RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C)

CIRCUITS
 Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe an electric circuit containing an alternating current.

2. Analyze series and parallel connection to calculate the
resistance, inductance and capacitance of an AC Circuit.
3. Analyze electric circuits to determine the voltages and
currents in electric circuits that contain inductor and
capacitor.
 Resistance
• The behavior of pure RESISTOR in an AC Circuit is exactly similar to that
DC Circuit.
DC Circuit
Current and voltage are in phase.
 Inductor
• A pure INDUCTOR in an AC Circuit takes current that lags behind the
impressed voltage by exactly 90 electrical degrees.
 Capacitor
• A perfect CAPACITOR in AC Circuit takes current that lead the impressed
voltage by exactly 90 electrical degrees.
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C)
CIRCUITS
• Impedance (Z)
Joint effect of resistance
Z = R ± jX
• Reactance (jX)
The property of inductor or capacitor that opposes the flow of
current.
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Reactance (X) and Impedance (Z)
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Behavior of Loads of AC Circuits
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C)
CIRCUITS
•

Where:
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
wave ( volt)
Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
(amp)
e or v– rms value of the voltage (volt)
i - rms value of the current (amp)
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C)
CIRCUITS
•
Where:
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
wave ( volt)
Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
(amp)
E or V – rms value of the voltage (volt)
I - rms value of the current (amp)
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C)
CIRCUITS
•
Where:
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
wave ( volt)
Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
(amp)
E or V – rms value of the voltage (volt)
I - rms value of the current (amp)
BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
Module 6
Engr. Jenica Ariane C. Panaligan
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
•

Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
It – total current drawn (ampere)
Et or Vt – total supply voltage
ER or VR – voltage drop across the resistor (volt)
EL or VL - voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
XL – inductive reactance (ohm)
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Series RL Circuit
AC Circuit Analysis
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 1:
A 100 mH inductance is connected in series with a 40 ohm resistor. The voltage
is 220 V, what is the current? Assume ω =377.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
•

Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
It – total current drawn (ampere)
Et or Vt – total supply voltage
ER or VR – voltage drop across the resistor (volt)
EC or VC - voltage drop across the capacitor (volt)
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
XC – capacitive reactance (ohm)
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Series RC Circuit
AC Circuit Analysis
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 2:
A 40 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 40 ohm resistor. If the
voltage is 220 V, what is the current? Assume ω =377.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
•

Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
It – total current drawn (ampere)
Et or Vt – total supply voltage (volt)
EL or VL –voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
EC or VC – voltage drop across the capacitor
(volt)
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 3:
A series circuit consisting of a 0.08 henry inductor and a 150 – microfarad
capacitor is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz source. Determine the current drawn.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
•

Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
It – total current drawn (ampere)
Et or Vt – total supply voltage (volt)
EL or VL –voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
EC or VC – voltage drop across the capacitor
(volt)
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Series RLC Circuit

AC Circuit Analysis
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 4:
A series circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistor, a 0.04 henry inductor and a 50 –
microfarad capacitor is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz source. determine the current drawn.

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 5:
•

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 6:
A 50 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 50 ohm resistor. The source
voltage is 200 sin (377t + 30 deg), what is the equation of the voltage across the resistor?

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
Equivalent Impedance Expression in Complex Number Format
Circuit Elements Equivalent Impedance
R R
L j XL
C -j XC
Series RL R + j XL
Series RC R - j XC
Series LC j(XL - XC)
Series RLC R + j(XL - XC)
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Parallel RL Circuit
AC Circuit Analysis
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Parallel RC Circuit
AC Circuit Analysis
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

Parallel RLC Circuit

AC Circuit Analysis
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 8:
A 100 microfarad capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil of 10 ohms resistance and of
30 ohms reactance. What is the equivalent impedance? Assume w=377.

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 9:
A resistor of 50 ohms and an impedance of 100 + j50 ohms are connected in parallel across
a 220 volts supply. What is the power factor of the load?

SOLUTION
 AC Circuit Analysis
Power in AC Circuits
True/Real/Active Power is the component of apparent power that represents true work. It is
expressed in Watts (W) and is equal to voltamperes multiplied by the power factor.

Reactive Power is the power value obtained by multiplying together the effective value of current in
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

amperes, the effective value of voltage in volts and the sine of the angular phase difference between
current and voltage. Also called reactive voltamperes and wattless power. It is expressed as
volt-ampere reactive (VAR).

Apparent Power is the power value obtained by multiplying the effective values of voltage and
current. It is expressed in voltamperes (VA).
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits
Power Triangle
AC Circuit Analysis
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits AC Circuit Analysis
 AC Circuit Analysis
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Commercial or industrial operations rarely achieve a PF of 1.0 because inductive loads from motors,
transformers and light fixture ballasts are common. This inductive effect causes the phase of the current to
lag behind the phase of the voltage. A greater lag in current results in a poorer power factor. The PF can be
improved by adding capacitance to the circuit. A capacitor has the effect of causing the phase of the voltage
Single Phase Alternating Current (AC) Circuits

to lag the phase of the current and thus reduces the lagging effect caused by the inductive loads. Capacitors
or synchronous motors are frequently used to counter the effect of inductive motors and transformers in
industrial applications.

The main advantages of the PF correction are as follows:

1. A high PF reduces the load currents, resulting in a considerable saving in hardware costs
(i.e., conductors, switchgear, substation transformers, and so on).
2. Power companies typically impose low power factor penalties, so by correcting the PF, this
penalty can be avoided.
3. The electrical load on the power company is reduced, which allows the power company to
supply the surplus power to other consumers without increasing its generation capacity
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 10:
A coil of 50 ohms resistance and of 150 mH inductance is connected in parallel with a 50
uF capacitor. The source voltage is 100 sin (377t + 30 degrees). What is the equation of the
line current?
SOLUTION