Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 4
Synthesis of deriving point functions
(one port networks)
 Elementary Synthesis procedures
• The basic philosophy behind the synthesis of
driving-point functions is to break up a
positive real (p.r.) function Z(s) into a sum of
simpler p.r. functions Z1(s), Z2(s) . . . Zn(s).
• Then to synthesize these individual Zi(s) as
elements of the overall network whose dp
impedance is
Z (s)  Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)  ... Z n (s)
 Breaking up process
• One important restriction is that all Zi(s) must be
positive real.
• If we were given all the Zi(s), we could
synthesize a network whose driving point
impendance is Z(s) by simply connecting the Zi(s)
in series.
• However, if we were to start from Z(s) alone,
how do we decompose Z(s) into Zi(s)?
an s n  an1 sn1  ...  a1s  a 0 P(s)
Z (s)  
bm s  bm1 s  ...  b1s  b0 Q(s)
m m1
 Removing a pole at s=0
• If there is a pole at s=0, we can write Q(s) as
Q(s)  sG(s)

• Hence, Z(s) becomes

D
Z(s)   R(s)
s
 Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)
• Z1(s) is a capacitor.
• We know Z1(s) is positive real, is Z2(s) positive
real?
 Is Z2(s) positive real?
• The poles of Z2(s) are also poles of Z1(s), hence,
Z2(s) doesn’t’ have poles on the right hand side of
the s plane and no multiple poles on the jw axis.
– Satisfies the first 2 properties of p.r. functions.
• What about Re(Z2(jw))?
ReZ( jw)  ReZ1 ( jw)  Z 2 ( jw)  ReZ1 ( jw) ReZ2 ( jw)
 ReZ2 ( jw)

• Since Z(s) is p.r. Re(Z2(jw))=Re(Z(jw))>0.

• Hence, Z2(s) is p.r.
 Removing a pole at s=∞
• If Z(s) has a pole at s=∞, we can write Z(s) as
Z (s)  Ls  R(s)
 Z1 (s)  Z 2 (s)
• Using a similar argument as previous we can
show that Z2(s) is p.r.
• Z1(s) is an inductor.
Removing complex conjugate poles on
the jw axis.
• If Z(s) has complex conjugate poles on the jw
axis, Z(s) can be expanded into
2Ks
Z (s)   Z 2 (s)
s  1
2 2

 2Kjw 
• Note that 
Re 2 0
 s  1 
2

• Hence, ReZ (s)  Re(Z(s))  0

2

• Z2(s) is p.r.
 Removing a constant K
• If Re(Z(jw)) is minimum at some point wi and if
Re(Z(jw)) = Ki as shown in the figure
• We can remove that Ki as
Z(s)  Ki  Z 2 (s)

• Z2(s) is p.r.
• This is essentially removin g
a resistor.
 Constructing
• Assume that using one of the removal
processes discussed we expanded Z(s) into
Z1(s) and Z2(s).
• We connect Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series as shown
on the figure.
 Example 1
• Synthesize the following p.r. function
s2  2s  6
Z (s) 
s(s  3)
• Solution:
– Note that we have a pole at s=0. Lets remove it
A Bs  C
Z (s)  
s s3
A  2, B  1,C  0
2 s
Z (s)  
s s3
– Note that 2/s is a capacitor, while s/(s+3) is a
parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor.
• 2/s is a capacitor with C=1/2.
• While s/(s+3) is a R=1 connected in parallel
with an inductor L=1/3.
 Example 2
• Synthesis the following p.r. function
7s  2
Y (s) 
2s  4
• Solution
– Note that there are no poles on s=0 or s=∞ or jw
axis.
– Lets find the minimum of Re(Y(jw))
 7 jw  2   2 j7w4 j2w
ReY( jw)  Re   Re 
 2 jw  4   16 4w 2

8  14w2

16 4w2
4 7w2

8  2w2
• Note that minimum of Re(Y(jw))=1/2.
• Lets remove it
1 3s
Y (s)  
2 s2
• ½ is a conductance in parallel with Y 2(s)= s3s 2
• Note that Y2(s) is a conductance 1/3 in series
with an inductor 3/2.
 Exercise
• Synthesize the following p.r. function.
6s3  3s2  3s 1
Z (s) 
6s3  3s
 Synthesis of one port networks with
two kinds of elements
• In this section we will focus on the synthesis
of networks with only L-C, R-C or R-L
elements.
• The deriving point impedance/admittance of
these kinds of networks have special
properties that makes them easy to
synthesize.
 1. L-C imittance functions
• These networks have only inductors and
capacitors.
• Hence, the average power consumed in these
kind of networks is zero. (Because an inductor
and a capacitor don’t dissipate energy.)
• If we have an L-C deriving point impedance
Z(s)
M1 (s)  N1 (s)
Z (s)  M1 and M2 even parts
M 2 (s)  N 2 (s) N1 and N2 odd parts
• The average power dissipated by the network
is
ReZ ( jw) I ( jw)  0
1
Average Power 
2

2
 ReZ ( jw)  0
M 1 (s)M 2 (s)  N1 (s)N 2 (s)

M 2 (s)  N 2 (s)
2 2

 M 1 (s)M 2 (s)  N1 (s)N 2 (s)  0

 M 1 (s)  0  N 2 (s) or M 2 (s)  0  N1 (s)
N1 (s) M 1 (s)
 Z (s)  or Z (s) 
M 2 (s) N 2 (s)
even odd
Z (s)  or Z (s) 
odd even
 Properties of L-C function
1. The driving point impedance/admittance of
an L-C network is even/odd or odd/even.
2. Both are Hurwitz, hence only simple
imaginary zeros and poles on the jw axis.
3. Poles and zeros interlace on the jw axis.
4. Highest power of the numerator and
denominator may only differ by 1.
5. Either a zero or a pole at origin or infinity.
 Synthesis of L-C networks
• There are two kinds of network realization
types for two element only networks.
– Foster and
– Cauer
 Foster synthesis
• Uses decomposition of the given F(s) into
simpler two element impedances/admittances.
• For an L-C network with system function F(s), it can
be written as in form of partial fraction Expanation
K0 2K i s
F (s)   Ks  2  ...
s s  i 2

• This is because F(s) has poles on the jw axis

only.
• Using the above decomposition, we can
realize F(s) as

For a driving point

impedance

For a driving point

admittance
 Example
2s2 1s2  9
F (s) 
• Synthesize ss2  4
as driving point
impedance and admittance.
Solution:
– Decompose F(s) into simpler forms
K0 2K 1s
F (s)   Ks  2
s s 4
9 15
K   2, K 0  , K1 
2 2
 • For driving point impedance

EXERCISE :Synthesize as driving point

 Cauer synthesis
• Uses partial fraction expansion method.
• It is based on removing pole at s=∞.
N1 (s) M 1 (s)
Z (s)  or Z (s) 
M 2 (s) N 2 (s)
• Since the degree of the numerator and
denominator differ by only 1, there is either a
pole at s=∞ or a zero at s=∞.
– If a pole at s=∞, then we remove it.
– If a zero at s=∞, first we inverse it and remove the
pole at s=∞.
• Case 1: pole at s=∞
– In this case, F(s) can be written as
N 3 (s)
F(s)  K  s  ,
M 2 (s)
Order of M 2 (s)  Order of N3 (s) 1
Hence,
1
F(s)  K  s 
M 2 (s)
N3 (s)
1
 Ks 
1
K1 s 
K 2 s  ...
• This expansion can easily be realized as follow
• Case 2: zero at s=∞
1
– In this case G(s) 
F (s)
will have a pole at s=∞.

– We synthesize G(s) using the procedure in the

previous step.
– Remember that if F(s) is an impedance function, G(s)
will be an admittance function and vice versa.
 Example
• Using Cauer realization synthesize
2s5 12s3 16s
Z (s) 
s4  4s 2  3
Solution:
– This is an impedance function.
– We have a pole at s=∞, hence, we should remove
it.
 R-C dp impedance/ R-L admittance
• R-C impedance and R-L admittance driving
point functions have the same properties.
• If F(s) is and R-C driving point impedance or R- L
driving point admittance, it can be written as in
form of partial fraction Expansion.
K0 K1
F(s)   K   ...
s s i
• Where
1 1
, ,... Capaictors for R - C impedance and inductor for R - L admittance
K0 Ki
Ki
K , ,... Represent resistors
i
 Properties of R-C impedance or R-L admittance dp

1. Poles and zeros are located on the

negative real axis and they alternate.
2. The singularity nearest origin must be a pole
and a zero near infinity.
3. The residues of the poles must be positive
and real.
 Synthesis of R-C impedance or R-L admittance

Foster
– In foster realization we decompose the function
into simple imittances according to the poles. That
is we can write F(s) as follow in form of PFE.

 For R-C impedance  For R-L admittance

 Example
3(s  2)(s  4)
F(s) 
• Synthesize as R-C impedance
s(s  3)
and R-L admittance in foster realization.
Solution:
– Note that the singularity near origin is a pole and a
zero near infinity.
The poles and zeros alternate on negative real axis.
– We can expand F(s) as F(s)  8  1  3
s s3
R-C impedance
 • R-L admittance

Cauer realization
 Cauer realization uses continued fraction expansion.
– For R-C impedance and R-L admittance we remove
a resistor first.
– Then invert and remove a capacitor
– Then invert and remove a resistor . . .
 Example
Synthesize 3(s  2)(s  4)
F (s)  using Cauer realization as
s(s  3)
R-C impedance and R-L admittance.
Solution:
 Note that the singularity near origin is a pole.
 The singularity near infinity is a zero.
 The zeros and the poles alternate on negative real axis.
F(s) is R-L admittance or
R-C impedance
Note that the power of the numerator
and denominator is equal, hence, we
remove the resistor first.
 R-L impedance/R-C admittance
• R-L impedance dp function and R-C admittance dp
function have the same property.
• If F(s) is R-L impedance or R-C admittance, it can
be written as in form of partial fraction Expansion.

Kis
F(s)  K  s  K 0   ...
s i
1 1
, ,... Inductors for R - L impedance and Capacitors for R - C admittance
K  Ki
Ki
K0, ,... Represent resistors
i
 Properties of R-L impedance/R-C admittance

1. Poles and zeros are located on the negative

real axis and they alternate.
2. The nearest singularity near origin is zero.
The singularity near infinity is a pole.
3. The residues of the poles must be real and
negative.
• Because the residues are negative, we can’t use
standard decomposition method to synthesize.
 Synthesis of R-L impedance and R-C admittance

• Foster
– If F(s) is R-L impedance d.p or R-C admittance d.p
function. We can write it as
Kis
F(s)  K s  K0   ...
s i
 Because of the third property of R-L impedance/R-
C admittance d.p. functions, we can’t decompose
F(s) into synthesizable components with the way
we were using till now.
 We have to find a new way where the residues
will not be negative.
• If we divide F(s) by s, we get
F(s) K0 Ki
  K   ...
s s s i
• Note that this is a standard R-C impedance d.p.
function, hence, the residues of the poles of
F(s)/s will be positive.
• Once we find Ki and σi we multiply by s and
draw the foster realization.
 Example
2(s 1)(s  3)
F(s) 
• Synthesize as R-L
(s  2)(s  6)
impedance and R-C admittance using Foster
realization.
Solution:
– Note that the singularity near origin is a zero.
– The singularity near infinity is a pole.
– The zeros and the poles alternate.
F(s) is R-L impedance
or R-C admittance
• We divide F(s) by s.
F (s) s(s 1)(s  3)

s s(s  2)(s  6)
1 1 5
 2 4  4
s s2 s6

Then multiplying by s
1 s 5 s
F (s)  1  4  4
2 s2 s6
• R-L impedance

• R-C admittance
 Cauer realization
 Using continued fractional expansion
 We first remove R0. To do this we use
fractional expansion method by focusing on
removing the lowest s term first.
 We write N(s) and M(s) starting with the
lowest term first.
 Example
2(s 1)(s  3)
Synthesize F(s) 
as R-L
(s  2)(s  6)
impedance and R-C admittance using Cauer
realization.
• Solution N(s)
F(s) 
: M(s)

– We write N(s) and M(s) as

N(s)  6  8s  2s2
M(s)  12  8s  s2
 R-L impedance  R-C admittance
 TWO PORT NETWORKS

 A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or

leave a network is known as a port.
 Two terminal devices or elements (such as resistors,
capacitors, and inductors) results in one – port network.
 Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two –
terminal or one – port circuits.
 A two – port network is four-terminal an electrical network
with two separate ports for input and output.
 The electric current entering one terminal must equal the
current leaving from the other terminal on the same port.
1
 General property Networks
Reciprocal networks: A network is said to be reciprocal if
the voltage appearing at port 2 due to a current applied at
port 1 is the same as the voltage appearing at port 1 when
the same current is applied to port 2.
Most passive time-invariant networks are reciprocal
Symmetrical networks: A network is symmetrical if its input
impedance is equal to its output impedance. These are
networks where the input and output impedances are
the duals of each other

2
 I

+
V Linear network
-

One – port network

I1 I2

+
+ V2
V1 Linear network
-
-

I1
I2

Two – port network

3
 Two reason why we study two port – network:
Such networks are useful in communication,
control system, power systems and electronics.
Knowing the parameters of a two – port network
enables us to treat it as a “black box” when
embedded within a larger network.
From the network, we can observe that there are
4 variables that is I1, I2, V1and V2, which two are
independent and two of these are dependent.
The various term that relate these voltages and
currents are called parameters.

4
 Z– Parameter or impedance parameter
Y – Parameter or admittance parameter
H –parameter or hybrid parameter
T – Parameter or ABCD parameter

Z – Parameter
Z – parameter also called as impedance parameter and
the units is ohm (Ω)
Impedance parameters is commonly used in the synthesis
of filters and also useful in the design and analysis of
impedance matching networks and power distribution
networks.
The two – port network may be voltage – driven or
current – driven. 5
Two – port network driven by voltage source

Two – port network driven by current sources

+ +
I1 V1 Linear network V2 I2
- -

6
The “black box” is replace with Z-parameter is as shown
below.
I1 I2

Z11 Z12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Z21 Z22

The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal

current as:

V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 (1)

V2  z 21 I1  z 22 I 2 (2)

7
In matrix form as:

V1   z11 z12   I1 

V    z   
 2   21 z22   I 2 
The Z-parameter that we want to determine are z11, z12,
z21, z22.
The value of the parameters can be evaluated by setting:
1. I1= 0 (input port open – circuited)
2. I2= 0 (output port open – circuited)
Note that in Z-parameter Z12=Z21,hence,the circuit is said to
reciprocal

8
Thus, V1 V1
z11  z12 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

V2 V2
z 21  z 22 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

9
 Example 1
Find the Z – parameter of the circuit below.
I1 I2

+ +
V1 V2
240Ω
_ 120Ω
_

40Ω

10
 Solution
i) I2 = 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.

I1 Ia
+ +
240Ω
V1 Ib 120Ω V2
_ _

40Ω

11
V1  120I b .......(1) V2  240I a .......(3)
280 120
Ib  I1......( 2) Ia  I1.......( 4)
400 400
sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V1 V2
 Z11   84  Z 21   72
I1 I1
12
ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.

Iy I2
+ +

V1 240Ω V2
120Ω Ix
_ _

40Ω

13
V2  240I x .......(1) V1  120I y .......( 3)
160 240
Ix  I 2 .......( 2) Iy  I 2 .......( 4)
400 400
sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V2 V1
 Z 22   96  Z12   72
I2 I2

In matrix form: 84 72

Z    
72 96
14
 Y - PARAMETER
Y – parameter also called and the units is siemens (S).
admittance parameter
The “black box” that we want to replace with the Y-
parameter is shown below.

I2
I1

Y11 Y12
+ +
V1 V2
- -

Y21 Y22

15
The terminal current can be expressed in term of terminal
voltage as:

I1  y11V1  y12V2 (1)

I 2  y21V1  y22V2 (2)

In matrix form:

 I1   y11 y12  V1 

I    y   
 2   21 y22  V2 

16
The y-parameter that we want to determine are Y11, Y12,
Y21, Y22. The values of the parameters can be evaluate by
setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).

Thus;

I1 I1
Y11  Y12 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0

I2 I2
Y21  Y22 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0
17
 Example 1
Find the Y – parameter of the circuit shown below.

5Ω
I1 I2
+ +

V1 20Ω 15Ω V2

_ _

18
 Solution
i) V2 = 0
V1  20I a .......(1)
5Ω I2
I1 5
Ia  I1.......( 2)
+ 25
V1 20Ω sub (1)  (2)
Ia
I1 1
_  Y11   S
V1 4
V1  5I 2
I2 1
Y21    S
V1 5
19
ii) V1 = 0 V2  15I x .......( 3)
I1 5Ω
I2 5
Ix  I 2 .......( 4)
+ 25
15Ω Ix V2 sub (3)  (4)
_ I2 4
 Y22   S
In matrix form; V2 15
V2  5I1
 1 1
 4  
I1 1
Y    1 5 S
4  Y12   S
  V2 5
 5 15  20
 Exercise 2
1) Find the Y-parameters of the following circuit. Identified the property
these network, either reciprocals or symmetrical

Soln.:
– Using mesh analysis, we can write the following equations

Solving for I1 and I2, we get

21
 H -parameters
A set of parameters that are very useful in
describing transistor circuits are h parameters

I1 and V2 are the independent variables, whereas V1

and I2 are dependent variables.

22
23
24
 ABCD- Parameter

T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a

another set of parameters relates the variables
at the input port to those at the output port.
T – parameter also called transmission
parameters because this parameter are useful
in the analysis of transmission lines because
they express sending – end variables (V1 and
I1) in terms of the receiving – end variables
(V2 and -I2).
25
• The “black box” that we want to replace with T – parameter is
as shown below.

I1 I2

A11 B12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
C21 D22

• The equation is:

V1  AV2  BI 2 .......(1)
I1  CV2  DI 2 .......( 2)

26
In matrix form is:

V1   A B   V2 
 I   C D   I 
 1   2 
The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B,
C and D where A and D are dimensionless, B is in ohm
(Ω) and C is in siemens (S).
The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)

27
• Thus;
V1 V1
A B
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

I1 I1
C D
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

• In term of the transmission parameter, a network is

reciprocal if;

AD - BC  1
28
 Example
Find the ABCD – parameter of the circuit
shown below.

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _

29
Solution

i) I2 = 0, V2  10I1
I1
I1 2Ω C   0.1S
V2
+ +
V1  2 I1  V2
V1 10Ω V2
 V2  6
_ _ V1  2   V2  V2
 10  5
V1
A  1 .2
V2
30
ii) V2 = 0,
10
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2 I 2   I1
14
+ I1
 D    1 .4
V1 10Ω I2
I1 + I2
_ V1  2 I1  10I1  I 2 
V1  12I1  10I 2
1.2 6.8  14 
T     V1  12  I 2   10I 2
 10 
 0.1 1 .4 
V1
 B    6.8
I2
31