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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FINAL EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 13, 2017 – 6:30 PM, 2.5 HOURS
CHE 211F – FLUID MECHANICS
EXAMINER: PROFESSOR D.G. ALLEN
ANSWER ALL NINE (9) QUESTIONS IN THE EXAM BOOKLET
IF YOU WISH, YOU CAN RETURN THE EXAM PAPER WITH YOUR NAME & USE
THE FIGURES ON THE PAPER.
Total of 8 pages
This exam is marked out of 100
Clearly state any simplifying assumptions. If a particular question requires the solution
from a previous part that you could not solve, show your solution by assuming the answer
to the previous part. If you are short of time, setup your equations and describe the solution
for part marks.
Additional Data for all Questions (some are also with the questions themselves):
Fluid properties:
Water 20 °C : Density = 1000kg/m = 62.4 lb /ft =1.94 slugs/ft ;
3
m
3 3

Spec wt = 62.4 lb/ft ; Dynamic viscosity = 0.001 Pa s=2.3 x 10 lb s/ ft

3 -5 2

Kinematic viscosity = 0.000001 m /s 2

Vapour Pressure = 2340 Pa; Surface tension=0.073 N/m

Mercury 20°C: Density=13,600 kg/m =847 lb /ft =26.3 slugs/ft ;
3
m
3 3

Spec weight =847 lb/ft ; Viscosity= 0.0016 Pa s

3

Air at 20 °C & 1 atm: Density =1.2 kg/m = 0.0024 slugs/ft ; Molecular mass = 29 g/mol
3 3

Viscosity = 1.8 x 10-5 Pa s = 3.74 x 10-7 lb s/ ft2

Carbon Dioxide at 20 C: Molar Mass 44 g/mol; Density at atmospheric pressure-1.8 kg/m 3

SAE Oil 16°C: Density=912 kg/m =57 lb /ft =1.77 slugs/ft ; Spec wt=57 lb/ft ; µ=0.38Pa s
3
m
3 3 3

Constants and Conversions and Gas Law:

g = 9.8 m/s = 32.2 ft/s ; 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in; 1 lb (mass) = 0.454 kg
2 2

1 Pa = 1.45 x 10 p.s.i. 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 Pa = 14.7 p.s.i.=760mmHg

-4 5

1 oil barrel/day= 1.84 x 10 m /s, 1 centistoke=10 m /s

-6 3 -6 2

R= 8.314 J/mol K- Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT ; T(K) = T( C) + 273 0

g = 32.2 ft lb /(lb s ); 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft lb/s; 1 ft lb/s = 1.36 W

c m
2

Other Information:
- British gravitational system: 1 lb= (1 slug) (1 ft/s ) 2

- Moody Chart & Colebrook formula(see attached) f= (DDP/L)/(rv /2) 2

- For laminar flow in pipes, f=64/Re, where Re<2100 = Dvr/µ

- Hydraulic diameter for shapes, D =(4x Cross Sect Area)/(Wetted Perimeter)
h

-
Blausius Equ’n f = 0.316(Re ) turbulent flow in smooth pipes and Re < 10
-0.25 5

- Drag coefficient for a particular shape C = (Drag force)/(0.5 r v A); A is projected

D
2

area in direction of flow with relative velocity, v. Reynolds number for particle of a
particular shape is D vr/µ where D is characteristic particle diameter
p p

- Volume of a sphere of radius, r: V= (4/3)π r ; Volume of a cylinder= πr h; 3 2

Circumference of a circle: Area of a circle- πr 2

- Roots of a quadratic are (–b+/- sqrt[b -4ac])/(2a) 2

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1) The terms in the mechanical energy equation can be written in three different forms
each having different units. One of these is in units of pressure (Pa). Briefly explain
the other two units and what what physical meaning is for each one. (4 marks)

2) We often simplify the continuity equation to v1A1=v2A2. When is that justified?. (4

marks)

3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a submersible pump? (4 marks)

4) In the figure below, a 200kg mass is used to close a gate at the 80 cm diameter
circular opening at BA. The 3m wall is 1m wide (into the page). Note the drawing
(like many) is not to scale. (14 marks Total)
a) How high can h go before the gate will be dislodged? (7 marks)
b) What is the force (magnitude and location) of the water on the 3 m wall when h=0?
(7 marks)

5) SAE Oil at 16 C flows up a 30 cm vertical pipe through a 15 cm venturi as

shown below. If the mercury manometer reads a deflection of 36 cm, what is
the estimated flowrate in the pipe in cubic metres per second assuming
inviscid flow. (10 marks)

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6) The figure shown below shows an unopened can of regular coke and an unopened
can of diet coke floating side by side in water at 20C as shown below. The diet
coke, which has no sugar, is 1 cm above the water while the regular coke is
completely immersed with its top at the surface. The two cans are the same in terms
of size (cylinder 6.5 cm diameter x 12 cm tall), volume of coke/diet coke (355 mL)
and material (aluminum, density=2700 kg/m3). The remaining volume in both the
cans is, of course, also the same and contains carbon dioxide at a pressure of 150
kPa gauge. (18 marks Total)

a) Estimate the concentration of sugar (g/L) in regular coke. Assume that regular coke
is just sugar and water and the diet coke is water. (8 marks)
b) Estimate the thickness of the rectangular sheet of aluminum that makes up the wall
of each can. Assume that the walls are very thin and that the wall and the can top
and bottom are the same thickness. (6 marks)
c) Is it ok to neglect the weight of the carbon dioxide in part (b)? Justify your answer
with calculations. (4 marks)

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7) As part of a 3rd year lab, teams of year chemical engineering students each build a
centrifugal pump and then compete to see which pump can pump water the highest
using the setup shown below. The best team is able to pump water to a maximum
height of 20m above the pump. All pipes in this question are 5.0 cm in diameter and
assume the friction factor, f, is constant at 0.05 for all parts of the question. (24
marks Total)

a) We plan to use the same ‘winning pump’ to fill another tank 10 m from the feed
tank as shown below. Assuming the head applied by the pump to the fluid stays
constant with flowrate, estimate the flowrate the pump can provide to the tank.
Ignore minor losses. (6 marks)

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b) The students decide they want to increase flowrate from the pump to the tank. They
add a second pipe of exactly the same total length that branches out parallel to the
first one as shown below. What is the new flowrate through the pump? Again,
ignore minor losses. (6 marks)

c) The students then decide that they want to provide more control to the flow and so
add two globe identical globe valves on each line (below). When the globe valve
next to the pump is ½ open and the other valve is completely closed, the total
flowrate reduces to 25% of the flowrate calculated in part (a). What is the loss
coefficient for the valve at ½ open? (6 marks)

d) Estimate the pipe roughness. (4 marks)

e) Comment on the assumption that head applied by the pump is constant with
flowrate. (2 marks)

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8) Water flows as two free jets from the tee attached to the pipe shown below. The exit
velocity from each is 15 m/s. Assuming inviscid flow and neglecting gravity,
determine the x and y components of the force that the pipe exerts on the tee. Note
this is a top view so there are no ‘z’ components. (10 marks)

9) The total force (F) exerted on a ship or its scale model depends on the density of the
liquid, r, viscosity, µ, gravitational acceleration, g, the length of the ship, L, and its
velocity, v. Note that although g is a constant on the surface of the earth it is an
important variable that needs to be included. (12 marks Total)
a) Determine the dimensionless numbers to describe this using density, velocity and
length as repeating variables. (6 marks)
b) A company wants to estimate the force on a ship that is 500 ft in length and is
cruising at a velocity of 30 ft/s (~33 km/h) by building a model ship that is 10 ft in
length. They plan to do this by testing the model in water at the same temperature
and same earth location (same g) for both sizes. Under what conditions should the
model ship be tested? Can you see a problem with doing this? (6 marks)

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