1.

The 7 C’s of Communication

Effective communication is based on the following principles:

1. Clarity: Be clear about your message. Avoid jargon and ambiguous language.
2. Conciseness: Keep your message brief and direct without unnecessary words.
3. Concreteness: Provide specific facts, examples, or evidence to support your message.
4. Correctness: Ensure your message is grammatically and factually correct.
5. Courtesy: Be respectful, polite, and considerate towards the audience.
6. Completeness: Provide all the information the audience needs to understand your
message.
7. Consistency: Ensure the message aligns with previous communications and your
overall objectives.

2. Barriers to Communication

Barriers that hinder effective communication include:

1. Physical Barriers: Noise, poor infrastructure, or long distances.

2. Language Barriers: Use of complex language, unfamiliar words, or jargon.
3. Cultural Barriers: Different customs, traditions, and social norms.
4. Emotional Barriers: Stress, anger, or fear that disrupts the message.
5. Perceptual Barriers: Misinterpretations due to differing viewpoints.
6. Organizational Barriers: Rigid hierarchy or unclear channels of communication.
7. Technological Barriers: Issues with digital tools or platforms.

3. Paragraph Structure

A well-structured paragraph enhances readability:

 Topic Sentence: States the main idea of the paragraph.

 Supporting Sentences: Provide evidence, examples, or arguments to reinforce the
main idea.
 Concluding Sentence: Summarizes the paragraph or transitions to the next one.

4. Memo

A memo is a short, informal communication within an organization. It is used to convey

policies, updates, or requests.
Format:

 To: Recipient(s)
 From: Sender(s)
 Date: When the memo is written
 Subject: Main topic of the memo
 Body: Clear and concise information

5. Letter

Formal letters are used for professional communication.

Format:

1. Sender’s Address: The address of the person sending the letter.

2. Date: The date the letter is written.
3. Recipient’s Address: The address of the person receiving the letter.
4. Subject: A brief statement of the purpose.
5. Salutation: E.g., Dear Sir/Madam.
6. Body:
o Introduction: Reason for writing the letter.
o Main Content: Details or explanation.
o Conclusion: Summarize and include any call-to-action.
7. Closing: Yours sincerely/faithfully.
8. Signature: Sign and include your name and designation.

6. Notice

Notices are used for public announcements.

Structure:

1. Heading: Title indicating it is a notice.

2. Date: When the notice is issued.
3. Title/Subject: Main purpose of the notice.
4. Body: Details such as what, when, where, and who.
5. Signature: Name and designation of the person issuing the notice.

7. Agenda

An agenda lists topics to be discussed in a meeting.

Structure:
 1. Meeting Title: Purpose of the meeting.
2. Date and Time: When the meeting will occur.
3. Location: Venue for the meeting.
4. Items: Topics to be discussed, usually in order of priority.

8. The 4 A’s of Communication

1. Awareness: Know your audience and the purpose of the communication.

2. Alignment: Ensure the message aligns with organizational goals.
3. Attention: Capture and maintain the audience’s focus.
4. Assessment: Evaluate the effectiveness of the communication.

9. The Power of Dressing

Appropriate dressing creates positive first impressions and reflects professionalism. Key
points:

 Dress according to the occasion: formal, semi-formal, or casual.

 Maintain neatness and cleanliness.
 Follow organizational dress codes.

10. Types of Interviews

1. Structured Interview: Predefined questions asked in a specific order.

2. Unstructured Interview: Open-ended questions and conversational flow.
3. Behavioral Interview: Questions about past experiences to predict future behavior.
4. Panel Interview: Conducted by multiple interviewers.
5. Telephonic/Virtual Interview: Conducted over the phone or via video conferencing.

11. Pre-Writing and Post-Writing

 Pre-Writing: Planning stage involving brainstorming, researching, and outlining

ideas.
 Post-Writing: Refinement stage involving editing, proofreading, and revising
content.

12. Shannon-Weaver Model

This model explains the communication process:

 1. Sender: Originates the message.
2. Encoder: Converts the message into a signal.
3. Channel: Medium used to transmit the message.
4. Decoder: Converts the signal back into a message.
5. Receiver: The intended audience.

 Noise: Disruptions that interfere with the message.

 Feedback: Response from the receiver to the sender.

13. Proposal

Proposals are documents suggesting a plan or idea for approval.

Structure:

1. Introduction: Overview and objectives.

2. Background: Context or problem being addressed.
3. Methodology: Steps or processes to achieve the goal.
4. Budget: Financial requirements.
5. Conclusion: Summary and call for approval.

14. Report

Reports analyze or summarize information on a specific topic.

Format:

1. Title Page: Title, author, and date.

2. Executive Summary: Brief overview.
3. Introduction: Purpose and background.
4. Body: Findings, analysis, and data.
5. Conclusion: Summary of findings.
6. Recommendations: Suggestions based on the findings.

15. Koppact Model

A framework for effective communication including:

 Knowledge: Subject matter expertise.

 Openness: Transparency in communication.
 Presentation: Clear and engaging delivery.
 Participation: Involvement of all stakeholders.
 Attention: Capturing and maintaining focus.
  Context: Relevance of the message.
 Technology: Use of appropriate tools.

16. Emotional Intelligence and Leadership

Emotional Intelligence (EI) involves:

1. Self-awareness: Recognizing one’s emotions.

2. Self-regulation: Managing emotions effectively.
3. Empathy: Understanding others’ emotions.
4. Social Skills: Building strong relationships.
5. Motivation: Maintaining a positive attitude.

Leadership: Leaders with high EI inspire trust, resolve conflicts, and motivate teams.

17. Communication Barriers

Barriers overlap with point #2 but also include psychological and personal differences.

18. Reading Strategy

Effective reading involves:

1. Skimming: Reading quickly for the main idea.

2. Scanning: Searching for specific information.
3. Detailed Reading: Thoroughly understanding the content.
4. Critical Reading: Analyzing and evaluating the text.

19. Types of Communication

1. Verbal Communication: Using spoken words.

2. Non-verbal Communication: Body language, facial expressions, gestures.
3. Written Communication: Letters, emails, reports.
4. Visual Communication: Charts, diagrams, videos.

20. Etiquette

 Cubicle Etiquette: Respect others’ privacy, avoid loud conversations.

 Telephonic Etiquette: Speak clearly, avoid interruptions.
  Email Etiquette: Use a professional tone, proofread before sending.
 Cross-Cultural Etiquette: Understand and respect cultural differences in
communication styles.

21. Theory of Stress

Stress is a psychological and physiological response to a perceived challenge or threat.

Common theories include:

 Fight-or-Flight Response (Walter Cannon): Stress triggers physiological reactions

preparing the body to fight or flee.
 General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye):
o Alarm Stage: Initial reaction to stressor.
o Resistance Stage: Coping mechanisms activate.
o Exhaustion Stage: Prolonged stress depletes resources.
 Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus & Folkman): Stress depends on individual
appraisal of the situation and coping abilities.

22. The 8 P’s of Stress Management

These principles help manage stress effectively:

1. Prioritize: Focus on important tasks.

2. Plan: Organize activities to avoid last-minute rush.
3. Pause: Take breaks to recharge.
4. Perspective: Reframe challenges positively.
5. Practice: Use relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.
6. Play: Engage in enjoyable activities.
7. Proactivity: Anticipate stressors and prepare solutions.
8. People: Rely on supportive relationships.

23. Cover Letter

A cover letter accompanies a resume and highlights your qualifications for a job.

 Structure:
o Introduction: Briefly introduce yourself and the position you’re applying for.
o Body: Highlight your skills, experience, and accomplishments relevant to the
job.
o Conclusion: Express enthusiasm and request an interview.
 Tips:
o Customize for each job.
o Keep it concise (1 page).
o Use professional tone and formatting.
24. Resume

A resume is a summary of your skills, education, and work experience.

 Key Sections:
1. Contact Information
2. Summary/Objective
3. Work Experience
4. Education
5. Skills
6. Certifications or Awards (if applicable)
 Tips:
o Use bullet points for clarity.
o Tailor content to the job description.
o Keep it concise (1-2 pages).

25. Employability Skills

These are essential soft and hard skills that enhance job performance:

 Soft Skills: Communication, teamwork, problem-solving, adaptability, time

management.
 Hard Skills: Specific technical skills like programming, data analysis, or language
proficiency.
 Development: Attend workshops, online courses, and internships to improve
employability.

26. Types of Gestures

Gestures are nonverbal forms of communication, often enhancing verbal messages:

 Emblems: Directly convey specific meanings (e.g., thumbs up).

 Illustrators: Accompany speech to emphasize points.
 Affect Displays: Show emotions (e.g., smiling, frowning).
 Regulators: Control the flow of conversation (e.g., nodding).
 Adaptors: Unconscious gestures like fidgeting, indicating stress or nervousness.