meet the
existing lateral walls for which a new wall forms & cell got divided.
 At the time of cytoplasmic division the cell organelles also get distributed in between two
daughter cells.
Conceptual figure for details study
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS :

 As somatic cells are formed by mitosis, it has great rule in body growth.
 It helps to maintain the chromosome number.
 It helps to keep all the somatic cell genetically similar.
 It is the method of multiplication of unicellular organism.
 An injury healed by repeated mitotic cell division of surrounded cells.