MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION

Introduction

A multinational corporation/ company is an organization doing business

in more than one country. Transnational company produces, markets,
invests, and operates across the world. It is integrated global enterprise
which links global with global market at profit. These companies
have sales offices and/ or manufacturing facilities in many countries. A
corporation (MNC) engages in various activities like exporting,
importing, manufacturing in different countries. MNCs have worldwide
involvement and a global perspective in its management and decision-
making.

MNCs consider opportunities throughout the globe through they do

the business in a few countries.

MNCs engage in international production and operate plants in the

number of countries.

MNCs take managerial decision based on a global perspective. The

international operations are integrated into the corporations overall
business .MNCs are huge industrial/ business organizations. They
extend their industrial/ marketing operations through a network of
branches or their majority owned foreign affiliates. MNCs produce the
products in one or few countries and sell them in most of the countries.
Transnational corporations produce the products in each country based
on the specific needs of the customers of that country and market these.
A transnational corporation mostly uses the inputs of the host country
where it operates unlike a multinational company .Large corporations
having investment and business in a number of countries, knows by
various names such as multinational corporations, international
corporations and global corporations have become a very powerful
driving force at the world‘s economy
A multinational corporation (MNC) or enterprise (MNE) is a corporation
or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more
than one country. It can also be referred to as an international
corporation
The International Lab our Organization(ILO) has define an MNC as a
corporation that has its management headquarters in one country, known
as the home country , and operates in several other countries, known as
host countries
The Dutch East India Company was the second multinational
corporation in the world (the first ,the British East India Company ,was
founded two years earlier) and the first company to issue stock ,and it
was the largest of the early multinational companies. It was also
arguably the world's first mega corporation, possessing quasi-
governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate
treaties, coin money, and establish colonies. Some multinational
corporations are very big, with budgets that exceed some nations'
GDPs. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local
economies, and even the world economy ,and play an important role in
international relation sand
WHY ARE MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN INDIA???

There are a number of reasons why the multinational companies are coming down
to investment by relaxing many of its policies. As a result, a number of
multinational companies have shown interest in Indian market .It is to specify that
the companies come and settle in India to earn profit. A company enlarges
its jurisdiction of work beyond its native place when they get a wide scope to earn
a profit and such is the case of MNCs that have flourished here. Moreover India
has wide market for different and new goods and services due to the ever India.
India has got a huge market. It has also got one of the fastest growing economies in
the world. Besides, the policy of the government towards FDI has also played a
major role in attracting the multinational companies in India. For quite a long time,
India had a restrictive policy in terms of foreign direct investment. As a result,
there was lesser number of companies that showed interest in investing in Indian
market. However, the scenario changed during the financial liberalization of the
country, especially after1991. Government, nowadays, makes continuous efforts to
attract foreignincreasing population and the varying consumer taste. The
government FDI policies have somehow benefitted them and drawn their attention
too. The restrictive policies that stopped the company‘s in flow are however
withdrawn and the country has shown much interest to bring in foreign investment
here. Besides the foreign directive policies, the labor competitive market, market
competition and the macroeconomic stability are some of the key factors that
magnetize the foreign MNCs here .Following are the reasons why multinational
companies consider India as a preferred destination for business
1. Huge market potential of the country.
2. FDI attractiveness.
3. Labour competitiveness.
4. Macro-economic stability.
TYPES OF MULTINATIONAL Companies
1. Horizontally integrated multinational corporations:

Horizontally integrated multinational corporations are those MNCs that

manage production establishments located in different countries to
produce the same or similar
products. ( example: McDonald‘s)

2. Vertically integrated multinational corporations:

Vertically integrated multinational corporations are those MNCs that

manage productionestablishment in different countries/country to
produce products that serve as input to its production establishments in
other country/countries. (example: Adidas)

3. Diversified multinational corporations

Diversified multinational corporations are those MNCs that do not

manage production establishments located indifferent countries that are
neither horizontal nor vertical nor straight as well as non-straight. (
example: Hilton Hotels)
 ABOUT PYTHON

Python is a widely used general purpose, high level programming

language. It was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 and further
developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was designed with an
emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to
express their concepts in fewer lines of code. Python is a programming
language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems more
efficiently.
Python is an object-oriented programming language that is designed in
C. By nature, it is a high-level programming language that allows for the
creation of both simple as well as complex operations.

Features of Python:

• Cross Platform language

• Readable
• Free and Open Source
• Memory Management
• Large Standard Library
• Exception Handling
• Presence of third-party modules
• User-friendly data structures
• Dynamically typed language
• Object-oriented language
• Portable and Interactive

HISTORY:

Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
Mathematish Centrum in the Netherlands as a successor of a language
called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author, although it
includes many contributions from others .In 1995, Guido van Rossum
continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research
Initiatives in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the
software. In May 2000, Guido van Rossum and the Python
core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the Be Open
Python Labs team. In October of the same year, the Python Labs team
moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001,
the Python Software Foundation was formed, a non-profit organization
created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope
Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF.

STORY BEHIND THE NAME:

Guido van Rossum, the creator of the Python language, named the
language after the BBC show "Monty Python's Flying Circus". He
doesn't particularly like snakes that kill animals for food by winding
their long bodies around them and crushing them.
 INTRODUCTION TO MY SQL

It is an Open Source RDBMS Software that uses Structured Query

Language . It is available free of cost.

Salient Features of MySQL:

1.Released under open source and available free of cost.
2. Easy to learn and use..
3. Fast processing speed and easy in installation. Occupy very less
space.
4. Supports standards based SQL
5. Provides portability.
6. High Security.
7. Provides many data types.8. Handles large database.

MySQL Data Types:

Every column (or data item) should belong to a unique domain (known
as data type).These data types help to describe the kind of information a
particular column holds .MySQL supports the ANSI SQL data types.

The Structured Query Language (SQL)

• SQL (pronounced SEQUEL for Simple English Query Language) is
Non-procedural universal data access language used to access and
manipulate data stored in nearly all the data bases available currently.
•SQL standards are defined by ANSI (American National Standards
Institute). SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a
database. SQL works with database programs like MySQL, MS Access,
DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc.
•Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary
extensions in addition to the SQL standard.
SQL COMMANDS
SQL commands can be classified into the following:

Data Definition Language (DDL):A database scheme is defined by set

of definitions, which are expressed, by a special set of commands called
Data Definition Language (DDL). They are used to create tables,
databases, identify data items, provide unique names to the data items
and to define the length and provide the range of values that each data
item can assume. They are CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE and
DROP TABLE commands.
Data Manipulation Language (DML): The data manipulation
language (DML) handles operations such as entering rows into a table,
changing data, deleting rows, and extracting data from rows and tables.
With DML, one does not change the table’s structure, but rather its
contents. It contains commands like INSERT,UPDATE and DELETE