1.

Cerrato: Economists argue both that the higher turnover rate of part-time workers
shows them to be much more likely to be dissatisfied with their jobs than full- time
workers are and that lower-paid, part-time workers threaten to take jobs from fill-time
employees. But because job efficiency is positively correlated with job satisfaction,
companies are unlikely to replace satisfied employees with dissatisfied ones. Therefore,
___________.

Which one of the following most logically completes Cerrato's argument?

A. full-time workers are likely to lose jobs to part-time workers

B. the companies earning the greatest profits tend to be those that pay their workers the
highest wages
C. dissatisfied part-time workers are unlikely to threaten the jobs of fulltime workers
D. the higher turnover rate of part-time workers is only partly caused by their greater job
dissatisfaction

2. The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde's 1891 novel The Picture of Dorian
Gray. Dorian Gray is taking his first look at a portrait that Hallward has painted of him.

Dorian passed listlessly in front of his picture and turned towards it. When he saw it he
drew back, and his cheeks flushed for a moment with pleasure. A look of joy came into
his eyes, as if he had recognized himself for the first time. He stood there motionless
and in wonder, dimly conscious that Hallward was speaking to him, but not catching the
meaning of his words. The sense of his own beauty came on him like a revelation. He
had never felt it before.

According to the text, what is true about Dorian?

A. He wants to know Hallward's opinion of the portrait.

B. He is delighted by what he sees in the portrait.
C. He prefers portraits to other types of paintings.
D. He is uncertain of Hallward's talent as an artist.
3. The government's tax collection agency has not followed through on its plan,
announced a year ago, to crack down on violations of corporate income tax law. Audits
are the primary tool for detecting such violations, and over the past year, not a single
audit of corporate income tax returns has been completed.

Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?

A. The plan to crack down on violations of corporate income tax law is part of a broad
campaign against corporate misconduct.
B. The number of personal income tax returns audited over the past year is greater than
in previous years.
C. Most audits of corporate income tax returns do not reveal any significant violations.
D. It generally takes longer than one year to complete an audit of a corporate income
tax return.

4. The railway authority inspector who recently thoroughly checked the tracks testified
that they were in good condition. Thus, since the inspector has no bias in the matter, we
should be suspicious of the newspaper reporter's claim that the tracks are in poor
condition.

The reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the reasoning in which one of
the following arguments?

A. My pottery instructor says that making pottery will not cause repetitive-motion injuries
if it is done properly. So I will probably not get such injuries, for whenever I do pottery I
use the proper techniques that my instructor taught me.
B. Gardner, a noted paleontologist who has no vested interest in the case, assures us
that the alleged dinosaur bones are not old enough to be from dinosaurs. So we should
be skeptical of Penwick's claim to have found dinosaur bones, for Gardner inspected
the bones carefully.
C. The engineer hired by the company that maintains the bridge has examined the
bridge and declared it safe. This engineer is the only one who has given the bridge a
close examination recently. Thus, we should consider the bridge safe.
D. The reporter who recently interviewed the prime minister said the prime minister
appeared to be in poor health. But despite the fact that the reporter works for a paper
with opposition leanings, we should accept that the prime minister is in poor health.
After all, reporters won't let their bias affect them when the truth of their claims will
eventually be discovered.
5. The key deer was hunted to near extinction, but the creature was protected by
compassionate and hard-working conservationists.

One of the rarest and most prized animals in the United States is the key deer. This tiny
creature was once hunted without mercy. It was not uncommon for a single hunter to kill
more than a dozen key deer in one day. Often, hunters set grass fires to driver the
creatures out of hiding; other times, they were attacked with harpoons while they were
swimming. In the 1950s, conservationists—led by the Boone and Crockett Club—saved
the key deer from extinction. Today, the surviving key deer are protected by the United
States government in the Key Deer National Wildlife Refuge, created in 1957.

Which of the following is implied in the passage?

A. Species become at risk of dying out when they are hunted too extensively.
B. The government is still the most effective way to safeguard the environment because
it has the resources to establish effective programs.
C. Endangered species will only be saved if they become a priority.
D. Government officials and private citizens must work together to help the
environment.

6. "Tsunami," the Japanese word for seismic sea-waves, is also used as the scientific
term for this phenomenon. Most tsunamis originate around the so-called Ring of Fire, a
zone of volcanoes and seismic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean.

Tsunamis, or seismic sea-waves, are gravity waves set in motion by underwater

disturbances associated with earthquakes. These waves are frequently called "tidal
waves" although they have nothing to do with the tides. Tsunamis consist of a decaying
train of waves and may be detectable on tide gauges for as long as a week. Near its
origin, the first wave of a tsunami may be the largest; at greater distances, the largest is
normally between the second and seventh wave. Since 1819, more than forty tsunamis
have struck the Hawaiian Islands.

It can be inferred from this passage that

A. tsunamis are rare occurrences, so few people have experienced the

B. scientists know a great deal about tsunamis, especially their cause and prevention
C. tsunamis have been studied extensively and are well-understood by scientists
D. tsunamis can be very dangerous
7. The American Revolution (1776—1783) resulted in America's independence from
Great Britain. The first armed encounter of the Revolution took place in Concord,
Massachusetts, where the British force in Boston numbered about 3500 men. The
following is a contemporary account of the landmark battle.

On the 18th of April at eleven at night, about eight hundred Grenadiers and light infantry
were ferried across the Bay to Cambridge, from whence they marched to Concord,
about twenty miles. The Congress had been lately assembled at that place, and it was
imagined that the General had intelligence of a magazine being formed there and that
they were going to destroy it.

The people in the country (who are a ll furnished with arms and have what they call
Minute Companies in every town ready to march on any alarm) had a signal, it is
supposed, by a light from one of the steeples in town. Upon the troops' embarking, the
alarm spread through the country, so that before daybreak the people in general were in
arms and on their march to Concord.

About daybreak a number of people appeared before the troops on Lexington Common.
When they (the American colonists) were told to disperse, they fired on the troops and
ran off, upon which the Light Infantry pursued them and brought down about fifteen of
them. The troops went on to Concord and executed the business they were sent on,
and on their return found two or three of their people lying in the agonies of death,
scalped, with their noses and ears cut off and eyes bored out—which exasperated the
soldiers exceedingly. A prodigious number of people now occupied the hills, woods, and
stone walls along the road. The Light Troops drove some parties from the hills, but all
the road being enclosed with store walls served as a cover to the rebels, from whence
they fired on the troops.... In this manner were the troops harassed in their return for
seven or eight miles.

The writer's tone in the second paragraph is best described as

A. carefully impartial
B. horrified and dismayed
C. astonished and amazed
D. disdainful and condescending
8. Studying has many uses, as the following passage argues.

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in
privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment
and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge the
particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of
affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is
sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgement wholly by
their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by
experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants that need proyning by study; and
studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded
in by experience.

Crafty men contemn (condemn) studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use
them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above
them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take
for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and a few to be chewed and digested; that is,
some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously, and some
few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read
by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less
important arguments, and the meaner sorts of books, else distilled books are like
common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready
man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a
great memory; if he confer little, he need have a great wit; and if he read little, he need
have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

The speaker's tone is best described as

A. diffident and modest

B. precarious
C. ironic
D. authoritative and confident
9. Chief Joseph, leader of the Nez Perce Indians, delivered the following surrender
speech in 1877. The speech has come to be called "l Will Fight No More Forever."

Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before, I have in my heart. I am
tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead.
The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes and no. He who led on the
young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to
death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no
food: no one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to
look for my children and see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the
dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now
stands I will fight no more forever.
The sentence underline "It is the young men who say yes and no" is best understood to
mean

A. even the young men cannot save them now

B. Chief Joseph laments the necessity of having the tribe led by inexperienced men
C. young men are better leaders than older men
D. Chief Joseph has been forced from power by the young men

10. Ancient savage tribes played a primitive kind of football. About 2,500 years ago
there was a ball-kicking game played by the Athenians, Spartans, and Corinthians,
which the Greeks called Episkuros. The Romans had a somewhat similar game called
Harpastum. According to several historical sources, the Romans brought the game with
them when they invaded the British Isles in the first century, AD. The game today known
as "football" in the United States can be traced directly back to the English game of
rugby, although there have been many changes to the game. Football was played
informally on university fields more than a hundred years ago. In 1840, a yearly series
of informal "scrimmages" started at Yale University. It took more than twenty-five years,
however, for the game to become part of college life. The first formal intercollegiate
football game was held between Princeton and Rutgers teams on November 6, 1869 on
Rutgers's home field at New Brunswick, New Jersey, and Rutgers won.

The writer's main idea is best stated as:

A. The Romans, Athenians, Spartans, and Corinthians all played a game like football.
B. Football is a very old game; its history stretches back to ancient days.
C. American football comes from a British game called "rugby."
D. Football is a more popular game than baseball, even though baseball is called
"America's pastime.
11. When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass
plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is
large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found
elsewhere off Canada's coast. To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and
colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are
absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows
have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to
eelgrass roots increases the plant's rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts
genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow's health overall.

Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster's hypothesis?

A. At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations that
are small and have only recently been reintroduced
B. At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well - established sea otter
populations but no eelgrass meadows.
C. At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadows' health correlates
negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.
D. At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates
negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.

12. The more diverse and wide ranging an animal's behaviors, the larger and more
energy demanding the animal's brain tends to be __________ from an evolutionary
perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to
growing and maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within colonies
provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Subsequently,
B. Besides,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Thus,
13. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have been well
studied in birds but not in lizards.
· A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors influence
lizard clutch size.
· Meiri's team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and
analyzed the data with statistical models.
· Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more
seasonal change.
· Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of
shorter windows of favorable conditions.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size because
such factors have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.
B. After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined that
larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more
seasonal change.
C. We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to
take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.
D. Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and
analyzed the data with statistical models.
14. Text 1

Astronomer Mark Holland and colleagues examined four white dwarfs— small, dense
remnants of past stars—in order to determine the composition of exoplanets that used
to orbit those stars. Studying wavelengths of light in the white dwarf atmospheres, the
team reported that traces of elements such as lithium and sodium support the presence
of exoplanets with continental crusts similar to Earth's.

Text 2

Past studies of white dwarf atmospheres have concluded that certain exoplanets had
continental crusts. Geologist Keith Putirka and astronomer Siyi Xu argue that those
studies unduly emphasize atmospheric traces of lithium and other individual elements
as signifiers of the types of rock found on Earth. The studies don't adequately account
for different minerals made up of various ratios of those elements, and the possibility of
rock types not found on Earth that contain those minerals.

Based on the texts, how Putirka and Xu (Text 2) most likely characterize the conclusion
presented in Text 1?

A. As unexpected, because it was widely believed at the time that white dwarf
exoplanets lack continental crusts
B. As premature, because researchers have only just begun trying to determine what
kinds of crusts white dwarf exoplanets had
C. As questionable, because it rests on an incomplete consideration of potential
sources of the elements detected in white dwarf atmospheres
D. As puzzling, because it's unusual to successfully detect lithium and sodium when
analyzing wavelengths of light in white dwarf atmospheres
15. "The Poet Walt Whitman" is an 1887 essay by José Martí, a Cuban author and
political activist, originally written in Spanish. In the essay, Martí explores the value of
literature, arguing that a society's spiritual well-being depends on the character of its
literary culture: ___________

Which quotation from a translation of "The Poet Walt Whitman" most effectively
illustrates the claim?

A. Poetry, which brings together or separates, which fortifies or brings anguish, which
shores up or demolishes souls, which gives or robs men of faith and vigor, is more
necessary to a people than industry itself, for industry provides them with a means of
subsistence, while literature gives them the desire and strength for life.
B. Every society brings to literature its own form of expression, and the history of the
nations can be told with greater truth by the stages of literature than by chronicles and
decades.
C. Where will a race of men go when they have lost the habit of thinking with faith about
the scope and meaning of their actions? The best among them, those who consecrate
Nature with their sacred desire for the future, will lose, in a sordid and pai nful
annihilation, all stimulus to alleviate the ugliness of humanity.
D. Listen to the song of this hardworking and satisfied nation; listen to Walt Whitman.
The exercise of himself exalts him to majesty, tolerance exalts him to justice, and order
to joy.

16. Many people who simply enjoy listening to popular music do not realize that it has
been used to express religious and political messages. After all, popular music has
repeatedly been adopted by social movements to express their viewpoints, since it has
the potential to contribute to the "conversion" of nonmembers to the movement's
position, as well as to raise the morale and to express the solidarity of the movement's
participants.

Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the
argument?

A. Popular music accounts for the success of social movements.

B. Popular music's entertainment value has been overemphasized.
C. Popular music is the most effective way of converting people to social movements.
D. Popular music has purposes other than mere entertainment.
17. Sociologist: Some anthropologists claim that cultures can most effectively respond
to the threat of cultural decay by replacing or abandoning many of their traditions so that
other traditions may endure. But since each of its traditions is essential to a culture's
identity, this strategy _________.

Which one of the following most logically co mpletes the sociologist's argument?

A. can save those cultures capable of reflecting on their customs and envisioning
alternatives
B. will ensure the elimination of a culture rather than prevent its decay
C. can be implemented by all and only those cultures studied by anthropologists
D. constitutes the most effective response to the threat of cultural decay

18. Dark honey tends to have a higher antioxidant content than light-colored honey, and
the most healthful strains of honey are all unusually high in antioxidants. However,
certain strains of honey produced by bees harvesting primarily sage nectar are among
the most healthful strains of honey, even though they are also among the
lightest-colored strains of honey.

Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?

A. Some strains of honey produced by bees harvesting sage nectar are unusually high
in antioxidants.
B. Most plants produce nectar that, when harvested by bees, results in light-colored
honey.
C. Light-colored honey tends to be more healthful than dark honey.
D. Certain strains of honey produced by bees harvesting primarily sage nectar are
unusually low in antioxidants.
19. In 2007, computer scientist Luis von Ahn was working on converting printed books
into a digital format. He found that some words were distorted enough that digital
scanners couldn't recognize them, but most humans could easily read them. Based on
that finding, von Ahn invented a simple security test to keep automated "bots" out of
websites. The first version of the reCAPTCHA test asked users to type one known word
and one of the many words scanners couldn't recognize. Correct answers proved the
users were humans and added data to the book-digitizing project.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To discuss von Ahn's invention of reCAPTCHA

B. To explain how digital scanners work
C. To call attention to von Ahn's book-digitizing project
D. To indicate how popular reCAPTCHA is

20. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

· African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement,
including at the famous 1963 March on Washington.
· Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march's organizers, was a political
adviser who had worked for President Truman.
· Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school
desegregation.
· Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the
lineup of speakers at the march.
· Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the
cheering crowd.
The student wants to compare the two women's contributions to the March on
Washington. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example,
delivered a brief but memorable address.
B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a
journalist and school desegregation advocate.
C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was
included, Bates was the sole woman to speak at the march.
D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil
rights, but only one spoke at the march.