[Type text]

UNIT-III

PART-A

1. Write the equipments used to control particulate matter. (May/June2012,May/June2016)

TYPES OF COLLECTION EQUIPMENT:

A list of common types of collection equipment for aerosols is as follows:
● Settling Chamber
● Inertial Separators
● Cyclones
● Filters
● Electrostatic precipitators
● Scrubbers (or) wet controllers

2. Write the formula to calculate the efficiency in gravitation settling chamber. (May/June2016)

Quantity of particulates collected from the gas

Efficiency in Settling Chamber = ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Quantity of particulate initially present in the gas

3. Define adsorption. (May/June2012)

ADSORPTION:

● The effluent gases are passed through adsorbers which contain solids of porous structure
● The adsorbers include activated carbon, silica gel,

[Type text]
[Type text]

activated alumina, lithium chloride, activated carbon,

bauxite etc.,
● Separation of adsorbed gaseous pollutant from the
Solid adsorbent by regeneration or replacement of
the absorbent.

4. What is the pollution control equipment? (Nov/Dec2012)

POLLUTION CONTORL EQUIPMENT:

The most effective methods are reduction at the source by the application of control
equipment and process control.
Objectives of using equipment:
● Prevention of nuisance
● Prevention of physical damage to property
● Elimination in health hazards to plant and general population.
● Recovery of valuable waste products.

5. How does condensation bring up pollution control? (Nov/Dec2012)

CONDENSATION:
● Condensation is the process of converting a gas to liquid.
● Any gas can be reduced to a liquid by lowering its temperature
and increasing its pressure.
● They can be used ahead of absorbers, adsorbers, incinerators
to reduce the total gas volume to be treated by more expansive
control equipment.

[Type text]
[Type text]

6. Write the principle of ESP. (Nov/Dec2011)

PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR:

In ESP the gas stream is passed between two electrodes, across with a high potential
difference is maintained.
Steps:
1. Place the charge on the particle to be collected.
2. Migrate the particle to the collector
3. Neutralise the charge at the collector.
4. Remove the collected particle.

7. Differentiate between adsorption and absorption. (Nov/Dec2011,Nov/Dec2015)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADSORPTION AND ABSORPTION:

Adsorption Absorption

It involves unequal distribution of the It involves uniform distribution of molecules

molecules species in bulk and at the surface. species throughout the bulk.

It is surface phenomenon It occurs throughout the body of the material

It is rapid in the beginning It occurs at a uniform rate.

Molecules adhere Molecules are drawn

to the surface of into the bulk of the
the phase. phase

8. What is meant by pollution control by fungitive emission containment? (May/June2013)

FUNGITVE EMISSION CONTROLLING METHODS:

● By implementing the regular maintenance of valves, fittings etc,.
● By installing the gas detectors to identify and to estimate the quantity of lakes
● By using good quality accessories and fittings etc.

[Type text]
[Type text]

9. State the particulate size which can be removed in a settling chamber and an ESP.
(May/June2013)

Gravity Settling Chamber :- In gravity settling chamber more than 10 micron size of particles
can be removed.

Electro Static Precipitator:- In ESP particles as small as 0.1 micron can be removed.

10. How combustion brings pollution control? (May/June2012)

COMBUSTION:
● It is use dto control emissions of organic compounds from
Process industries.
● This control technique refers to the rapid oxidation of a
Substance through the combination of oxygen with a
Combustible material in the presence of heat.
● When combustion is complete, the gaseous stream is
Converted to carbon dioxide and water vapour.

11. What is wet scrubbing? (May/June2012)

WET SCRUPPING:
● A liquid to assist in the removal of particulates from the
Carrier gas stream.

● Water is used as the scrubbing liquid.

Eg:- Every rain storm scrubs the air producing that fresh air sensation

12. List the principles of control of particulate matter. (Nov/Dec2015)

PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL OF PARTOCULATE MATTER:

● Reduction of pollutant discharge at the source by the application of control equipment.
● Reduction at the source through raw material changes, operational changes of process
equipment.
● Dilution of the source discharge by the use of tall stacks.
● Dispersion of locations through allocation of land usage.

13. What is scrubbing? (Nov/Dec2012)

SCRUBBING:

[Type text]
[Type text]

● Scrubbing is the air pollution control technique, used to

Remove some particulate from industrial air stream.
● The operational range for particle remove by scrubbers
Include material less than 0.2 micron in diameter to large
Particles can be suspended in gas phase.

14. Define inertial separators. (May/June2013)

INERTIAL SEPARATORS:
● It is the type of control equipment which include all
Collectors.
● They employ incremental changes of direction of the
Carrier gas stream to exert the greater inertial effects
Of the dispersoid.

15. Merits and demerits of filtration process use bag house filter. (Nov/Dec2012)

ADVANTAGES OF BAG HOUSE FILTER:

● High collection efficiency
● Simple construction and operation
● Nominal power consumption

DISADVANTAGES OF BAG HOUSE FILTER:

● High maintenance and fabric replacement costs.

● Large size of equipment.

16. What are the air pollution control strategies? (Nov/Dec2012)

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES:

● Reduction of pollutant discharge a the source by the application of control equipment.
● Dilution of the source discharge by the use of tall stacks.
● Dispersion of source locations through allocation of land usage.

[Type text]
[Type text]

17. State the types of inertial separator. (May/June2013)

TYPES OF INERTIAL SEPARATORS:

● Baffle type separator
● Lourve type separator
● Dust traps

18. Mention any two control equipments for removing fine particulate matter. (Nov/Dec2007)

EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CONTROLLING FINE PARTICULATE MATTER:

● Electro Static Precipitator – as small as 0.micron size
● Fabric Filter – 0.1 to 10 micron.
● Cyclones

19. What is cyclone separator? (Nov/Dec2012)

CYCLONE SEPARATOR:
● It can be defined as a structure without moving parts
In which the velocity of an inlet gas stream is
Transformed into a confined vortex from which the
centrifugal forces tend to drive the suspended particles
to the wall of the cyclone body.
● It depends upon centrifugal force for its action.

20. List the factors influencing the choice of air pollution control equipment. (May/June2013)

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTORL EQUIPMENT:

● Quantity of gas to be treated and its variation with time
● Nature of the gas phase
● Temperature and pressure of the gas stream
● Nature and concentration of the particulate matter to be removed.

21. What are wet collection devices?

WET COLLECTION DEVICES:

“these are devices which utilise a liquid to assist in

[Type text]
[Type text]

The removal of particulates from the carrier gas stream.

Ex:-
● Spray towers
● Venturi Scrubbers
● Cyclone Scrubbers

22. State the main objectives of controlling the air pollution.

OBJECTIVES OF CONTOLLING AIR POLLUTION:

● Clean air is vital for the well being of people and other living organisms
● Air pollution control policies aim to maintain high air quality to preserve healthy and
pleasant residential environments and viable natural ecosystems.
23. Name some of adsorption units.

ADSORPTION:
Adsorption is the process in which atoms,
Ions (or) molecules from a substance adhere to
Surface of the adsorbent.

Gaseous Pollutant Adsorbent units in Solid Form

SO2 limestone

H2s Iron oxide

HF Sodium Fluoride pellets

Oxides of Nitrogen Silica Gel

Organic Solvent Vapour Activated Carbon

24. What are the merits and demerits of ESP?

ADVANTAGES OF ESP
● High collection efficiency

[Type text]
[Type text]

● Low maintenance and operating costs

● Treatment time is negligible

DISADVANTAGES OF ESP

● High Initial cost

● Space requirement is more.

25. What are transit and collected emissions?

CONTROLLED EMISSIONS:
Controlled emission during the normal operation of the plant and the emission is allowed
and guided through the chimneys of the plant.
TRANSIT EMISSIIONS:
It is defined as the heavy emission occurs during start up and shut down operations of the
plants, for a short period.

PART – B

1.What are the various air pollution control strategies?

Controlling of air pollutants is the challenging task because of the quantity and constituents of air
pollutants from various process, plants and industries.

The air pollutants can be controlled by the following methods.

1. By changing the raw materials in industries

2. By installing suitable air pollution control equipements
3. Modification of process
4. Changes in operational process

1.Prevention at source

For manufacturing and for other engineering process, it is better and simple to change the
raw materials, used for industrial usage, free from causing any pollution.

The process of changing the suitable raw materials in industries, to avoid their pollution is
called prevention at source. This method reduces the cost for installing costly equipment in
industries.

[Type text]
[Type text]

2.Air pollution Control equipments

It is the costlier method to prevent the mixing of air pollutants in the air to the great extent
and in which the selection of particular type of equipment is based on the type of pollutant
emitted from the industry and its concentration.

2.What is a cyclone separator? Explain its working principle.

Cyclone separator:

● Cyclone separator is a mechanical device, used to remove the particulate matters from the
air, gas or liquid without the use of filters by vortex separation.
● Rotational effects and gravitational forces are used for the separation of particulate
matters dust from the air.
● Cyclone is a conical or cylindrical container, in which high speed rotating airflow is
created. The air flows in a helical or spiral pattern beginning at the top of the cyclone
wide end and ending at the bottom of the cyclone before leaving the cyclone.
● Due to the high speed air flow, larger particles strike out the outer wall and then falling to
the bottom of the cyclone. At the bottom of the cyclone, the larger particles an be
collected and removed.
● In the conical system, the rotating flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone, the
rotational radius of the air stream gets reduced and thus smaller particles are settled.
● Cut point of the cyclone is the size of the particle that will be removed from the stream
with 50% efficiency, and it is defined by the geometry of the cyclone with air-flow rate.

[Type text]
[Type text]

● Particulate matters, larger than the cut-point are removed with a greater efficiency and the
smaller particles are removed with a lower efficiency.

Its efficiency is based on the centrifugal force created. The centrifugal force generated can be
calculated as

Centrifugal force, Fc = Mp . (Vi2 / r)

Where,

Mp - Mass of the particles

Vi - Inlet air velocity and

r - radius of the cyclone

The efficiency of the cyclone depends on the following factors.

[Type text]
[Type text]

1. Inlet velocity of the dust laden gas.

2. Diameter of the dust profile
3. Density of the dust profile.
4. Dust concentration in the carrier gas
5. Smoothness of the inner cyclone wall

Applications:

1. Large scale cyclones used in saw-mills, to remove saw-dust from extracted air.
2. Cyclones are used in oil refineries, to separate oils and gases.
3. In cement industry, cyclones are used for separation of fine particulate matters.
4. Used in portable vacuum cleaners.
5. Used in the ventilation for separating grease from the exhaust air.
6. Smaller cyclones are used to separate air – borne particles for analysis.

3.How does a bag house filter work? What are the positives and negatives of filtration process?

House filters:

House filters are the mechanical devices, used for the dust collection and the size of particulate
matters collected by fabric filters are upto 1 μm. When dust gases pass through the fabric filters
and the streamline of gas diverges and the collection of particular matters occurs.

In this arrangement, it is assumed that the particles are not diverging but follow the gas stream
and they are intercepted to the fabric, when the centre of the particle at a distance of half of its
diameter.

When the particle size of 1 μm to 5 μm moving in irregular way, this Brownian motion causes
them to diffuse to the fabric.

Small particles are retained on the fabric initially through the interception and electro-static
attraction. After that, when the dust mat is formed, the fabric starts collecting particles more
efficiently.

Bag Filters:

In fabric filters, the type of filter is defined by the air to cloth ratio. Based on the air to cloth
ratio, fabric filters are grouped as follows.

1. Low rate bag filters.

2. High rate bag filters.

[Type text]
[Type text]

In the low rate bag filter, the air to cloth ratio is maintained between 7 to 25mm/sec.

In bag house filters, the dust air enters through the bottom of the hopper, where the high density
particles settle down due to gravity.

Settled particles deposited on the inner side of the filter, when the air is passed through them.

For cleaning the bags, the compressed air is blown in opposite direction. At on plant rows of
bags are used for storage and other rows of bags are used for cleaning process.

The hanging bags in the filter are provided with an automatic shaking device for cleaning the
bags of the collected dust.

Generally, the air to cloth ratio for low rate bag-house filter is maintained between 7.5 to 12.5
mm/sec and for high rate filter is 20 to 50 mm/sec

There are two kinds of filter media for fabric filters are available. The fabrics and felts are
mechanically and chemically bonded.

Advantages of fabric filters

1. Higher efficiency
2. Removes very small particles
3. Creates a pre warning when the performance gets decreased.

Disadvantages of fabric filters:

1. The filters cannot withstand heavy temperature and hence, the high temperature gases to
be cooled to 450° C and below, for efficient operation of fabric filters.
2. The flue gases entering to the filter should be dry otherwise there may be a risk of
condensation inside the filter and which can cause clogging.
3. The cloth may get affected by chemicals.

4.Explain the principle of operation and working of a settling chamber. How its efficiency can be
improved?

Gravitational settling chamber:

Gravity settling chambers use of force of gravity to remove solid matters from the air pollutants.
The gas stream enters the chamber, where the velocity of the gas reduced. Larger particles drop
out the gas and are collected in hoppers. Particle size of upto 50μm can be removed by
gravitational settling chamber.

[Type text]
[Type text]

When the flow velocity of the fluid is reduced as it enters to a chamber, the gravitational force
causes the particles to settle on the bottom of the chamber.

Settling chamber consists of an enclosed chamber, in which the velocity of the dirty air is
reduced considerably, which permits the dust particle to settle down by gravitational force.

Working:

The smokes emitted from the industries are permitted to pass through the settling chamber.
Reference source not found.. Based on the principle of stoke’s law, the largest size particles settle
down at the bottom of the chamber. In these chamber, the horizontal gas velocity should be kept
as low as possible, to allow the stream line airflow, for ensuring optimum settling conditions.

The velocities are kept between 0.3 m/sec to 2.5m/sec in the chambers, which permits coarse
particles of size 40 μm and about to be removed by this chamber.

The largest size particle (d), that can be removed with 100% efficiency in settling chamber
having the length ‘L’ and height H is given by

d = C.

where,

vn - horizontal velocity of air entering to the chamber (m/sec)

μ - Viscosity of air (kg/m sec)

[Type text]
[Type text]

C - Correction factor (generally taken as 2)

Ρp - Density of particles removed (kg / m3)

Advantages:

1. Simple design, easy installation and maintenance

2. Less pressure losses

Disadvantages:

1. Larger size particles are only settled

2. Low collection efficiency
3. Requires larger space.

5.With neat sketch, explain mechanism involved in absorption in removing gaseous pollutants.

Control of gaseous pollutants in industries:

Controlling of gaseous pollutants in industries is generally carried out by the following methods.

1.Absorption Units
2.Adsorption Units
3.Combustion or incineration units
4.Condensation units

Absorption Units:

Absorption units include the following devices,

● Spray towers
● Plate towers Tower units
● Packet towers
● Venture scrubbers

Scrubbers are generally less effective in eliminating the gaseous pollutants than the tower units.
The important disadvantage of the tower units is clogging by particulate matter, frequently.

[Type text]
[Type text]

Working:

Absorption units work on the principle of transfer of the pollutants from the gas phase to the
liquid phase. The pollutants from the dirty gas, gets absorbed by the liquid through which the gas
is allowed to pass, in the absorption units. Such absorption takes place by diffusion and
dissolution.

The efficiency of the absorption units depends on the following factors.

● Liquid through which gas is passed.

● Concentration of gaseous pollutants.
● Distance between the emission points and units.

When water is used as the solute, some of the inorganic gases like NH3, CL2 and SO2 are only
removed. Proper design is to be followed for the effective and safety utilization of any absorbent
units before implementation. Utmost care should be taken to control the water pollution, due to
the transfer of air to water.

6.List the factors influencing the choice of air pollution control equipment.

The following factors are to be considered when selecting particular equipment for controlling
the air pollutant.

1.Type of the industry

2.Concentration and characteristics of pollutant.
3.Carrier gas characteristics
4.Process factors
5.Efficiency required
6.Operational factors
7.Constructional measures
8.Other factors.

Each factor is explained as follows:

1 . Type of the industry

Equipment can be selected, based on the type of industry and the type of the pollutant (gaseous
or particulate matters), The important pollutants which are emitted from cement industries are
fugitive dust and sulphur oxides. Also the important pollutants from automobiles are carbon
monoxides and hydro carbons. In order to control the pollutant, it is essential to know the type of
pollutant and type of industry emitted that particular pollutant.

[Type text]
[Type text]

2 . Concentration and characteristics of pollutant:

Concentration and characteristics of pollutant are also the important factors decide the equipment
selection. Particulate characteristic include particle size spectrum, effective particle shape,
particle density, physical and chemical properties (stickiness, fluidity, corrosive nerves, electrical
conductivity) etc.

3 . Carrier gas Characteristics

It includes temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, etc,

4 . Process factors

Process factors include the flow variability, volumetric gas rate, particulate concentration rate,
allowable pressure drop, etc.,

5 . Efficiency Required (or) Control Efficiency

Control efficiency is defined as the measures of emission reduction efficiency and it is a

percentage value representing the amount of emissions that are controlled by a control device,
process change or reformulation.

6 . Operational factors

Operational factor include the maintenance, continuity of operation, safety and health protection,
ultimate use of collected materials, etc.,

7 . Constructional measures

Constructional factors including structural limitations and material limitations (such as pressure,
temperature and corrosion service requirements).

8 . Other factors

Dust disposal, energy considerations, etc.,

[Type text]