Article Not peer-reviewed version

LLM Intelligent Agent Tutoring in Higher

Education Courses using a RAG
Approach

Horia Modran * , Ioana Corina Bogdan , Doru Ursuțiu , Cornel Samoila , Paul Livius Modran

Posted Date: 5 July 2024

doi: 10.20944/preprints202407.0519.v1

Keywords: AI; Chatbot; LLM; RAG; Education

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Article

LLM Intelligent Agent Tutoring in Higher Education

Courses Using a RAG Approach
Horia Alexandru Modran 1, Ioana Corina Bogdan 1, Doru Ursuțiu 1,2, Cornel Samoilă 1,3
and Paul Livius Modran 1,4
1 Transilvania University of Brașov, Brașov, Romania; [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
2 Romanian Academy of Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
3 Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
4 Mass Mutual Romania, Bucharest, Romania

Abstract. Conventional tutoring approaches are confronted with limitations such as restricted availability,
inconsistent pedagogical quality, and scalability constraints. Furthermore, the exclusive use of Large Language
Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT in education has its shortcomings, including the potential for incorrect responses
and the lack of customized guidance aligned with specific course content. This research proposes an innovative
intelligent chatbot tutoring system, integrating the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) approach with a
custom LLM. The developed system aims to overcome the limitations of traditional tutoring and general-
purpose LLMs by providing accurate, contextually relevant, and personalized assistance, thereby enhancing
student understanding and engagement. The system, powered by an intelligent agent, retrieves relevant
information from curated academic sources, incorporates interactive features for user feedback, and utilizes
machine learning algorithms for ongoing performance enhancement, ensuring a robust and effective tutoring
experience. The anticipated outcome is an enriched educational experience for university students,
advancement in personalized learning, and improved student engagement, retention, and academic
performance. Through continuous research and refinement, it is expected that the intelligent chatbot tutor will
assume an important role in enhancing and supporting the educational journey of students.

Keywords: AI; Chatbot; LLM; RAG; Education

1. Introduction
Traditional methods of student tutoring often face challenges such as limited availability,
inconsistency in teaching quality, and scalability issues. Moreover, relying solely on general-purpose
language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT for educational purposes poses several drawbacks, including
inaccurate responses and the inability to provide tailored guidance based on specific course content.
Taking into consideration these challenges, there is a pressing need to develop innovative solutions
that leverage the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the learning experience for students.
A comprehensive review of relevant research articles was conducted to explore the state of art
in the fields of Retrival Augumented Generation (RAG) in Large Language Models (LLMs),
Intelligent ChatBot Tutoring, and their application into Higer Education. This review emphasizes the
variety of strategies by which RAG can be utilized to overcome the inherent constraints of general-
purpose LLMs when performing tasks that require comprehensive knowledge [1].
The review conducted by M. Ashfaque et. al. [2] delves into the integration of AI and NLP in
intelligent tutoring systems, with a focus on Chatbots as virtual tutors. It discusses the diverse
applications of Chatbots in education and various sectors, highlighting the need for continuous
improvement in Chatbot design and development for enhanced functionality and user experience.
Research paper [3] investigates tensions arising from the integration of large language model-
based chatbots in higher education, emphasizing the need for clear guidelines and collaborative rule-
making. Students and teachers express concerns about the quality of learning, the value of diplomas,

© 2024 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.

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and the evolving roles in education due to LLM-based chatbots. The study highlights the importance
of understanding the changing human-technology relationship and the implications for learning
objectives and division of labor within educational settings.
The paper [4] presents a hybrid model integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) and Chatbots
for efficient access to educational materials in higher education. It emphasizes the importance of
prompt engineering and content knowledge in maximizing the potential of LLM. Practical
implementations, such as question-answering chatbots, demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed programming environment. Another research [5] highlights the transformative capabilities
of LLMs in education and underscores the role of critical thinking and iterative design for optimal
performance.
The article [6] outlines the creation of TutorBot+, a chatGPT-based feedback tool for
programming students at Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, aiming to enhance
learning and computational thinking skills. Preliminary results show successful integration with an
LMS and potential for improving the educational experience. N. Bakas et. al. [7] proposes using
ChatGPT’s API for interactive tutoring, highlighting the transformative impact of LLMs in education
by enabling dynamic, customized learning experiences.
The study on Student Interaction with NewtBot [8] demonstrates positive student perceptions
of using generative AI for schoolwork and the effectiveness of internal prompt engineering in
customizing LLM chatbot behaviors for improved academic engagement. S. Siriwardhan et. al. [9]
introduces RAG-end2end for domain adaptation in ODQA, enhancing RAG models with auxiliary
signals for improved factual consistency and reduced hallucinations. Results demonstrate the
effectiveness of joint retriever-generator training in specialized domains, suggesting potential
applications in educational chatbot tutoring systems.
In prior research, the same group of researchers proposed an instructional methodology for
training engineers in all necessary procedures for the creation, validation, and implementation of
machine learning-based systems [10], as well as strategies for incorporating Artificial Intelligence and
ChatGPT into Higher Engineering Education [11]. The current study seeks to transcend the
limitations of traditional tutoring and general-purpose LLMs by providing accurate, contextually
relevant, and personalized assistance, thereby enhancing student understanding and engagement.
This system, guided by an intelligent agent and utilizing a RAG approach, collects relevant
information from meticulously curated academic sources, incorporates interactive components for
user feedback, and applies machine learning methods for ongoing performance optimization,
ensuring a proficient tutoring experience.

2. LLM Intelligent Chatbot with RAG

The landscape of higher education is evolving rapidly with the integration of advanced
technologies, particularly AI-driven solutions. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a
powerful tool, capable of processing and generating human-like text, making them suitable for a
variety of applications, including tutoring. However, when deployed in their raw form, these models
exhibit limitations such as inaccuracies and a lack of domain-specific knowledge. To address these
issues, the integration of LLMs with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques offers a
promising field for developing intelligent chatbot tutors that provide precise, contextually relevant,
and personalized educational support.
RAG leverages the strengths of both retrieval-based and generation-based methods. In this
approach, a retrieval component first searches for relevant information from a curated set of academic
resources, ensuring the content is accurate and domain-specific. The generation component then
synthesizes this information to produce coherent and contextually appropriate responses. This
hybrid model not only mitigates the inaccuracies often associated with standalone LLMs but also
enhances their ability to provide tailored guidance aligned with specific course content.
Implementing a RAG-based intelligent chatbot for higher education involves several key steps.
Firstly, a comprehensive database of educational materials, including textbooks, research articles,
lecture notes, and other relevant resources, must be curated. This database serves as the foundation
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for the retrieval component, ensuring that the information fed into the LLM is both accurate and
contextually relevant. Next, the chatbot is trained using prompt engineering techniques to fine-tune
its responses, ensuring they are aligned with educational objectives and learning outcomes.
Interactive components are crucial for effective tutoring. A RAG-based chatbot can incorporate
features such as quizzes, practice problems, and instant feedback mechanisms. These components
not only engage students actively but also help in reinforcing their understanding of the material.
Additionally, the chatbot can adapt to individual learning paces and styles, providing a personalized
learning experience. By analyzing student interactions and feedback, the system can continuously
improve its performance through iterative design and machine learning techniques.
Practical implementations of such systems demonstrate their potential to transform the
educational landscape. For instance, question-answering chatbots developed using RAG approaches
have shown significant improvements in delivering precise and comprehensive answers compared
to traditional LLMs. These chatbots can assist students with homework, clarify complex concepts,
and even offer guidance on research projects, thereby enhancing the overall learning experience.
Moreover, the integration of RAG-based chatbots in Learning Management Systems (LMS)
provides a seamless and accessible tutoring solution. Students can interact with the chatbot anytime,
ensuring consistent support outside the classroom. This continuous availability helps address the
issue of limited tutoring resources and offers scalable solutions for educational institutions.

3. RAG Agent and VectorStore

The LllamaIndex framework was employed to enhance the Large Language Model (LLM) using
a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) approach. LllamaIndex is a data framework designed to
optimize the integration of RAG with an LLM and it is constructed upon the foundation of the
OpenAI API. This framework enhances the efficiency and accuracy of information retrieval and
generation processes, making it highly suitable for applications in intelligent chatbot tutoring.
LllamaIndex stands out due to its ability to manage vast amounts of data, facilitate efficient vector
storage, and enable seamless interaction between the retrieval and generation components of RAG
systems [11,12].
LllamaIndex provides a robust infrastructure for indexing and retrieving large datasets. It
employs advanced indexing techniques that allow for quick and precise access to relevant
information. One of the primary advantages of this framework is its capability to handle high-
dimensional data vectors, which are essential for representing the rich semantic information
contained in educational materials. By optimizing the storage and retrieval processes, it ensures that
the RAG system can operate at peak performance, delivering accurate and contextually relevant
responses to student queries.
A RAG agent operates by first retrieving pertinent information from a pre-defined knowledge
base and then generating a coherent and contextually appropriate response. The knowledge base is
indexed using LllamaIndex, which transforms the educational content into high-dimensional vectors
stored in a vector database. This approach facilitates rapid and efficient retrieval of information,
significantly enhancing the performance of the LLM.
The workflow of the agent is illustrated in Figure 1. It begins with a student’s query, which is
encoded into a query vector and sent to the Router Query Engine. LllamaIndex then performs a
similarity search within the vector store to find the most relevant documents or data points. The
retrieval component ensures that the information pulled is accurate and aligned with the educational
context of the query. This retrieved information is then fed into the LLM, which generates a
comprehensive and tailored response.
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Figure 1. RAG Agent Architecture.

The vector database is a critical component in the RAG framework, acting as a repository for the
high-dimensional vectors representing the indexed educational content. LllamaIndex leverages state-
of-the-art algorithms to create and manage this vector store, ensuring that the vectors are organized
in a manner that allows for efficient retrieval. This setup not only speeds up the search process but
also enhances the accuracy of the retrieved information by reducing the likelihood of retrieving
irrelevant or incorrect data.
By indexing a comprehensive knowledge base, the system ensures that the information retrieved
is always relevant and reliable, thereby enhancing the quality of tutoring. The use of the vector store
allows the system to scale effortlessly, accommodating a growing repository of educational materials
without sacrificing performance. This scalability is particularly beneficial for educational institutions
looking to implement AI-driven tutoring solutions across multiple courses and disciplines.

4. Chatbot Features and Functionalities

4.1. Processing the Documents and Creating the Vector Store

This section details the development steps and core functionalities of the intelligent Chatbot
agent developed for higher education. It covers the process of persisting data in a vector store using
the LllamaIndex library, the methods employed to load and index educational materials, and the
specific configurations set to optimize data retrieval and response generation. Through this detailed
exposition, the current section presents how the system efficiently manages large volumes of
educational content and ensures accurate, contextually relevant interactions with students, thereby
enhancing the overall tutoring experience.
A key feature of the intelligent chatbot tutoring system is its ability to persist data in a vector
store, which is facilitated using the LllamaIndex library. This capability ensures that the chatbot can
efficiently manage and retrieve large volumes of educational content, providing accurate and
relevant responses to student queries.
The process of creating the Vector Store involves several steps. Initially, a Storage content is
created using the storageContextFromDefaults() function. This function sets up the default storage
context, which serves as the foundation for the Vector Store. During the indexing process, a
serviceContext is created to manage the configuration and execution of the indexing tasks. Within
this context, specific parameters such as chunk size and chunk overlap are set to optimize the
indexing process. The use of chunk size and overlap parameters is critical for balancing the
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granularity and coherence of the indexed content. A chunk size of 512 ensures that each segment of
the document is of manageable length, allowing the model to capture sufficient context within each
vector. The chunk overlap of 20 provides a slight overlap between consecutive chunks, preserving
the continuity of information and improving the system’s ability to retrieve contextually relevant
data.
Following the creation of the Storage content, documents are loaded into the system using the
SimpleDirectoryReader().loadData() function. This function is designed to handle entire directories,
allowing for the bulk import of educational content. By passing the directory containing the
educational materials as a parameter, the function reads and processes the files, converting them into
a format suitable for indexing. The loaded documents are then used to create a VectorStoreIndex
using the VectorStoreIndex.fromDocuments() function. This function transforms the loaded documents
into a format suitable for storage in the vector store. These vectors encapsulate the semantic
information contained in the documents, enabling efficient and accurate retrieval based on the
content’s meaning rather than just keyword matching.
The TypeScript implementation responsible for the instantiation and local persistence of the
vector store is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Typescript code for creating the Vector Store.

The complete process for handling the documents and creating the local vector store is
illustrated in Figure 3. The local vector store consists of three key files, each serving a distinct purpose:

Figure 3. Parsing data and creating the vector store.

• doc_store.json—this file contains the raw documents that have been loaded into the system. It
serves as a repository of the original educational content, preserving the text and metadata
associated with each document.
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• index_store.json—it maintains the indexing information for the documents stored in the system.
It includes the structures and mappings that allow for efficient searching and retrieval of
documents based on their content.
• vector_store.json stores the high-dimensional vectors generated from the indexed documents.
These vectors are created using an embedding technique, and they capture the semantic
meaning of the documents. They are used for tasks such as similarity search and clustering.

4.2. Utilizing RAG to Augment the LLM

In this section, the integration of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) model with the
Language Model (LLM) is explored to enhance its capabilities. Specifically, the LlamaIndex library is
utilized in conjunction with the OpenAI GPT-4 model. The objective is to augment the LLM using
RAG, leveraging the vector store that was previously created.
A TypeScript web application has been developed with both front-end and back-end
components. This application can engage in real-time chat with the data and streaming the response.
The process involves several steps, which are detailed below:
1. Creation of the Chat Engine—this first step involves the creation of a chat engine using the
createChatEngine() function. This engine is built with an OpenAI GPT-4 LLM, which forms the
backbone of the chat system.
2. User Message Processing—upon receiving a user message, the content is converted into a
format that is compatible with the LlamaIndex and OpenAI. This conversion is crucial for
ensuring that the input is appropriately structured for both the retrieval and generation
processes. The formatted message serves as the basis for querying the vector store and
generating relevant responses.
3. Retrieving and generating responses—the core functionality of the chatbot is realized through
the invocation of LlamaIndex’s chatEngine.chat() function. This method leverages the RAG
approach by first retrieving relevant information from the vector store based on the user’s
query. The retrieved information is then used to generate a coherent and contextually
appropriate response using the GPT-4 model. This function is designed to stream the response
in real-time, enhancing the interactivity of the Chatbot.
4. Streaming the response—the stream generated by the chat engine is consumed by the front-
end client. This allows for real-time interaction with the user, providing them with immediate
feedback and responses.
5. Piping the LlamaIndexStream to Response—finally, the LlamaIndexStream is piped to the
response using the stream.pipeThrough() function. The use of this method allows for efficient
handling of the streamed data, maintaining the integrity and coherence of the response as it is
displayed to the user.
The complete workflow of the application is depicted in Figure 4. This approach allows the
power of RAG and LLM to be leveraged in a seamless manner, providing a robust and responsive
chat system. By integrating these advanced models with the vector store, highly accurate and
contextually relevant responses can be delivered in real time. This marks a significant advancement
in the field of AI-powered chat systems, opening new possibilities for user interaction and
engagement.
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Figure 4. Application workflow.

The application is currently in the testing phase, incorporating educational materials relevant to
the Virtual Instrumentation course at the Transilvania University of Brasov. To construct the
knowledge base for the application, two primary documents were employed:
• Virtual Instrumentation: Laboratory Guide [14]—this document provides comprehensive
laboratory exercises and practical guidance on virtual instrumentation, serving as a foundational
resource for hands-on learning and experimentation.
• Introduction to LabVIEW Graphic Programming with Applications in Electronics,
Telecommunications, and Information Technologies [15]—it covers fundamental concepts and
practical applications in electronics, telecommunications, and IT, making it a critical resource for
understanding the software tools used in virtual instrumentation.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the application, it is currently being tested to determine how
well it responds to queries related to the documents integrated into its knowledge base. This testing
phase involves asking various questions about the content covered in those two documents.
Preliminary results have been promising, indicating that the chatbot can accurately retrieve and
generate contextually appropriate responses based on these resources. Furthermore, the application
stores previous conversations locally, allowing it to maintain memory and context over the course of
an interaction. Figure 5 illustrates a sample question regarding the steps needed to build an Arduino
Application in LabVIEW, demonstrating the application’s capability to handle specific queries
effectively.

Figure 5. Sample question and response.

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5. Discussions and Conclusions

The proposed intelligent chatbot tutoring system, integrating Retrieval-Augmented Generation
(RAG) with a custom Large Language Model (LLM), marks a significant advancement in educational
technology. This system effectively addresses the limitations of traditional tutoring methods and
standalone LLMs, offering a robust solution for personalized and contextually relevant educational
support. By leveraging RAG, the system accurately retrieves domain-specific information from a
curated set of academic sources, ensuring high-quality, tailored guidance aligned with specific course
content.
One of the primary strengths of this approach is its ability to efficiently manage and retrieve
large volumes of educational content. The LlamaIndex framework, used to create and maintain the
vector store, ensures that the information retrieval process is both rapid and precise. This capability
is critical for maintaining the accuracy and contextual relevance of the Chatbot’s responses, which
enhances student engagement and comprehension. Additionally, the system’s interactive
components provide a dynamic and engaging learning experience that can adapt to individual
learning paces and styles.
However, few limitations of the system have been identified. The accuracy and effectiveness of
the Chatbot relies heavily on the quality and comprehensiveness of the curated academic sources.
Any gaps or biases in these sources could potentially affect the quality of the generated responses.
Furthermore, while preliminary results are promising, extensive testing across a broader range of
subjects and educational contexts is necessary to fully validate the system’s efficacy. The system is
set to be tested with students enrolled in the Virtual Instrumentation course at Transilvania
University of Brașov during the next academic year.
In conclusion, the integration of RAG with LLMs offers a powerful approach to developing
intelligent chatbot tutors capable of providing precise, contextually relevant, and personalized
educational support. It is expected that this system will have the potential to significantly improve
the quality of tutoring available to university students, fostering enhanced engagement, retention,
and academic performance. Future developments of this research will focus on expanding the
knowledge base, refining the retrieval and generation algorithms, and incorporating more advanced
machine learning techniques to further enhance performance.

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