1

TITLE

By

Zainab Saeed

2017-ag-1852

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY
MATHEMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS,
FACULTY OF SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
FAISALABAD
2024

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that the contents of the Thesis " TITLE " are product of my own
research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the reference,
standard mathematical or general models/ equations/ formulae/ protocols etc.). I further
declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/ degree. The
University may take the action if the information provided is found incorrect at any stage.

Zainab Saeed
2017-ag-1852

3
The Controller of Examinations,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad,

“We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis
submitted By Anser Abbas (Regd. No. 2022-ag-1059) have been found satisfactory and
recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the external examiner (s) for the award
of degree.”

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

SUPERVISOR: ________________________________
Mr. Muhammad Nadeem Saeed

MEMBER: _______________________________
Dr. Madiha Ghamkhar

MEMBER: ________________________________
Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

4
 DEDICATION

This humble effort and the fruit of this study is dedicated

To

ALMIGHTY ALLAH

Who is the most Merciful and Beneficent

To

Hazrat Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬

Who is the greatest social Reformer and best lover of Humanity

To

My Dear Parents

Whom hands always raised for my well beings and success, and by virtue of whose
prayer I have been able to reach this position.

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"Al-Hamdu-Lillah" (All Praises belong to Allah, the Almighty, our Creator

and Sustainer). I would thank to Almighty Allah, the source of knowledge and
wisdom, who endowed me with the abilities for successful execution of this M. phil
research work.

A man cannot produce anything in a vacuum isolated from everything. He

requires a lot of help from many people. I would like to express my gratitude to all who
helped me in producing this piece of work.

I have been fortunate to work under dynamic supervision of Mr. Muhammad

Nadeem Saeed, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences and I am
thankful to my supervisory committee member Dr. Madiha Ghamkhar and Dr.
Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad. Their intellectual inspiration, valuable guidance, encouragement
and sparing time from his busy schedules for lengthy stimulating discussions have been
invaluable to me. I have learned a lot from them professionally as well as personally,
which has significantly improved my professional capabilities.

I want to express my great appreciation and sincerest gratitude to my best teacher,

my inspiration … for her moral support and best wishes during my whole study.

I am very thankful to my best friend … from the core of my heart for her dynamic
observation, marvelous guidance, and good company. Her presence in my life has
brought companionship and I am grateful for her unwavering support.

I would fail in my thankfulness unless I acknowledged the moral support, good

wishes, inspirations and unceasing prayers of my affectionate father (…), my mother
(…), Brothers and Sisters without which the present destination would have been merely
a dream. May ALLAH bless all these people with long, happy and peaceful lives
(Ameen).

Anser
Abbas

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter. Title Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 43

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 51

5 SUMMARY 66

REFERENCES 68

7
8
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Pag.
Title
No. No.
4.1 52

4.2 52

4.3 53

4.4 54

4.5 55

4.6 55

4.7 56

4.8 57

4.9 60

9
 LIST OF FIGURE

Table Pag.
Title
No. No.
1.1 11

4.1 59

4.2 61

62
4.3

4.4 63

10
 ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
The Transportation problem is a special type of linear programming problem
which deals with the distribution of single product (raw or finished) from
various sources of supply to various destination of demand in such a way
that the total transportation cost is minimized. There are many effective
algorithms for solving the transportation problems when all the decision
parameters, i.e. the supply available at each source, the demand required at
each destination as well as the unit transportation costs are given in a
precised way. There are two types of transportation problems

1. Balanced Transportation Problem

2. Unbalanced Transportation Problem

11
Transportation Problem is classified as Balanced and Unbalanced transportation problem. A
transportation problem is said to be balanced if total supply from all sources is equal to the
aggregate demand of all destinations. Otherwise, it is called unbalanced transportation problem.
If supply from sources is higher than demand, then we add a dummy column to make the
problem balanced. If demand is higher than supply, then we have to add dummy row to convert
given unbalanced problem to balanced problem.(Ghadle & Munot, 2019)

But in real life, there are many diverse situations due to uncertainty in one
or more decision parameters and hence they may be expressed in a precise
way. Measurement inaccuracy, lack of evidence, computational errors, and
high information cost, whether conditions etc. could be some of the reasons
uncertainty. Hence we cannot apply the traditional classical methods to
solve the transportation problems successfully. Therefore the use of Fuzzy
transportation problems is more appropriate to model and solve the real
world problems. A fuzzy transportation problem is a transportation problem
in which the transportation costs, supply and demand are fuzzy quantities.
Bellman and Zadeh [2] proposed the concept of decision making in Fuzzy
environment. After this pioneering work, several authors such as Shiang-Tai
Liu and Chiang Kao[12], Chanas et al[1],Pandian et.al [11], Liu and Kao [10]
etc proposed different methods for the solution of Fuzzy transportation
problems. Chanas and Kuchta [1] proposed the concept of the optimal
solution for the Transportation with Fuzzy coefficient expressed as Fuzzy
numbers. Chanas,Kuchta [4] developed a concept of optimal solution of the
transportation with Fuzzy cost co-efficient, Fuzzy sets and systems. Liu and
Kao [10] described a method to solve a Fuzzy Transportation problem based
on extension principle. They introduced a genetic algorithm to solve
Transportation with Fuzzy objective functions.Nagoor Gani and Abdul Razak
[7] obtained a fuzzy solution for a two stage cost minimizing fuzzy
transportation problem in which supplies and demands are trapezoidal fuzzy
numbers. Shanmugasundari,Ganesan[6] solved Fuzzy optimal solution of
fuzzy transportation problem. Pandian and Natarajan [11] proposed a Fuzzy
zero point method for finding a Fuzzy optimal solution for Fuzzy
transportation problem where all parameters are trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.
In general, most of the existing techniques provide only crisp solutions for
the fuzzy transportation problem.(Anithakumari et al., 2017)

1.1 Fuzzy set

12
 A fuzzy set is characterized by a membership function mapping element of a domain,
space or universe of discourse X to the unit interval [0, 1] i.e. A = {(x, μA(x); x ∈
X}, Here μA: X →[0,1] is a mapping called the degree of membership function of
the fuzzy set A and μA(x) is called the membership value of x ε X in the fuzzy set A.
These membership grades are often represented by real numbers ranging from [0,1].
(SinghChauhan & Joshi, 2013)
1.2 Fuzzy Number
A fuzzy number is a generalization of a regular real number and which does not refer to a
single value but rather to a connected a set of possible values, where each possible value
has its weight between 0 and 1. The weight is called the membership function. A fuzzy

number is a convex normalized fuzzy set on the real line R such that There exists at least
one μ ( x )=1
μ ( x )is piecewise continuous.(Kumar et al., 2020)

1.2.1 Triangular Fuzzy Number (TFN)

( a 1 , a 2 , a3 ) a 1 , a2 ∧a3
A triangular fuzzy number is denoted by 3-tuples , where
are real numbers and a 1 ≤ a2 ≤ a3 with membership function defined as

1.2.2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number[TrFN]

A trapezoidal Fuzzy number is denoted by 4-tuples = where

and are real numbers and with membership function defined

as

13
1.2.3 Octagonal Fuzzy Number[OFN]

A fuzzy number is a normal Octagonal Fuzzy Number denoted by

Where and are real numbers and its membership function

is given below,

One major linear programming problem in network contexts that has received a
lot of attention in scholarly literature is the transportation problem. The goal of this
challenge is to minimize the overall cost of transportation while utilizing the origin's
inventory to meet destination demands. It is used in a variety of situations, including
planning, manufacturing, investing, locating plants, managing inventories, and
employment planning. Transportation issues are usually addressed in the context of well-

14
defined supply, demand, and transportation costs. But decision-makers frequently don't
have exact knowledge of these parameters. Fuzzy sets can be used to simulate the
components of transportation problems when faced with ambiguous or inaccurate data;
this results in what are known as fuzzy transportation problems. A large number of
scholars have studied these fuzzy transportation problems (Kane et al., 2021).

One of the first known uses of applied mathematics is the transportation problem.
Transport models help to simplify value chains and have a wide range of applications.
Economic algorithms have been created to handle the transportation problem given exact
knowledge of supply and demand quantities, as well as value coefficients. However,
because only approximate data are typically available, decision-making frequently
depends on approximations (Muthukumar et al., 2020).

One of the most sophisticated uses of operations research is in the analysis of

transportation problems (TPs). When exact cost coefficients and market volumes are
available, supply chain managers heavily utilize these models to optimize cost
predictions. Unforeseen events will inevitably lead to a global preponderance of
uncertainty and instability. The demand-supply ratios and cost coefficients of a TP may
not always be obvious due to a variety of reasons (Gurukumaresan et al., 2021).

Fuzzy supply, demand, and transportation costs are characteristics of a fuzzy

transportation problem. In addition to introducing a method for handling transportation
problems with fuzzy parameters, Michael has looked at the connection between the
deterministic version of the problem and the mathematical formulation of the ideal
solution (Malini & Kennedy, 2013).

The term fuzzy logic emerged because decision-makers frequently encounter

situations in real-world scenarios where responses cannot be categorized as yes or no.
Fuzzy programming can be useful in certain situations for modeling purposes. The use of
linear programming techniques can be expanded through fuzzy linear programming.
Hitchcock originally introduced the transportation problem in 1941, and it is a well-
known application of linear programming. Because of unanticipated events, there will
always be imprecision and randomness. The cost coefficients, supply, and demand
quantities in transportation problems might occasionally be unclear because of a variety
of uncontrollable circumstances, including traffic, delivery penalties, road dangers, and

15
meteorological conditions like rain, snow, or floods. Zadeh presented the idea to address
ambiguous information in decision-making (Roy et al., 2020).

Applications of the transportation problem (TP) include scheduling, workforce

scheduling, inventory management, performance optimization, spending management,
and facility selection. Effective solutions to the transportation problem can be given if all
characteristics, including supply, demand, and unit transportation costs (TC), are clearly
known. Nonetheless, it is imperative to comprehend how to handle the transportation
issue in an uncertain environment. In addition, companies and institutions are urged to
give cost-effective and ecologically responsible modes of transportation top priority,
considering the significance of environmental issues and strict regulations. In order to
address the transportation problem (TP), this work presents a novel ranking function that
uses fuzzy triangular numbers to describe fuzzy demand and supply (DAS). The least cost
approach and the northwest corner method are then used to compare the outcomes after
the fuzzy model has been converted and simplified into a crisp model (Mitlif, 2023).

1.3

Up to 10 pages

Objectives
The objectives of study are:
 To
 To
 To

16
CHAPTER 02

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Kaur and Kumar (2011) discussed the introduction of a novel approach for
resolving transportation related issues in a fuzzy environment. Existing methods typically
used common fuzzy numbers to illustrate parameters, but the concept of generalized
fuzzy numbers was introduced due to limitations of the former. Fegade (2012) discussed
the significance of optimization methods in addressing real-world issues such as project
planning and task management. It highlighted the primary objective was to minimize
transportation costs within a capacitated network, where market demand and edge
capacities and costs were depicted as fuzzy numbers. The paper proposed a ranking
system to address fuzzy transportation problems and characterized supply and demand as
triangular fuzzy numbers.

SinghChauhan and Joshi (2013) looked into the use of fuzzy representations of
supply, demand, and costs. It refined Vogel's Approximation method and suggested a
ranking technique for the fuzzy optimal solution utilizing trapezoidal fuzzy numbers,
which was found to perform better than previous algorithms. Furthermore, the discussion
has focused on the representation of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.

Ahmed and Khan (2015) created a new approach to locate a TP's first basic
feasible solution when the transportation matrix included both real and fuzzy values. A
numerical example was also used to clarify the solution process. Vimala and Prabha
(2016) discussed the Transportation Problem (TP), which involved the movement of
commodities between various sources and destinations. It outlined traditional methods for
computing initial basic feasible solutions, including the North-West corner method, least
cost method, and others. It highlighted the use of fuzzy numbers to represent
transportation costs and constraints, offering a more realistic approach. The objective
function, aiming to increase total profit or decrease total cost, was also treated as a fuzzy
number.

17
 Anithakumari et al. (2017) explained the transportation problem, which is a basic
linear programming application. It points out that regular fuzzy integers are typically used
as parameters in existing approaches for solving transportation problems in fuzzy
environments. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used in the paper to represent transportation
cost, availability, and demand in a broad fuzzy transportation problem. Because of the
inherent imprecision and uncertainty, it creates a fuzzy version of Vogel's methods to
identify the fuzzy optimal solution. To get the best outcomes, crisp values are employed
in complex formulations.

Ghadle and Pathade (2017) discussed the significance of the transportation

problem in time scheduling and routine chain minimization. It highlighted how
complicated and unpredictable transportation operations can be handled by using the
fuzzy transportation problem. Furthermore, it highlighted the objective of optimizing
program schedules to reduce transportation costs and time. Pathade and Ghadle (2018)
explained various kinds of fuzzy numbers were used to represent sources, destinations,
and expenses in a transportation problem. Real, fuzzy, and intuitionistic fuzzy numbers
were employed to determine the optimal response. The best answer in terms of triangular
intuitionistic fuzzy numbers was discovered using mixed intuitionistic fuzzy BCM.

Ghadle and Munot (2019) explored how the transportation issue is a key example
of how linear programming is used in operations research. It was displayed through a
survey table with comments that went along with it, highlighting current developments in
techniques for resolving fuzzy transportation difficulties and transportation challenges.
Overall, it provided a solid basis for further research in transportation problem-solving
methodologies. Kumar et al. (2020) focused on determining transportation costs using the
Harmonic Mean Method for generalized octagonal fuzzy numbers. It employed a ranking
procedure to defuse the data and demonstrated the process through a numerical example.

Mitlif et al. (2020) used pentagonal fuzzy numbers to address the best
approximation solution to a certain kind of optimization problem called a fuzzy
transportation problem. For fuzzy transportation problems, the supply, demand, and cost
values were treated as pentagonal fuzzy numbers. These fuzzy numbers were transformed
into crisp values using a newly proposed ranking function. By comparing it with
conventional ranking methods, superior outcomes were attainable with the assistance of
this innovative ranking approach. VAM method was subsequently utilized to derive the

18
solution. Several trials were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the suggested
method.

Srinivasan et al. (2020) introduced a novel method that accounts for the decision-
makers' uncertainty regarding the precise quantities of supply, demand, and transportation
costs. In the proposed technique, supply, demand, and transportation costs were
represented by triangular fuzzy numbers. The approach ranked several types of triangular
fuzzy numbers and was simple to assess.

Srinivasan et al. (2021) discussed the significance of fuzzy numbers in dynamic

problems, data analysis, and economic decision-making. It emphasizes the importance of
determining the ranking of fuzzy numbers in various mathematical models. Numerous
approaches have been put out to identify the best solutions for transportation-related
issues, and this study introduces a novel ranking method. This technique transforms the
generalized Fuzzy transportation problem into a crisp-valued one, offering a innovative
strategy to uncovering the Fuzzy optimal solution.

Beaula et al. (2022) examined the fuzzy transportation problem, where Hexagonal
Fuzzy Numbers (HFN) were used to quantify supply, demand, and transportation costs. It
explored positioning strategies for HFN and focused on identifying an appropriate
defuzzification method. The study's main goal was to determine the lowest transportation
cost in comparison to alternative methods. Ghadle (2023) discussed the transportation
model within Linear Programming Problems (LPP), with a focus on minimizing
allocation costs from multiple sources to specific destinations for consumption. It
explored the application of a fully fuzzy transportation model, where sources and
destinations were represented using heptagonal FN and nonagonal FN, respectively. The
conversion of fuzzy representations to crisp forms was facilitated by a ranking function.

Vivek and Uma (2024) provided a strategy for resolving the Intuitionistic Fuzzy
Transportation Problem (IFTP) that is based on the sign distance ranking accuracy
number. The Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (TIFN) and the IFTP's membership
and non-membership functions are taken into consideration in this instance. The TIFN are
transformed to crisp data by a sign distance ranking technique. Based on this ranking
crisp data, the initial and the optimal outcome of the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Transportation
Problem are obtained.

UP TO 20 PAGES
19
20
CHAPTER 03

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 One-Dimensional. Differential Transform. Method

3.2 Two-Dimensional Differential Transform Method

3.3 The Differential Transforms Procedure Bases are Listed Below.

Sr# Original function Transformed function

Definition

Definition

3.5 Theorem:

3.6 Theorem:

3.7 Theorem:

MINIMUM 10 PAGES.

21
 CHAPTER 04

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Problem 01:

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. (71,72,73,74, 75, (66,67,68,69, (80,81,82,83, (78,79,80,81, (86,87,88,89,

76,77,78) 70,71,72,74) 84,85,86,88) 82,83,84,85) 90,91,92,94)

B. (82,83,84,85, (76,78,80,82, (92,93,94,95, (84,85,86,87, (130,135,140,145,

86,87,88,90) 83,84,85,86) 96,97,98,100) 88,89,90,92) 150,155,160,170)

C. (98,99,100,101, (86,87,88,89, (132,133,134,135, (114,115,116,118, (210,215,220,225,

102,103,104,106) 90,91,92,94) 136,137,138,140) 120,122,124,126) 230,235,240,250)

D. (96,97,98,99, (92,93,94,95, (110,112,113,114, (100,102,104,106, (140,145,150,160,

100,101,102,103) 96,97,98,100) 115,116,118,120) 108,112,116,118) 170,180,190,200)

Demand (90,92,94,96, (180,190,195,200, (160,165,170,175, (120,130,140,150,

98,100,105,110) 205,210,215,220) 180,185,190,195) 160,170,180,190)

Using the Robust Ranking Technique the above problem can be reduced as follows:

22
 2∗71+3∗72+4∗73+5∗74 +5∗75+ 4∗76+3∗77+ 2∗78
R(71,72,73,74, 75, 76,77,78)= =74.5
28

R(82,83,84,85, 86,87,88,90)= 85.5

R(98,99,100,101, 102,103,104,106)= 105.5

R(96,97,98,99, 100,101,102,103)= 99.5

R(66,67,68,69, 70,71,72,74)= 69.5

R(76,78,80,82, 83,84,85,86)= 81.5

R(86,87,88,89, 90,91,92,94)= 89.5

R(92,93,94,95, 96,97,98,100)= 95.5

R(80,81,82,83, 84,85,86,88)= 83.5

R(92,93,94,95, 96,97,98,100)= 95.5

R(132,133,134,135, 136,137,138,140)= 135.5

R(110,112,113,114, 115,116,118,120)= 114.5

R(78,79,80,81, 82,83,84,85)= 81.5

R(84,85,86,87, 88,89,90,92)= 87.5

R(114,115,116,118, 120,122,124,126)= 119

R(100,102,104,106, 108,112,116,118)= 108

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 74.5 69.5 83.5 81.5 89.5

B. 85.5 81.5 95.5 87.5 148

C. 101.5 89.5 135.5 119 228

D. 99.5 95.5 114.5 108 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

∑Demand=∑Supply

So this is balanced Transportation problem.

23
Applying Average Mean modulated method.
Table 1.

Difference of least and greater cost of rows and columns in superscripts and subscripts.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

5 0 14 12
A. 74.50 69.50 83.50 81.50 89.5

B. 85.511
4 0
81.512 95.512
14
87.56
6
148

C. 101.527
12 0
89.520 135.552
46
119 37.5
29.5
228

D. 99.525
4 0
95.526 114.5 31
19
10826.5
12.5
166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply P1

5 0 14 12
A. 74.50 69.50 83.50 89.5 81.50 89.5 14

B. 85.511
4
81.512
0
95.512
14
87.56
6
148 14

C. 101.527
12
89.520
0
135.552
46
119 37.5
29.5
228 46

D. 99.525
4
95.526
0
114.5 31
19
10826.5
12.5
166.5 19

Deman 98 201.5 177.5 155

d

P1 27 26 52 37.5

Table 2.

We need to delete Row for further calculation where the supply from a given source is
depleted.

24
 Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply P2

A. 85.511
4
81.512
0
95.512
14
87.56
6
148 14

201.5

B. 101.527
12
89.520
0
135.552
46 29.5
119 37.5 228 46

C. 99.525
4
95.526
0
114.5 31
19
10826.5
12.5
166.5 19

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

P2 16 14 40 31.5

Table 3.

We need to delete Column for further calculation where the Demand is satisfied.

Table 4.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply P3

A. 85.511
4
95.512
14
88 87.56
6
148 10

B. 101.527
12
135.552
46 29.5
119 37.5 228 34

C. 99.525
4
114.5 31
19 12.5
10826.5 166.5 15

Demand
Sources 98 1. 4. 177.5 155
Supply P4 We need to delete
Column for further
P3 A. 1685.5 4 4066 60
87.5 148 31.5 2
11 calculation where
the Demand is
satisfied.
B. 101.527
12 29.5
119 37.5 228 17.5

Table 4.

C. 99.525
4
10826.5
12.5
166.5 8.5

Demand 98 155 25

P4 16 31.5
Table 5.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

5 0 14 12
A. 74.50 69.50 83.50 (89.5) 81.50 89.5

B. 85.511
4
81.512
0 14
95.512 (88)
6
87.56 (60) 148

C. 12
101.527 (26.5)
0
89.520 (201.5) 135.552
46 29.5
119 37.5 228

D. 4
99.525 (71.5) 95.526
0
114.5 31
19
166.5
12.5
108 26.5 (95)

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

=83.5*89.5+95.5*88+87.5*60+101.5*26.5+89.5*201.5+99.5*71.5+108*95

=7473.25+8404+5250+2689.75+18034.25+7114.25+10260

=52826.5

Applying ASM method

Table 1.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 74.5 69.5 83.5 81.5 89.5

B. 85.5 81.5 95.5 87.5 148

C. 101.5 89.5 135.5 119 228

26
 D. 99.5 95.5 114.5 108 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Row Minimum

Table 2.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 5 0 14 12 89.5

B. 4 0 14 6 148

C. 12 0 46 29.5 228

D. 4 0 19 12.5 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Column Minimum

Table 3.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 1 0 0 6 89.5

B. 0 0 0 0 148

C. 8 0 32 23.5 228

D. 0 0 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Table 4.

27
 Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 1 03 02 89.5 6 89.5

B. 04 06 04 (03) 148

C. 8 03 32 23.5 228

D. 02 04 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Table 5.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 04 05 03 03 148

B. 8 02 201.5 32 23.5 228

C. 02 03 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

Table 6.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

A. 04 03 03 148

B. 8 32 23.5 228

C. 02 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Row Minimum

Table 7.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

28
 A. 04 02 02 148

B. 02 26.5 24 15.5 228

C. 02 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Table 8.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

A. 03 02 02 148

B. 01 71.5 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Table 9.

Sources 3. 4. Supply

A. 02 02 148

B. 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 177.5 155

Table 10.

Sources 3. 4. Supply

A. 02 01 148 148

B. 01 88 1.5 166.5

Demand 177.5 155

29
Table 11.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 74.5 69.5 83.5(89.5) 81.5 89.5

B. 85.5 81.5 95.5 87.5(14.8) 148

C. 101.5 (26.5) 89.5(201.5) 135.5 119 228

D. 99.5 (71.5) 95.5 114.5(88) 108(7) 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

=83.5 (89.5) +87.5 (14.8) +101.5 (26.5) +89.5 (201.5) +99.5 (71.5) +114.5 (88) +108(7)

=47438.5

Applying Zero Suffix method

First two steps of ASM and Zero Suffix Method are same so we will use table 3 of
ASM Method

Table 3.

Sources 1. 2. 3. 4. Supply

A. 1 0 (S=0.3) 0(S=2) 6 89.5

B. 0(S=3) 0(S=0) 0(S=8) 0(S=9.83) 148

C. 8 0(S=10) 201.5 32 23.5 228

D. 0(S=4) 0(S=1.7) 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 201.5 177.5 155

30
Now we have to find Suffix value

adjacant sides of zeros

S =
no of costs

Table 4.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

A. 1 0(S=2.33 6 89.5
)

B. 0(S=3) 0(S=8) 0(S=7.17) 148

C. 0(S=8) 26.5 24 15.5 228

D. 0(S=2.5) 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Table 4.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

A. 1 0(S=2.33 6 89.5
)

B. 0(S=0.3) 0(S=1.25 0(S=4.17) 148 148

)

C. 0(S=2.5) 5 6.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Table 4.

Sources 1. 3. 4. Supply

31
 A. 1 0(S=2) 0(S=0.25) 89.5

B. 0(S=3) 71.5 5 0.5 166.5

Demand 98 177.5 155

Table 4.

Sources 3. 4. Supply

A. 0(S=2.25) 89.5 0(S=0) 89.5

B. 4.5 0(S=2.25) 7 166.5

Demand 177.5 155

=7473.25+12950+2689.75+18034.25+7114.25+10076+756

=59093.5

Applying average mean modulated method, Table corresponding to Optimal solution is =

52826.5

Applying ASM method, Table corresponding to Optimal solution is = 47438.5

Applying zero suffix method, Table corresponding to Optimal solution is = 59093.5

32
Problem 02:

ACCORDING TO YOUR OWN SUPERVISOR.

33
Discussion of Results

2 PAGES :

34
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY

1 PAGE

35
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