Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

B.TECH/ CS42
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME :- Ayush Kashyap

Roll No.: - 2103600100032

Semester/Branch:
7th Sem/CSE

SUBMITTED TO:
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering
GITM
Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
B.TECH
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

An endeavour over a long period can be successful only with the

advice and support of many well-wishers. The task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who have made it possible,
because is the epitome of hard work. So, with gratitude, we
acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement owned our
efforts with success.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to everyone who

contributed to the development and success of this Multiple Disease
Prediction System .

Firstly, we extend our sincere thanks to our project supervisors and

mentors for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement
throughout this research. Their expertise and insights have been
instrumental in shaping this project.

We are also grateful to the healthcare professionals and institutions

who provided us with the necessary data and domain expertise. Their
collaboration and willingness to share their knowledge have been
crucial to the success of this project.

Special thanks to our colleagues and team members for their hard
work, dedication, and teamwork. Their relentless efforts and
innovative ideas have significantly contributed to the development of
this system.

We acknowledge the financial support provided by [Funding

Organization], which made this project possible. Their generosity and
commitment to advancing healthcare technology are deeply
appreciated.
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

ABSTRACT

There are multiple techniques in machine learning that can in a variety of industries, do
predictive analytics on large amounts of data. Predictive analytics in healthcare is a difficult
endeavour, but it can eventually assist practitioners in making timely decisions regarding
patients' health and treatment based on massive data. Diseases like Breast cancer, diabetes, and
heart-related diseases are causing many deaths globally but most of these deaths are due to the
lack of timely check-ups of the diseases. The above problem occurs due to a lack of medical
infrastructure and a low ratio of doctors to the population. The statistics clearly show the same,
WHO recommended, the ratio of doctors to patients is 1:1000 whereas India's doctor-to-
population ratio is 1:1456, this indicates the shortage of doctors.

The diseases related to heart, cancer, and diabetes can cause a potential threat to
mankind, if not found early. Therefore, early recognition and diagnosis of these diseases can
save a lot of lives. This work is all about predicting diseases that are harmful using machine
learning classification algorithms. In this work, breast cancer, heart, and diabetes are included.
To make this work seamless and usable by the mass public, our team made a medical test web
application that makes predictions about various diseases using the concept of machine
learning. In this work, our aim to develop a disease-predicting web app that uses the concept of
machine learning-based predictions about various diseases like Breast cancer, Diabetes, and
Heart diseases.
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

CONTENTS
ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS ix
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
Chapter 3 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 5
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 5
3.1.1 DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM 5
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 6

3. FEASIBILITY STUDY 6
1. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY 7
3.3.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY 7
3.3.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY 7
3.4 REQUIREMENTS 8
3.4.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 8
CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN 9
4.1 DESCRIPTION 9
4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM 11
4.3 UML DIAGRAMS 12
4.3.1 CLASS DIAGRAM 13
4.3.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM 14
4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 15
4.3.4 COMPONENT DIAGRAM 16
4.3.5 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM 17
CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION 18
5.1 MODULES 19
5.2 TECHNOLOGIES USED 22
5.2.1 PYTHON 22
5.2.2 STREAMLIT 24
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

5.2.3 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK 26

5.3 ALGORITHM 28

CHAPTER 6 TESTING 35

1. TYPES OF TESTING 35
1. UNIT TESTING 35
2. INTEGRATION TESTING
35
3. FUNCTIONAL TESTING
4. SYSTEM TESTING 35
5. WHITE BOX TESTING 36
6. BLACK BOX TESTING 36

2. INTEGRATION TESTING 37
3. ACCEPTANCE TESTING 37
4. MANUAL TESTING 42
CHAPTER 7 RESULTS 45

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 48

CHAPTER 9 FUTURE WORK 49

CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES 50
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.4.2.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 11

FIG.4.3.2 CLASS DIAGRAM 13
FIG.4.3.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM 14
FIG.4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 15
FIG.4.3.4 COMPONENT DIAGRAM 16
FIG.4.3.5 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM 17
FIG.5.3.1 K VALUE GRAPH 30
FIG.8.1.1 DIABETES PREDICTION HOME PAGE 45
FIG.8.1.2 DIABETES PREDICTION RESULT PAGE 45
FIG.8.2.1 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION HOME PAGE 46
FIG.8.2.2 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION HOME PAGE 46
FIG.8.3.1 PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREDICTION HOME PAGE 47
FIG.8.3.2 PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREDICTION RESULT PAGE 47
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

SRS - SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

STRS - STAKEHOLDER REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

UML - UNIFIED MODELLING LANGUAGE

SYRS - SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Multiple disease prediction using machine learning is an innovative approach to healthcare

that aims to use machine learning algorithms to accurately predict the likelihood of multiple
diseases in a patient based on their medical history and other relevant factors. The goal of this
approach is to enable earlier diagnosis, better treatment, and improved patient outcomes.
Machine learning algorithms are particularly well-suited to the task of disease
prediction, as they can learn from large datasets of patient information and identify patterns and
correlations that might not be immediately apparent to human clinicians. By analyzing data
from a wide range of sources, including electronic health records, medical images, and genetic
data, machine learning algorithms can identify subtle indicators of disease that might be missed
by traditional diagnostic methods.
Multiple disease prediction using machine learning has the potential to revolutionize
healthcare by enabling more accurate and personalized diagnoses, earlier interventions, and
more effective treatments. However, there are also challenges and limitations to this approach,
including the need for diverse and representative data, the risk of bias in algorithms, and the
need for transparent and ethical implementation.
Despite these challenges, multiple disease prediction using machine learning is a rapidly
advancing field that holds great promise for the future of healthcare. As technology continues
to evolve and more data becomes available, it is likely that machine learning algorithms will
become increasingly sophisticated and accurate, leading to improved patient outcomes and
better overall health.
Machine learning (ML) is one of the most rapidly developing fields of computer science,
with several applications. It refers to the process of extracting useful information from a large
set of data. ML techniques are used in different areas such as medical diagnosis, marketing,
industry, and other scientific fields. ML algorithms have been widely used in medical datasets
and are best suited for medical data analysis. There are various forms of ML, including
classification, regression, and clustering. , we focus on classification methods, which are
applied to classify a given dataset into predefined groups and to predict future activities or
information to that data due to its good accuracy and performance.

1
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Anila M and Dr G Pradeepini proposed the paper titled “Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
using Artificial Neural network” [2]. The main objective of this paper is that the detection of
the disease is performed by using the voice analysis of the people affected with Parkinson's
disease. For this purpose, various machine learning techniques like ANN, Random Forest,
KNN, SVM, XG Boost are used to classify the best model, error rates are calculated, and the
performance metrics are evaluated for all the models used. The main drawback of this paper is
that it is limited to ANN with only two hidden layers. And this type of neural networks with
two hidden layers are sufficient and efficient for simple datasets. They used only one technique
for feature selection which reduces the number of features.

Arvind Kumar Tiwari Proposed the paper titled “Machine Learning-based Approaches
for Prediction of Parkinson’s Disease” [3]. In this paper, minimum redundancy maximum
relevance feature selection algorithms were used to select the most important feature among all
the features to predict Parkinson diseases. Here, it was observed that the random forest with 20
number of features selected by minimum redundancy maximum relevance feature selection
algorithms provide the overall accuracy 90.3%, precision 90.2%, Mathews correlation
coefficient values of 0.73 and ROC values 0.96 which is better in comparison to all other
machine learning based approaches such as bagging, boosting, random forest, rotation forest,
random subspace, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and decision tree based
methods.

Afzal Hussain Shahid and Maheshwari Prasad Singh proposed the paper titled “A deep
learning approach for prediction of Parkinson’s disease progression” [19]. This paper
proposed a deep neural network (DNN) model using the reduced input feature space of
Parkinson’s telemonitoring dataset to predict Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression and also
proposed a PCA based DNN model for the prediction of Motor-UPDRS and Total-UPDRS in
Parkinson's Disease progression. The DNN model was evaluated on a real-world PD dataset
taken from UCI. Being a DNN model, the performance of the proposed model may improve
with the addition of more data points in the datasets.

2
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Sarwar and al [6], discuss predictive analytics in healthcare, a number of machine

learning algorithms are used in this study. For experiment purposes, a dataset of patient's

medical is obtained. The performance and accuracy of the applied algorithms are discussed and
compared.

In the paper [7], the authors propose a diabetes prediction model for the classification
of diabetes including external factors responsible for diabetes along with regular factors like
Glucose, BMI, Age, Insulin, etc. Classification accuracy is improved with the novel dataset
compared with existing dataset.

On a dataset of 521 instances (80 % and 20 % for training testing respectively), [8]
authors applied 8 ML algorithms such as logistic regression, support vector machines-linear,
and nonlinear kernel, random forest, decision tree, adaptive boosting classifier, K-nearest
neighbor, and naïve bayes. According to the results, the Random Forest classifier achieved 98
% accuracy compared to the other.

In [9], the researchers used machine-learning algorithms including Logistic Regression,

Gaussian Process, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors,
Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine, Bernoulli Naive Bayes, Bagging Classifier,
Random Forest, and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. The Random Forest classifier performs
better and achieved a 98 % accuracy, which is higher than the other three algorithms.

Aditi Gavhane, Gouthami Kokkula, Isha Panday, Prof. Kailash Devadkar, “Prediction
of Heart Disease using Machine Learning” Gavhane et al.[2] have worked on the multi-layer
perceptron model for the prediction of heart diseases in human being and the accuracy of the
algorithm using CAD technology. If the number of person using the prediction system for their
diseases prediction, then the awareness about the diseases is also going to increases and it make
reduction in the death rate of heart patient.
Pahulpreet Singh Kohli and Shriya Arora, “Application of Machine Learning in
Diseases Prediction Machine learning algorithms are used for various type of diseases
predication and many of the researchers have work on this like Kohali et al.[7] work on heart
diseases prediction using logistic regression, diabetes prediction using support vector machine,
breast cancer prediction using Adaboot classifier and concluded that the logistic regression give
the accuracy of 87.1%, support vector machine give the accuracy of 85.71%, Adaboot classifier
give the accuracy up to 98.57%which good for predication point of view.

3
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

In another way, the authors of the paper [13] have built models to predict and classify
diabetes complications. In this work, several supervised classification algorithms were applied
to predict and classify 8 diabetes complications. The complications include some parameters
such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, nephropathy, diabetic foot, obesity, and retinopathy.
7 The data mining techniques is a more popular in many field of medical, business,
railway, education etc. They are most commonly used for medical diagnosis and disease
prediction at the early stage. The data mining is utilized for healthcare sector in industrial
societies. This paper to provide a survey of data mining techniques of using Parkinson’s disease.
8 Parkinson disease is a global public health issue. Machine learning technique would be
a best solution to classify individuals and individuals with Parkinson's sickness (PD). This
paper gives a complete review for the forecast of Parkinson disease by utilizing the machine
learning based methodologies. A concise presentation of different computational system based
methodologies utilized for the forecast of Parkinson disease are introduced. This paper likewise
displays the outline of results acquired by different scientists from accessible information to
predict the Parkinson disease.
In this experimental analysis [12] four machine learning algorithms, Random Forest,
Knearest neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Linear Discriminant Analysis are used in the
predictive analysis of early-stage diabetes. High accuracy of 87.66 % goes to the Random Forest
classifier.
In another way, the authors of the paper [13] have built models to predict and classify
diabetes complications. In this work, several supervised classification algorithms were applied
to predict and classify 8 diabetes complications. The complications include some parameters
such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, nephropathy, diabetic foot, obesity, and retinopathy.
In [14], the authors present two approaches of machine learning to predict diabetes
patients. Random forest algorithm for the classification approach, and XGBoost algorithm for
a hybrid approach. The results show that XGBoost outperforms in terms of an accuracy rate of
74.10%.
Authors in this article [15] tested machine learning algorithms such as support vector
machine, logistic regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, gradient boost, K-nearest
neighbor, Naïve Bayes algorithm. According to the results, Naïve Base and Random Forest
classifiers achieved 80% accuracy compared to the other algorithms.

4
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Many of the existing machine learning models for health care analysis are concentrating
on one disease per analysis. For example first is for liver analysis, one for cancer analysis, one
for lung diseases like that. If a user wants to predict more than one disease, he/she has to go
through different sites. There is no common system where one analysis can perform more than
one disease prediction. Some of the models have lower accuracy which can seriously affect
patients’ health. When an organization wants to analyse their patient’s health reports, they have
to deploy many models which in turn increases the cost as well as time Some of the existing
systems consider very few parameters which can yield false results.

1. EXISTING SYSTEM
 The study has identified multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including high
blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes.

 Based on these risk factors, a risk score can be calculated to predict an individual's
likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease.

 Traditional statistical methods are used to identify risk factors and calculate a risk score,
which can be used for disease prevention and management.

1. DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM

 Data bias: One of the biggest concerns with machine learning systems is data bias. If
the training data used to develop the system is biased or incomplete, it can lead to
inaccurate predictions and misdiagnosis. This is especially problematic when it comes
to underrepresented populations, as their data may not be well-represented in the
training set.

 Overfitting: Overfitting occurs when a machine learning model is trained too closely to
a particular dataset and becomes overly specialized in predicting it. This can result in
poor generalization to new data and lower accuracy.

 Lack of interpretability: Many machine learning algorithms are "black boxes," meaning
that it is difficult to understand how they arrive at their predictions. This can be

5
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

problematic in healthcare, where it is important to be able to explain how a diagnosis

was made.

 Limited data availability: Some diseases are rare, which means that there may not be
enough data available to train a machine learning model accurately. This can limit the
effectiveness of the system for predicting such diseases.

 Cost and implementation: Implementing machine learning systems for healthcare can
be expensive and time-consuming. Hospitals and clinics may need to invest in new
hardware, software, and staff training to implement these systems effectively

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

 This project involved analyzing a multiple disease patient dataset with proper data
processing.

 Different algorithms were used to train and predict, including Decision Trees, Random
Forest, SVM, and Logistic Regression,adaboost.

 In a multi-disease model, it is possible to predict more than one disease at a time,

reducing the need to traverse multiple models to predict disease.
 Diverse training data: To address data bias, a proposed system would use a diverse
range of training data, including data from underrepresented populations, to ensure
that the system can accurately predict diseases across all groups.
 Robust algorithms: The system would use algorithms that are robust to overfitting and
have high accuracy on unseen data. This could be achieved by using techniques such
as regularization and cross-validation.
 Explainable AI: To address the lack of interpretability of machine learning models, the
proposed system would use explainable AI techniques to provide clear and
understandable reasons for its predictions. This would increase the trust and
acceptance of the system among healthcare providers and patients.

3. FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is
put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During
system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is

6
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility
analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 Economical Feasibility
 Technical Feasibility
 Social Feasibility

1. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on
the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the
developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the
technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be
purchased.

2. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
During this study, the analyst identifies the existing computer systems of the concerned
department and determines whether these technical resources are sufficient for the proposed
system or not. If they are not sufficient, the analyst suggests the configuration of the computer
systems that are required. The analyst generally pursues two or three different configurations
which satisfy the key technical requirements but which represent different costs. During
technical feasibility study, financial resources and budget is also considered. The main objective
of technical feasibility is to determine whether the project is technically feasible or not, provided
it is economically feasible.
3. SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and
to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to
make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

7
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4. REQUIREMENTS
A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software
system to be developed, its defined after business requirements specification
(CONOPS) also called stakeholder requirements specification (STRS) other document
related is the system requirements specification (SYRS).

1. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

All computer software needs certain hardware components or other software
resources to be present on a computer. These prerequisites are known as (computer)
system requirements and are often used as a guideline as opposed to an absolute rule.
Most software defines two sets of system requirements: minimum and recommended.
With increasing demand for higher processing power and resources in newer versions
of software, system requirements tend to increase over time. Industry analysts suggest
that this trend plays a bigger part in driving upgrades to existing computer systems than
technological advancements. A second meaning of the term of System requirements is
a generalization of this first definition, giving the requirements to be met in the design
of a system or sub-system.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 System processor : Intel Core i7.
 Hard Disk : 512 SSD.
 Monitor : “15” LED.
 Mouse : Optical Mouse.
 RAM : 8.0 GB.
 Key Board : Standard Windows Keyboard.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Operating system : Windows 10.
 Coding Language : Python 3.9.
 Front-End : Streamlit 3.7, Python
 Back-End : Python3.9
 Python Modules : Pickle 1.2.3

8
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
This chapter provides information of software development life cycle, design model
i.e.various UML diagrams and process specification.

4.1 DESCRIPTION
Systems design is the process or art of defining the architecture, components,
modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. One could see it
as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap and
synergy with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems
engineering.

The System Design Document describes the system requirements, operating

environment, system and subsystem architecture, files and database design, input formats,
output layouts, human-machine interfaces, detailed design, processing logic, and external
interfaces.

This design activity describes the system in narrative form using non-technical terms.
It should provide a high-level system architecture diagram showing a subsystem breakout of
the system, if applicable. The high-level system architecture or subsystem diagrams should,
if applicable, show interfaces to external systems. Supply a high-level context diagram for
the system and subsystems, if applicable. Refer to the requirements trace ability matrix
(RTM) in the Functional Requirements Document (FRD), to identify the allocation of the
functional requirements into this design document.

This section describes any constraints in the system design (reference any trade-off
analyses conducted such, as resource use versus productivity, or conflicts with other systems)
and includesany assumptions made by the project team in developing the system design.

This section describes any contingencies that might arise in the design of the system
that may change the development direction. Possibilities include lack of interface agreements
with outside agencies or unstable architectures at the time this document is produced. Address
any possible workarounds or alternative plans.

9
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

To design a system for Multiple Disease prediction based on lab reports using
machine learning, we can follow the following steps:

1. Data Collection: The first component of the system involves collecting a large
dataset of medical records containing patient information and various medical
features related to multiple diseases. This dataset will be used to train the machine
learning models.

2. Data Preprocessing: The collected data will be preprocessed to handle missing

values, outliers, and to perform feature scaling. This component of the system
involves cleaning and preparing the data for model training.

3. Model Training: This component involves training different machine learning

algorithms such as decision trees, random forests, and artificial neural networks
on the preprocessed data. The trained models will be used for disease prediction.

4. Model Selection: The performance of different machine learning algorithms will

be compared using metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall, and the best-
performing model will be selected for disease prediction.

5. Model Evaluation: The selected model will be evaluated on a separate test dataset
to measure its accuracy and reliability in predicting multiple diseases. This
component of the system involves testing the model and measuring its
performance.

6. User Interface Development: The final component of the system involves

developing a user-friendly interface that allows healthcare professionals to input
patient information and receive predictions for multiple diseases. The interface
will be designed to provide an easy-to-use tool for disease prediction

1
0
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

A system architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behaviour,
and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal description and
representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures
and behaviours of the system.
A system architecture can consist of system components and the sub-systems
developed, that will work together to implement the overall system. There have been efforts
to formalize languages to describe system architecture, collectively these are called
architecture description languages.

Machine learning has given computer systems the ability to automatically learn without being
explicitly programmed. In this, the author has used three machine learning algorithms
(Logistic Regression, KNN, and Naïve Bayes). The architecture diagram describes the high-
level overview of major system components and important working relationships.

FIGURE 4.2.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

1
1
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3 UML DIAGRAMS

A UML diagram is a partial graphical representation (view) of a model of a system
under design, implementation, or already in existence. UML diagram contains graphical
elements (symbols) - UML nodes connected with edges (also known as paths or flows) - that
represent elements in the UML model of the designed system. The UML model of the system
might also contain other documentation such as use cases written as templated texts. The kind
of the diagram is defined by the primary graphical symbols shown on the diagram.
For example, a diagram where the primary symbols in the contents area are classes is
class diagram. A diagram which shows use cases and actors is use case diagram. A sequence
diagram shows sequence of message exchanges between lifelines. UML specification does not
preclude mixing of different kinds of diagrams, e.g. to combine structural and behavioral
elements to show a state machine nested inside a use case. Consequently, the boundaries
between the various kinds of diagrams are not strictly enforced. At the same time, some UML
Tools do restrict set of available graphical elements which could be used when working on
specific type of diagram. UML specification defines two major kinds of UML diagram:
structure diagrams and behavior diagrams.
Structure diagrams show the static structure of the system and its parts on different
abstraction and implementation levels and how they are related to each other. The elements in
a structure diagram represent the meaningful concepts of a system, and may include abstract,
real world and implementation concepts. Behavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of the
objects in a system, which can be described as a series of changes to the system over time.
During detailed design the internal logic of each of the modules specified in system
design is decided. During this phase further details of the data structures and algorithmic design
of each of the modules is specified. The logic of a module is usually specified in a high-level
design description language, which is independent of the target language in which the
application will eventually be implemented. In system design the focus is on identifying the
modules, whereas during detailed design the focus is on designing the logic for each of the
modules.

1
2
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3.1 CLASS DIAGRAM

A Class diagram gives an overview of a system by showing its classes and the
relationships among them. Class diagrams are static they display what interacts but not
what happens when they do interact. The class chart delineates the attributes and
operations of a class moreover the goals constrained on the structure.
The class frameworks are extensively used as a piece of the showing of article
arranged structures in light of the way that they are the primary UML diagrams which
can be mapped direct with thing orchestrated vernaculars. The class graph shows a
collection of classes, interfaces, affiliations, joint endeavors and confinements. It is
generally called an assistant layout.

FIG 4.3.1 CLASS DIAGRAM

From the Fig 4.2.1 class diagram consists of Multiple Disease prediction,Import data
modules,load dataset,display dataset, explore data set, decision tree, random
forest,svm,knn,xgboost,ada boost can perform the classes of class diagram. The Multiple
Disease prediction can load the datasets and find diseases by applying Algorithms like Decision
tree,Random forest ,SVM,knn,Xgboost and Ada boost.

1
3
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Use case diagrams model behavior within a system and helps the developers
understand of what the user require.

Use case diagram can be useful for getting an overall view of the system and
clarifying who can do and more importantly what they can’t do.

Use case diagram consists of use cases and actors and shows the interaction
between the use case and actors.

FIG 4.3.2 USE DIAGRAM

Above figure 4.2.2 use case diagram consists of two actors named as user and system.
User can perform actions like select the Entity and Enter the details. System perform actions
select the entity means select the disease and enter the patient details then load the data set and
classify the data finally predict the disease.

1
4
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram because it describes how and in what
order a group of objects works together. These diagrams are used by software developers and
business professionals to understand requirements for a new system or to document an existing
process. Sequence diagrams are sometimes known as event diagrams or event scenarios.

One of the primary uses of sequence diagrams is in the transition from requirements
expressed as use cases to the next and more formal level of refinement. Use cases are often
refined into one or more sequence diagrams.

FIG 4.3.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

From the Fig:4.2.3 sequence diagram the prediction system can collect the data from
actor and store the data in dataset.Prediction system processes the train data and access the
data from dataset then prediction system use the train and test data and apply ML algorithms
and check user status value and grand status values then get the output.

1
5
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3.4 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

A component diagram is used to break down a large object-oriented system into the
smaller components, so as to make them more manageable. It models the physical view of a
system such as executables, files, libraries, etc. that resides within the node.
It visualizes the relationships as well as the organization between the components
present in the system. It helps in forming an executable system. A component is a single unit
of the system, which is replaceable and executable. The implementation details of a component
are hidden, and it necessitates an interface to execute a function. It is like a black box whose
behavior is explained by the provided and required interfaces.
This diagram is also used as a communication tool between the developer and
stakeholders of the system. Programmers and developers use the diagrams to formalize a
roadmap for the implementation, allowing for better decision-making about task assignment
or needed skill improvements. System administrators can use component diagrams to plan
ahead, using the view of the logical software components and their relationship on system.

Fig.4.3.4 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

From the Fig:4.2.4 component diagram has components like user,system,data set,pre
processing,results,security, persistence and data base these are tha components of Multiple
Disease prediction system.

1
6
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

4.3.5 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM

The deployment diagram visualizes the physical hardware on which the software will
be deployed. It portrays the static deployment view of a system. It involves the nodes and their
relationships. It ascertains how software is deployed on the hardware. It maps the software
architecture created in design to the physical system architecture, where the software will be
executed as a node. Since it involves many nodes, the relationship is shown by utilizing
communication paths.

Fig.4.3.5 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM

A deployment diagram for multiple disease prediction includes components such as
disease dataset,data preprocessing, , Ml algorithms, predictive model . The user interface
collects input data from disease dataset and processes using Ml algorithms and then predict
the disease using predict model.

1
7
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION

An Implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as a

program, software components, or other computer system though computer programming and
deployment. Many implementations may exist for specifications or standards. A special case
occurs in object- oriented programming, when a concrete class implements an interface.

Data Collection
First step for predication system is data collection and deciding about the training and
testing dataset. In this project we have used training dataset and testing dataset.
Attribute Selection
Attribute of dataset are property of dataset which are used for system and for heart many
attributes are like heart bit rate of person, gender, sex of the person, age of the person and many
more for predication system.

Data Pre-processing
Pre processing needed for achieving prestigious result from the machine learning
algorithms. For example Random forest algorithm does not support null values dataset and for
this we have to manage null values from original raw data.
For our project we have to convert some categorized value by dummy value means in the form
of “0”and “1” by using following code.

Balancing of Data
Imbalanced datasets can be balanced in two ways. They are Under Sampling and Over
Sampling.
Under Sampling
Dataset balance is done by the reduction of the size of the data set. This process is
considered when the amount of data is adequate.
Over Sampling
In Over Sampling, dataset balance is done by increasing the size of the dataset. This
process is considered when the amount of data is inadequate.

1
8
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

5.1 MODULES

1. PARKINSONS DISEASE PREDICTION

• The Parkinson Disease prediction module is one of the core of a multiple Disease
prediction system.
• It uses data about the Effected and normal people data preferences to generate the result
of the patient.
• It performs the Different machine algorithms like KNN,XGBoost,SVM,RANDOM
FOREST,etc

Attribute Information:
1. name - ASCII subject name and recording number.
2. MDVP:Fo(Hz)-Average vocal fundamental frequency.
3. MDVP:Fhi(Hz) - Maximum vocal fundamental frequency.
4. MDVP:Flo(Hz) - Minimum vocal fundamental frequency.
5. MDVP:Jitter(%), MDVP:Jitter(Abs), MDVP:RAP, MDVP:PPQ, Jitter:DDP - Several
measures of variation in fundamental frequency.
6. MDVP:Shimmer,MDVP:Shimmer(dB),Shimmer:APQ3,Shimmer:APQ5,MDVP:APQ,
Shimmer:DDA - Several measures of variation in amplitude.
7. NHR, HNR- Two measures of the ratio of noise to tonal components in the voice.
8. status - The health status of the subject (one) - Parkinson's, (zero) – healthy.
9. RPDE, D2- Two nonlinear dynamical complexity measures.
10. DFA - Signal fractal scaling exponent.
11. spread1,spread2,PPE - Three nonlinear measures of fundamental frequency variation.

Comparison of Models

1
9
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

 We can say that kNN Model is good for our dataset but SVM giving more AUC.
 The higher the AUC, the better the performance of the model at distinguishing between
the positive and negative classes.

Classification Report

2. DIABETES DISEASE PREDICTION

• The aim of the prediction is which can perform early prediction of diabetes of a patient.
• This aims to predict via different supervised machine learning methods.
• It uses data about the Effected and normal people data preferences to generate Whether
person is effected or not from a particular Disease.

Attribute Information
1. Pregnancies
2. Glucose
3. Blood pressure
4. SkinThickness
5. Insulin
6. BMI
7. DiabetesPedigreeFunction
8. Age

2
0
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Comparison of Models

Classification Report

3. HEART DISEASE PREDICTION

• It uses data about the Effected and normal people data preferences to generate the result
of the patient.
• It performs the Different machine algorithms like KNN,XGBoost,SVM,RANDOM
FOREST,etc
• This aims to predict via different supervised machine learning methods.
Attribute Information
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Chest Pain types
4. Resting blood pressure
5. Serum cholestral
6. Fasting Blood sugar

2
1
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

7. Resting Cardiographic Result

8. Maximum Heart rate achieved
9. Exercise Reduced Angina
10. Vessels coloured by Fluroscopy

Accuracy Results

2. TECHNOLOGIES USED

1. PYTHON
Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular programming language.
Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being used in web development, Machine
Learning applications, along with all cutting edge technology in Software Industry. Python
Programming Language is very well suited for Beginners, also for experienced programmers
with other programming languages like C++ and Java.
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created
by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code
readability with its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-
oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale
projects.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including structured (particularly, procedural,) object-oriented, and functional

2
2
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

programming. Python is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its

comprehensive standard library.
Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language. Python 2.0,
released in 2000, introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system
capable of collecting reference cycles. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision of the
language that is not completely backward-compatible, and much Python 2 code does not run
unmodified on Python 3.

ADVANTAGES OF PYTHON
1. Easy to read, learn and code
Python is a high-level language and its syntax is very simple. It does not need any
semicolons or braces and looks like English. Thus, it is beginner-friendly. Due to its simplicity,
its maintenance cost is less.

2. Dynamic Typing
In Python, there is no need for the declaration of variables. The data type of the variable
gets assigned automatically during runtime, facilitating dynamic coding.

3. Free, Open Source

It is free and also has an open-source licence. This means the source code is available
to the public for free and one can do modifications to the original code. This modified code can
be distributed with no restrictions.
This is a very useful feature that helps companies or people to modify according to their needs
and use their version.

4. Portable :
Python is also platform-independent. That is, if you write the code on one of the
Windows, Mac, or Linux operating systems, then you can run the same code on the other OS
with no need for any changes.
This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you should be careful while you
add system dependent features.

5. Extensive Third-Party Libraries

Python comes with a wide range of libraries like NumPy, Pandas, Tkinter, Django, etc.
The python package installer (PIP) helps you install these libraries in your interpreter/ IDLE.

2
3
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

These libraries have different modules/ packages. These modules contain different inbuilt
functions and algorithms. Using these make the coding process easier and makes it look simple.

5.2.2 STREAMLIT
Streamlit is an open-source python framework for building web apps for Machine
Learning and Data Science. We can instantly develop web apps and deploy them easily using
Streamlit. Streamlit allows you to write an app the same way you write a python code. Streamlit
makes it seamless to work on the interactive loop of coding and viewing results in the web app.

The best thing about Streamlit is that you don't even need to know the basics of web
development to get started or to create your first web application. So if you're somebody who's
into data science and you want to deploy your models easily, quickly, and with only a few lines
of code, Streamlit is a good fit.

One of the important aspects of making an application successful is to deliver it with an

effective and intuitive user interface. Many of the modern data-heavy apps face the challenge
of building an effective user interface quickly, without taking complicated steps. Streamlit is a
promising open-source Python library, which enables developers to build attractive user
interfaces in no time. Streamlit is the easiest way especially for people with no front-end
knowledge to put their code into a web application:

 No front-end (html, js, css) experience or knowledge is required.

 You don't need to spend days or months to create a web app, you can create a really
beautiful machine learning or data science app in only a few hours or even minutes.

 It is compatible with the majority of Python libraries (e.g. pandas, matplotlib, seaborn,
plotly, Keras, PyTorch, SymPy(latex)).

 Less code is needed to create amazing web apps.

 Data caching simplifies and speeds up computation pipelines.

2
4
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Streamlit is a popular open-source Python library that allows developers to build interactive
web applications for data science and machine learning projects with ease. Here are some of
the key features of Streamlit:

1. Ease of Use: Streamlit is easy to use for both beginners and advanced developers. Its
simple syntax allows developers to build interactive web applications quickly without
having to worry about the details of web development.
2. Data Visualization: Streamlit allows developers to create data visualizations such as
charts, plots, and graphs with just a few lines of code. It supports popular data
visualization libraries like Matplotlib, Plotly, and Altair.
3. Customizable UI Components: Streamlit provides various UI components that can be
customized to fit the needs of the application. These components include sliders,
dropdowns, buttons, and text inputs.
4. Real-time Updating: Streamlit automatically updates the web application in real-time as
the user interacts with it. This makes it easy to create dynamic applications that respond
to user input in real-time.
5. Integration with Machine Learning Libraries: Streamlit integrates seamlessly with
popular machine learning libraries like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn. This
allows developers to build and deploy machine learning models with ease.
6. Sharing and Deployment: Streamlit makes it easy to share and deploy applications.
Developers can share their applications with others by simply sharing a URL. Streamlit
also provides tools for deploying applications to cloud services like Heroku and AWS

ADVANTAGES OF STREAMLIT

Fast and Easy Development: Streamlit provides a simple and intuitive syntax that makes
it easy to build interactive web applications for data science and machine learning projects.
With Streamlit, developers can build applications faster and with less code.

Real-Time Updates: Streamlit automatically updates the web application in real-time

as the user interacts with it. This allows developers to create dynamic applications that
respond to user input in real-time, without the need for manual updates.

2
5
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Seamless Integration with Popular Libraries: Streamlit integrates seamlessly with

popular data science and machine learning libraries like Matplotlib, Plotly, Pandas,
TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn. This allows developers to build powerful and complex
applications using their preferred libraries.

Customizable UI Components: Streamlit provides a range of UI components that can be

customized to fit the needs of the application. These components include sliders, dropdowns,
buttons, and text inputs, which can be easily customized with CSS.

Sharing and Deployment: Streamlit makes it easy to share and deploy applications.
Developers can share their applications with others by simply sharing a URL. Streamlit also
provides tools for deploying applications to cloud services like Heroku and AWS, making it
easy to scale applications as needed.

Active Community Support: Streamlit has an active community of developers and users
who contribute to the development of the library, provide support to other developers, and share
their own projects and experiences with the library.

5.2.3 JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

The Jupyter Notebook is an open source web application that you can use to create and
share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and text. Jupyter Notebook is
maintained by the people at Project Jupyter.

Jupyter Notebooks are a spin-off project from the IPython project, which used to have
an IPython Notebook project itself. The name, Jupyter, comes from the core supported
programming languages that it supports: Julia, Python, and R. Jupyter ships with the IPython
kernel, which allows you to write your programs in Python, but there are currently over 100
other kernels that you can also use.

A Jupyter Notebook document is a browser-based REPL containing an ordered list of

input/output cells which can contain code, text (using Markdown), mathematics, plots and rich
media. Underneath the interface, a notebook is a JSON document, following a versioned
schema, usually ending with the ".ipynb" extension.

2
6
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Jupyter Notebook can connect to many kernels to allow programming in different

languages. A Jupyter kernel is a program responsible for handling various types of requests
(code execution, code completions, inspection), and providing a reply. Kernels talk to the other
components of Jupyter using ZeroMQ, and thus can be on the same or remote machines. Unlike
many other Notebook-like interfaces, in Jupyter, kernels are not aware that they are attached to
a specific document, and can be connected to many clients at once. Usually kernels allow
execution of only a single language, but there are a couple of exceptions.[citation needed] By
default Jupyter Notebook ships with the IPython kernel. As of the 2.3 releas (October 2014),
there are 49 Jupyter-compatible kernels for many programming languages, including Python,
R, Julia and Haskell

A Jupyter Notebook can be converted to a number of open standard output formats

(HTML, presentation slides, LaTeX, PDF, ReStructuredText, Markdown, Python) through
"Download As" in the web interface, via the nbconvert libraror "jupyter nbconvert" command
line interface in a shell. To simplify visualisation of Jupyter notebook documents on the web,
the nbconvert library is provided as a service through NbViewer which can take a URL to any
publicly available notebook document, convert it to HTML on the fly and display it to the user.

The Jupyter Notebook combines three components:

•The notebook web application: An interactive web application for writing and running code
interactively and authoring notebook documents.
•Kernels: Separate processes started by the notebook web application that runs users’ code in
a given language and returns output back to the notebook web application. The kernel also
handles things like computations for interactive widgets, tab completion and introspection.
•Notebook documents: Self-contained documents that contain a representation of all content
visible in the note-book web application, including inputs and outputs of the computations,
narrative text, equations, images, and rich media representations of objects. Each notebook
document has its own kernel.

2
7
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

FEATURES OF JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

In-browser editing for code, with automatic syntax highlighting, indentation, and tab
completion/introspection.

 The ability to execute code from the browser, with the results of computations attached
to the code which generated them.
 Displaying the result of computation using rich media representations, such as HTML,
LaTeX, PNG, SVG, etc.

For example, publication-quality figures rendered by the matplotlib library, can be included
inline.

 In-browser editing for rich text using the Markdown markup language, which can
provide commentary for the code, is not limited to plain text.

 The ability to easily include mathematical notation within markdown cells using LaTeX,
and rendered natively by MathJax.

ADVANTAGES OF JUPYTER NOTEBOOK

There are the following advantages of Jupyter Notebook -

All in one place: As you know, Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web-based interactive
environment that combines code, text, images, videos, mathematical equations, plots, maps,
graphical user interface and widgets to a single document.

Easy to convert: Jupyter Notebook allows users to convert the notebooks into other formats
such as HTML and PDF. It also uses online tools and nbviewer which allows you to render a
publicly available notebook in the browser direct.

5.3 ALGORITHMS

Decision tree classifiers

Decision tree classifiers are used successfully in many diverse areas. Their most important
feature is the capability of capturing descriptive decision making knowledge from the supplied
data. Decision tree can be generated from training sets. The procedure for such generation based
on the set of objects (S), each belonging to one of the classes C1, C2, …, Ck is as follows:

2
8
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Step 1. If all the objects in S belong to the same class, for example Ci, the decision tree
for S consists of a leaf labeled with this class
Step 2. Otherwise, let T be some test with possible outcomes O1, O2,…, On. Each object
in S has one outcome for T so the test partitions S into subsets S1, S2,… Sn where each
object in Si has outcome Oi for T. T becomes the root of the decision tree and for each
outcome Oi we build a subsidiary decision tree by invoking the same procedure recursively
on the set Si.

Gradient boosting
Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique used
in regression and classification tasks, among others. It gives a prediction model in the form of
an ensemble of weak prediction models, which are typically decision trees.[1][2] When a
decision tree is the weak learner, the resulting algorithm is called gradient-boosted trees; it
usually outperforms random forest.A gradient-boosted trees model is built in a stage-wise
fashion as in other boosting methods, but it generalizes the other methods by allowing
optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function.

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

KNN is slow supervised learning algorithm, it take more time to get trained
classification like other algorithm is divided into two step training from data and testing it on
new instance . The K Nearest Neighbour working principle is based on assignment of weight
to the each data point which is called as neighbour. In K Nearest Neighbour distance is calculate
for training dataset for each of the K Nearest data points now classification is done on basis of
majority of votes there are three types of distances need to be measured in KNN Euclidian,
Manhattan, Minkowski distance in which Euclidian will be consider most one the following
formula is used to calculate their distance.

2
9
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

In N dimensions, the Euclidean distance between two points p and q is √(∑i=1N (pi-qi)²)
where pi (or qi) is the coordinate of p (or q) in dimension i
algorithm for KNN is defined in the steps given below:
1. D represents the samples used in the training and k denotes the number of nearest neighbour.
2. Create super class for each sample class.
3. Compute Euclidian distance for every training sample
4. Based on majority of class in neighbour, classify the sample
Algorithm Implementation:
Step 1 − for implementing any algorithm, we need dataset. So during the first step of KNN, we
must load the training as well as test data.
Step 2 − Next, we need to choose the value of K i.e. the nearest data points. K can be any odd
integer.

FIGURE 5.3.1 K VALUE GRAPH

Select the K value with the Highest accuracy estimated by the trail and Error method.
Step 3 − for each point in the test data do the following
1.− Calculate the distance between test data and each row of training data with the help of
any of the method namely: Euclidean, Manhattan or Hamming distance. The most commonly
used method to calculate distance is Euclidean.
2. − Now, based on the distance value, sort them in ascending order.
3. − Next, it will choose the top K rows from the sorted array.
4. − Now, it will assign a class to the test point based on most frequent class of these rows.
Step 4 – End
Note : The selected K value should not be a even number because the even Number may cause
Ambiguity.

3
0
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Logistic regression Classifiers

Logistic regression analysis studies the association between a categorical
dependent variable and a set of independent (explanatory) variables. The name logistic
regression is used when the dependent variable has only two values, such as 0 and 1 or Yes and
No. The name multinomial logistic regression is usually reserved for the case when the
dependent variable has three or more unique values, such as Married, Single, Divorced, or
Widowed. Although the type of data used for the dependent variable is different from that of
multiple regression, the practical use of the procedure is similar. Logistic regression competes
with discriminant analysis as a method for analyzing categorical-response variables. Many
statisticians feel that logistic regression is more versatile and better suited for modeling most
situations than is discriminant analysis. This is because logistic regression does not assume that
the independent variables are normally distributed, as discriminant analysis does.

This program computes binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression
on both numeric and categorical independent variables. It reports on the regression equation as
well as the goodness of fit, odds ratios, confidence limits, likelihood, and deviance. It performs
a comprehensive residual analysis including diagnostic residual reports and plots. It can
perform an independent variable subset selection search, looking for the best regression model
with the fewest independent variables. It provides confidence intervals on predicted values and
provides ROC curves to help determine the best cutoff point for classification. It allows you to
validate your results by automatically classifying rows that are not used during the analysis.

Naïve Bayes
The naive bayes approach is a supervised learning method which is based on a simplistic
hypothesis: it assumes that the presence (or absence) of a particular feature of a class is
unrelated to the presence (or absence) of any other feature .
Yet, despite this, it appears robust and efficient. Its performance is comparable to other
supervised learning techniques. Various reasons have been advanced in the literature. In this
tutorial, we highlight an explanation based on the representation bias. The naive bayes classifier
is a linear classifier, as well as linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression or linear SVM
(support vector machine). The difference lies on the method of estimating the parameters of the
classifier (the learning bias).

3
1
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

While the Naive Bayes classifier is widely used in the research world, it is not
widespread among practitioners which want to obtain usable results. On the one hand, the
researchers found especially it is very easy to program and implement it, its parameters are easy
to estimate, learning is very fast even on very large databases, its accuracy is reasonably good
in comparison to the other approaches. On the other hand, the final users do not obtain a model
easy to interpret and deploy, they does not understand the interest of such a technique.

Thus, we introduce in a new presentation of the results of the learning process. The
classifier is easier to understand, and its deployment is also made easier. In the first part of this
tutorial, we present some theoretical aspects of the naive bayes classifier. Then, we implement
the approach on a dataset with Tanagra. We compare the obtained results (the parameters of the
model) to those obtained with other linear approaches such as the logistic regression, the linear
discriminant analysis and the linear SVM. We note that the results are highly consistent. This
largely explains the good performance of the method in comparison to others. In the second
part, we use various tools on the same dataset (Weka 3.6.0, R 2.9.2, Knime 2.1.1, Orange 2.0b
and RapidMiner 4.6.0). We try above all to understand the obtained results.

Random Forest
Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method for
classification, regression and other tasks that operates by constructing a multitude of decision
trees at training time. For classification tasks, the output of the random forest is the class
selected by most trees. For regression tasks, the mean or average prediction of the individual
trees is returned. Random decision forests correct for decision trees' habit of overfitting to their
training set. Random forests generally outperform decision trees, but their accuracy is lower
than gradient boosted trees. However, data characteristics can affect their performance.
The first algorithm for random decision forests was created in 1995 by Tin Kam Ho[1]
using the random subspace method, which, in Ho's formulation, is a way to implement the
"stochastic discrimination" approach to classification proposed by Eugene Kleinberg.
An extension of the algorithm was developed by Leo Breiman and Adele Cutler, who
registered "Random Forests" as a trademark in 2006 (as of 2019, owned by Minitab, Inc.).The
extension combines Breiman's "bagging" idea and random selection of features, introduced

3
2
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

first by Ho[1] and later independently by Amit and Geman[13] in order to construct a
collection of decision trees with controlled variance.0
Random forests are frequently used as "blackbox" models in businesses, as they generate
reasonable predictions across a wide range of data while requiring little configuration.

SVM
In classification tasks a discriminant machine learning technique aims at finding, based
on an independent and identically distributed (iid) training dataset, a discriminant function that
can correctly predict labels for newly acquired instances. Unlike generative machine learning
approaches, which require computations of conditional probability distributions, a discriminant
classification function takes a data point x and assigns it to one of the different classes that are
a part of the classification task. Less powerful than generative approaches, which are mostly
used when prediction involves outlier detection, discriminant approaches require fewer
computational resources and less training data, especially for a multidimensional feature space
and when only posterior probabilities are needed. From a geometric perspective, learning a
classifier is equivalent to finding the equation for a multidimensional surface that best separates
the different classes in the feature space.

SVM is a discriminant technique, and, because it solves the convex optimization

problem analytically, it always returns the same optimal hyperplane parameter—in contrast to
genetic algorithms (GAs) or perceptrons, both of which are widely used for classification in
machine learning. For perceptrons, solutions are highly dependent on the initialization and
termination criteria. For a specific kernel that transforms the data from the input space to the
feature space, training returns uniquely defined SVM model parameters for a given training set,
whereas the perceptron and GA classifier models are different each time training is initialized.
The aim of GAs and perceptrons is only to minimize error during training, which will translate
into several hyperplanes’ meeting this requirement.

ADA BOOST
AdaBoost, also called Adaptive Boosting, is a technique in Machine Learning used as
an Ensemble Method. The most common estimator used with AdaBoost is decision trees with
one level which means Decision trees with only 1 split. These trees are also called Decision
Stumps.

3
3
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Decision stumps are the simplest model we could construct in terms of complexity. The
algo would just guess the same label for every new example, no matter what it looked like. The
accuracy of such a model would be best if we guess whichever answer, 1 or 0, is most common
in the data. If, say, 60 percent of the examples are 1s, then we’ll get 60 percent accuracy just by
guessing 1 every time.

Decision stumps improve upon this by splitting the examples into two subsets based on the
value of one feature. Each stump chooses a feature, say X2, and a threshold, T, and then splits
the examples into the two groups on either side of the threshold.

To find the decision stump that best fits the examples, we can try every feature of the input
along with every possible threshold and see which one gives the best accuracy. While it naively
seems like there are an infinite number of choices for the threshold, two different thresholds are
only meaningfully different if they put some examples on different sides of the split. To try
every possibility, then, we can sort the examples by the feature in question and try one threshold
falling between each adjacent pair of examples.

The algorithm just described can be improved further, but even this simple version is extremely
fast in comparison to other ML algorithms (e.g. training neural networks).

3
4
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 6
TESTING

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub-assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the
process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

1. TYPES OF TESTS

1. UNIT TESTING
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic
is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches
and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform
basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately
to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

2. INTEGRATION TESTING
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing
the problems that arise from the combination of components.

3
5
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

6.1.3 FUNCTIONAL TESTING

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key
functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered
for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.

4. SYSTEM TESTING
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

5. WHITE BOX TESTING

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge
of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is
purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level

6. BLACK BOX TESTING

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which
the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides
inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

3
6
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as
two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

6.2Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects. The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications,
e.g. components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company
level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

6.3 Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

3
7
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

SYSTEM TESTING
TESTING METHODOLOGIES

The following are the Testing Methodologies:

o Unit Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o User Acceptance Testing.
o Output Testing.
o Validation Testing.

Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to ensure complete
coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module individually, ensuring
that it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.

During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are
verified for the consistency with design specification. All important processing path are tested
for the expected results. All error handling paths are also tested.

Integration Testing
Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification
and program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are
conducted. The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds
a program structure that has been dictated by design.

The following are the types of Integration Testing:

1)Top Down Integration
This method is an incremental approach to the construction of program structure.
Modules are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the
main program module. The module subordinates to the main program module are incorporated
into the structure in either a depth first or breadth first manner.
In this method, the software is tested from main module and individual stubs are
replaced when the test proceeds downwards.

3
8
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

2. Bottom-up Integration
This method begins the construction and testing with the modules at the lowest level in
the program structure. Since the modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required
for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is eliminated.
The bottom up integration strategy may be implemented with the following steps:
 The low-level modules are combined into clusters into clusters that perform a specific
Software sub-function.
 A driver (i.e.) the control program for testing is written to coordinate test case
input and output.
 The cluster is tested.
 Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward in the program structure
The bottom up approaches tests each module individually and then each module is
module is integrated with a main module and tested for functionality.

OTHER TESTING METHODOLOGIES

User Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system under
consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the prospective
system users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required. The system
developed provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even by a person who
is new to the system.

Output Testing
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed
system, since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the
specified format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated
or displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2
ways – one is on screen and another in printed format.

Validation Checking
Validation checks are performed on the following fields.
Text Field
The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size.
The text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect entry
always flashes and error message.

3
9
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Numeric Field:
The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character
flashes an error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to
perform. Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested
modules are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data
information is used in the program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the
output. The testing should be planned so that all the requirements are individually tested.
A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and
produces and output revealing the errors in the system.

Preparation of Test Data

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a
vital role in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested
using that test data. While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and
corrected by using above testing steps and corrections are also noted for future use.

Using Live Test Data:

Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system
is partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from
their normal activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the
system. In other instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files and
have them entered themselves.

It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conduct extensive testing. And,
although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the typical processing
requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical, such data generally will not
test all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This bias toward typical values then
does not provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the cases most likely to cause system
failure.

Using Artificial Test Data:

Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to
test all combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly
be prepared by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make
possible the testing of all login and control paths through the program.

4
0
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

The most effective test programs use artificial test data generated by persons other than
those who wrote the programs. Often, an independent team of testers formulates a testing plan,
using the systems specifications.
The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements specified as per
software requirement specification and was accepted.
USER TRAINING
Whenever a new system is developed, user training is required to educate them about the
working of the system so that it can be put to efficient use by those for whom the system has
been primarily designed. For this purpose the normal working of the project was demonstrated
to the prospective users. Its working is easily understandable and since the expected users are
people who have good knowledge of computers, the use of this system is very easy.

MAINTAINENCE
This covers a wide range of activities including correcting code and design errors. To
reduce the need for maintenance in the long run, we have more accurately defined the user’s
requirements during the process of system development. Depending on the requirements, this
system has been developed to satisfy the needs to the largest possible extent. With development
in technology, it may be possible to add many more features based on the requirements in future.
The coding and designing is simple and easy to understand which will make maintenance easier.

TESTING STRATEGY
A strategy for system testing integrates system test cases and design techniques into a
well-planned series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. The testing
strategy must co-operate test planning, test case design, test execution, and the resultant data
collection and evaluation. A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests
that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented
as well as high level tests that validate major system functions against user requirements.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the
ultimate review of specification design and coding. Testing represents an interesting anomaly
for the software. Thus, a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the
system is ready for user acceptance testing.

4
1
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

SYSTEM TESTING
Software once validated must be combined with other system elements (e.g. Hardware,
people, database). System testing verifies that all the elements are proper and that overall system
function performance is achieved. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system.
6.4 Manual Testing
Test Case for Brain Disease Prediction

Test Case Brain Disease Prediction

Test Description The user enters the symptoms.User answers the sub questions

Requirement Verified Yes

System should connect to network and server should be always on

Test Environment
and tested from dataset

Test setup/precondition Receive should be in connection with accept state

The user will checks the symptoms and attributes and submit the
Actions
button for diagnosis.

Expected Result The User having that Particular disease or not.

Pass /Fail Pass

Note Successfully Executed

Table 6.1
Table 6.1 Describes that The above table shows the test case for Values Entered. In
this the main importance is given to check the entered values are Compared with Dataset
values. If the values are in Matching then the test is passed.

4
2
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Test Case for Diabetes Disease Prediction

Test Case Diabetes Disease Prediction

Test Description The user enters the symptoms.User answers the sub questions

Requirement Verified Yes

System should connect to network and server should be always on

Test Environment
and tested from dataset

Test setup/precondition Receive should be in connection with accept state

The user will checks the symptoms and attributes and submit the
Actions
button for diagnosis.

Expected Result The User having that Particular disease or not.

Pass /Fail Pass

Note Successfully Executed

Table 6.2

Table 6.2Describes that The above table shows the test case for Values Entered. In
this the main importance is given to check the entered values are Compared with Dataset
values. If the values are in Matching then the test is passed.

4
3
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

Test Case for Parkinsons Disease Prediction

Test Case Parkinsons Disease Prediction

Test Description The user enters the symptoms.User answers the sub questions

Requirement Verified Yes

System should connect to network and server should be always on

Test Environment
and tested from dataset

Test setup/precondition Receive should be in connection with accept state

The user will checks the symptoms and attributes and submit the
Actions
button for diagnosis.

Expected Result The User having that Particular disease or not.

Pass /Fail Pass

Note Successfully Executed

Table 6.3

Table 6.3 Describes that The above table shows the test case for Values Entered. In
this the main importance is given to check the entered values are Compared with Dataset
values. If the values are in Matching then the test is passed.

4
4
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
8.1 DIABETES PREDICTION

FIG 8.1.1 DIABETES PREDICTION HOME PAGE

FIG 8.1.2 DIABETES PREDICTION RESULT PAGE

4
5
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

8.2 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION

FIG 8.2.1 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION HOME PAGE

FIG 8.2.2 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION RESULT PAGE

4
6
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

8.3PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREDICTION

FIG 8.3.1 PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREDICTION HOME PAGE

FIG 8.3.2 PARKINSON’S DISEASE PREDICTION RESULT PAGE

4
7
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

Multiple disease prediction using machine learning is a promising approach to

healthcare that has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat diseases. By
using machine learning algorithms to analyze large amounts of patient data, we can identify
patterns and correlations that may not be immediately apparent to human clinicians. This
approach has the potential to enable earlier diagnosis, better treatment, and improved patient
outcomes.

While there are challenges and limitations to the use of machine learning in healthcare,
such as the risk of bias and the need for diverse and representative data, ongoing research and
development in this field is helping to address these challenges and unlock the full potential of
multiple disease prediction using machine learning.

As technology continues to evolve and more data becomes available, it is likely that
machine learning algorithms will become increasingly sophisticated and accurate, leading to
even better patient outcomes and more personalized medicine. Multiple disease prediction using
machine learning has the potential to transform healthcare, and it is an exciting area of research
that holds great promise for the future.

4
8
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 9
FUTURE WORK

Incorporating more data sources: Currently, multiple disease prediction systems

typically rely on electronic health records and medical imaging data. In the future, other data
sources such as wearable devices, social media, and environmental data could be integrated into
these systems to provide a more comprehensive picture of a patient's health.

Addressing data bias: As with all machine learning algorithms, bias in the training data
can lead to inaccurate predictions and perpetuate health disparities. Future work should focus
on developing methods to address and mitigate data bias, such as using more diverse and
representative datasets, and incorporating fairness and equity considerations into the algorithm
development process.

Advancing personalized medicine: Multiple disease prediction using machine learning

has the potential to enable more personalized and precise medicine, by predicting an individual's
risk of developing specific diseases based on their unique medical history and other factors.
Future work should focus on developing personalized treatment plans based on these
predictions, including targeted prevention strategies and personalized treatment options.

4
9
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES

1. Arvind Kumar Tiwari, “Machine Learning based Approaches for Prediction of

Parkinson’s Disease”, Machine Learning and Applications: An International Journal
(MLAU) vol. 3, June 2016.
2. Carlo Ricciardi, et al, “Using gait analysis’ parameters to classify Parkinsonism: A data
mining approach” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine vol. 180, Oct.
2019.
3. Dr. Anupam Bhatia and Raunak Sulekh, “Predictive Model for Parkinson’s Disease
through Naive Bayes Classification” International Journal of Computer Science &
Communication vol. 9, Dec. 2017, pp. 194- 202, Sept 2017 - March 2018.
4. Dragana Miljkovic et al, “Machine Learning and Data Mining Methods for Managing
Parkinson’s Disease” LNAI 9605, pp 209-220, 2016.
5. M. Abdar and M. Zomorodi-Moghadam, “Impact of Patients’ Gender on Parkinson’s
disease using Classification Algorithms” Journal of AI and Data Mining, vol. 6, 2018.
6. M. A. E. Van Stiphout, J. Marinus, J. J. Van Hilten, F. Lobbezoo, and C. De Baat, “Oral
health of Parkinson’s disease patients: a case-control study,” Parkinson’s Disease, vol.
2018, Article ID 9315285, 8 pages, 2018.
7. Md. Redone Hassan et al, “A Knowledge Base Data Mining based on Parkinson’s
Disease” International Conference on System Modelling & Advancement in Research
Trends, 2019.
8. H. EL Massari, S. Mhammedi, Z. Sabouri, and N. Gherabi, “Ontology-Based Machine
Learning to Predict Diabetes Patients,” in Advances in Information, Communication
and Cybersecurity, Cham, 2022, pp. 437–445. doi: 10.1007/978- 3-030-91738-8_40.
9. F. Alaa Khaleel and A. M. Al-Bakry, “Diagnosis of diabetes using machine learning
algorithms,” Mater. Today Proc., Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.196.
10. J. J. Khanam and S. Y. Foo, “A comparison of machine learning algorithms for diabetes
prediction,” ICT Express, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 432–439, Dec. 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.icte.2021.02.004.
11. P. Cıhan and H. Coşkun, “Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Models for
Diabetes Prediction,” in 2021 29th Signal Processing and Communications Applications
Conference (SIU), Jun. 2021, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/SIU53274.2021.9477824.

5
0
 lOMoARcPSD|28341130

Multiple Disease prediction using machine learning

12. M. A. Sarwar, N. Kamal, W. Hamid, and M. A. Shah, “Prediction of Diabetes Using

Machine Learning Algorithms in Healthcare,” in 2018 24th International Conference on
Automation and Computing (ICAC), Sep. 2018, pp. 1–6. doi:
10.23919/IConAC.2018.8748992.
13. Y. Jian, M. Pasquier, A. Sagahyroon, and F. Aloul, “A Machine Learning Approach to
Predicting Diabetes Complications,” Healthcare, vol. 9, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Dec. 2021,
doi: 10.3390/healthcare9121712.
14. S. Barik, S. Mohanty, S. Mohanty, and D. Singh, “Analysis of Prediction Accuracy of
Diabetes Using Classifier and Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques,” in Intelligent and
Cloud Computing, Singapore, 2021, pp. 399–409. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-6202-0_41.
15. Santhana Krishnan J and Geetha S, “Prediction of Heart Disease using Machine
Learning Algorithms” ICIICT, 2019.
16. Aditi Gavhane, Gouthami Kokkula, Isha Panday, Prof. Kailash Devadkar, “Prediction
of Heart Disease using Machine Learning”, Proceedings of the 2nd International
conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology(ICECA), 2018.
17. Senthil kumar mohan, chandrasegar thirumalai and Gautam Srivastva, “Effective Heart
Disease Prediction Using Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques” IEEE Access 2019.
18. Himanshu Sharma and M A Rizvi, “Prediction of Heart Disease using Machine Learning
Algorithms: A Survey” International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in
Computing and Communication Volume: 5 Issue: 8 , IJRITCC August 2017.
19. M. Nikhil Kumar, K. V. S. Koushik, K. Deepak, “Prediction of Heart Diseases Using
Data Mining and Machine Learning Algorithms and Tools” International Journal of
Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
,IJSRCSEIT 2019.
20. Amandeep Kaur and Jyoti Arora,“Heart Diseases Prediction using Data Mining
Techniques: A survey” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science , IJARCS 2015-2019.
21. Pahulpreet Singh Kohli and Shriya Arora, “Application of Machine Learning in
Diseases Prediction”, 4th International Conference on Computing Communication And
Automation(ICCCA), 2018.

5
1