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StaticVarGeneratorSVG-FawazZaka

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/362805994

Static Var Generator - An Overview

Technical Report · August 2022

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Fawaz Zaka
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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ORANGE LINE METRO RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM


THIRD RAIL DEPARTMENT

Report: Static Var Generator – An Overview

Name: Fawaz Zaka


Supervisor: Mr. Sheraz Ali Assistant Engr Third Rail
Date: August 08, 2022
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1.1 Abstract:
The purpose of this report is to understand the basic principle of Static Var Generator. Static Var
Generator (SVG) is a power-electronics device used in parallel with load that requires mitigation
of harmonics hence improving the power factor of the load. SVG acts as a controlled current source
that can provide any current waveform in real time. In plain words this device is used to improve
the power factor of the load.

1.2 Objective:
The main objective of this report is to grasp an understanding about the definition, working
principle and applications of Static Var Generator.

1.3 Introduction:
First, we will understand the power factor and how can we improve it then we will discuss the ways to
improve it. We will discuss the SVG and its mechanism of improving the power factor.

1.3.1 Power Factor


Power Factor is the measurement of incoming power being converted into the useful power. It is defined
as effectively incoming power is used in your electrical system to convert current into output power. It is
defined as the ratio of Real (working) power to Apparent (total) power.
Active Power ( ) 𝑷
Power Factor = =
Apparent Power ( ) 𝑺

We can understand this with the help of Power Triangle:

 Active Power is real or average power


 Reactive Power is unused power
 Apparent Power is combination of both

1.3.2 Benefits of Improving Power Factor


• Increase in efficiency (Output/Input) of system and devices
• Low Voltage Drop
• Reduction in size of a conductor and cable which reduces cost of the Copper
• An Increase in available power
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• Line Losses (Copper Losses) 𝐼 𝑅 are reduced


• Appropriate Size of Electrical Machines can be used (Transformer, Generators etc.)
• Eliminate the penalty of low power factor from the Electric Supply Company
• Low kWh (Kilo Watt per hour)
• Saving in the power bill
• Better usage of power system, lines and generators etc.
• Saving in energy as well as rating and the cost of the electrical devices and equipment is reduced.

1.4 Working Principle


The SVG is used in parallel with the load. At first a power transformer is used to step down the voltage
from the high voltage bus bar to feed the medium voltage bus bar. The medium voltage bus bar then feeds
the Thyristor switching capacitor and the thyristor controller reactors. The firing rate of thyristor is
controlled by an external controller. This external controller manages the firing rate of the thyristors to
inject reactive power into the system through inductors or absorb reactive power from the system through
capacitors.

HV Bus bar

SVG

MV Bus bar

Figure 1 Single Phase Arrangement of SVG

1.4.1 External Controller


The external controller takes the measurement of active power and reactive power of the HV bus bar from
a separate potential transformer. Then we set the parameters according to our desired values of power factor
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improvement or decrement. We can absorb the reactive power through capacitor banks and inject the
reactive power through reactor banks.

1.4.2 Thyristor Switching Capacitors (TSC)


A thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in
electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor
valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor switched capacitor is an important
component of a Static VAR Generator (SVG), where it is often used in conjunction with a thyristor-
controlled reactor (TCR). Static VAR compensators are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system
(FACTS) family.

1.4.3 Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)


In an electric power transmission system, a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) is a reactance connected in
series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. The thyristor valve is phase-controlled, which allows the value
of delivered reactive power to be adjusted to meet varying system conditions.
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1.4.4 Working Mechanism


• Load current is detected through external current transformers and fed to the internal Digital
Signal Processor and CPU where an Instantaneous Reactive Power algorithm separates the
active power from the reactive power.
• Compensating reactive power requirement is dynamically and accurately calculated and sent
to the IGBT control where a PWM signal is generated at a switching frequency of 20kHz. A
compensating capacitive reactive power or inductive reactive power is injected into the power
system.
• Thus, a capacitive current or inductive current will flow, creating a reactive power exchange
with the network.

Figure 2 Typical Layout of three phase Static Var Generator

1.4.5 Operation of SVG


The SVG instantly compensates and adjusts according to demand of improvement in power factor
in a matter of milliseconds.
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1.5 Applications of SVG


 When the load generates inductive or capacitive reactive power, it makes load current lagging or leading
the voltage by an angle.
 An SVG detects the phase angle difference between voltage and current and injects in real time leading
or lagging current into the electric power systems according to the required power factor, making the
phase angle of the current almost the same as that of the voltage, bringing power factor to unity or any
desired value.
 SVG is used in Power Station where there is need to improve power factor to avoid transmission uses.
 They are used in highly dynamic loads the power factor fluctuates rapidly or in big steps like cranes,
sawmill machinery, welding machines, etc.
 Solar inverters and wind turbine generators.
 Railway electrification systems: Trains & trams

1.6 Why it is better than Capacitor Banks


Low power factor increases the active energy losses of installations and affects their stability. It is typically
caused by inductive or capacitive loads that demand extra reactive power to perform properly. Other
contributors to low power factor are harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads and the change of load
in the electric power system. SVGs deliver real-time inductive or capacitive reactive power compensation.
Rapid response time provides stable and accurate power factor correction without the drawbacks of
conventional solutions like capacitor banks and reactor banks.

1.7 Conclusion
In this report we studied the definition, working principle and applications of SVG. First, we studied the
single-phase diagram of SVG for conveniently understanding o working of SVG. Then we studied the three-
phase scheme and its components, lastly, we discussed its applications and uses and learned why it is better
than capacitor banks.

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