FINAL EXAMINATION

DURATION: 2 and ½ hrs

Second Year – Chemical Engineering

CHE221H1 F– Calculus and Numerical Methods

Calculator Type: 3, Exam Type: A – Closed Book, Closed Notes

Examiner: A. Ramchandran.

NAME: STUDENT ID NUMBER:

Q1A Q1B Q1C Q2A Q2B Q2C Q3 Q4 Total

10 10 10 5 5 10 20 20 90

INSTRUCTIONS

1. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS IN THE TEST BOOK.

2. Please write legibly. If your handwriting is unreadable, your answers will not be assessed.
3. Answers written in pencil will NOT be re-marked. This is University policy.
4. For all problems, you must present the solution process in a step by step fashion for partial marks.
Any answer with ‘magical’ steps / voodoo mathematics will be given 0 points straightaway.
5. DO NOT WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE LEFT SIDES OF THE TEST BOOKS. YOU CAN
USE THEM FOR ROUGH WORK.
6. Voodoo math will fetch zero points straightaway.

Page 1 of 20
USEFUL FORMULAE

1. The inverse of a 2 by 2 matrix

1
a b  1  d b 
 c d   ad  bc  c a 
    
2. Some indefinite integrals

 cos x dx  sin x,  sin x dx   cos x

 cosh x dx  sinh x,  sinh x dx  cosh x
3. Divergence
If F  x, y, z   P  x, y, z  iˆ  Q  x, y, z  ˆj  R  x, y, z  kˆ is a differentiable vector

field, then the divergence of F is defined as

   
div F    F  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   P  x, y, z  iˆ  Q  x, y, z  ˆj  R  x, y, z  kˆ 
 x y z   
P Q R
  
x y z
4. Gauss Divergence theorem

If F is a differentiable vector field, then      F dV    F  n dS ,

E D

where the triple integral is performed over a volume E, and the double integral is
performed over the surface S that bounds the volume E. The vector n is the
outward pointing normal to the bounding surface S, and is a function of position on
the surface.
5. Corollary of Gauss Divergence theorem
If  is a differentiable scalar field, then     dV     n dS ,
E D

where the variables are as defined in 4.

Page 2 of 20
Q.1.A. A FAMISHED BACTERIUM [10 points]

A bacterium that consumes a nutrient is located in a two dimensional medium (x-y

domain) at the point (2,3). The concentration distribution of the nutrient in the medium is
given by

c  x, y   ln  x  2  ( y  3)2 
2
(1.1)
 

Answer the following questions:

(1) [4 points] Calculate the vector field J  c , which represents the flux of nutrient
due to diffusion. Also calculate the magnitude of this field, and write the domain and
the range of the function c(x,y).

Solution:
2( x  2) 2( y  3)
J  c   i j
 x  2  ( y  3)  x  2  ( y  3) 2
2 2 2

2 point
Magnitude of field

4( x  2) 2 4( y  3) 2
J  2
 2
 x  2 2  ( y  3) 2   x  2 2  ( y  3) 2 
   
4 ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  2
 
 x  2
2
 x  2   ( y  3) 2 
2 2
 ( y  3) 2
 
1 point
Domain of c(x,y) is the entire 2-D real space except the point (2,3)
0.5 point
Range is  , 

0.5 point

Page 3 of 20
(2) [4 points] Sketch J with an arrow plot in the  x, y  plane. A qualitative sketch that
correctly indicates the direction and magnitude of the vector field will suffice. [This is a lot
easier if you think about the magnitude and direction of the vector field in the polar co-
ordinate system with a suitably-shifted origin before making the sketch in the  x, y  plane].

Solution:

Use the following transformation x  2  r cos  , y  3  r sin  . This transforms the vector
field to

2r cos  2r sin 
J 
r cos   r sin 
2 2 2 2
i 2
r cos   r sin 
2 2 2 
2
r

j   cos  i  sin  j
2
Thus J is a vector field of magnitude J  , which decreases as one moves away from the
r
point (2,3), and field also points radially into the point (2,3) .

The arrow plot is presented below:

If arrow plot is provided and is correct: 4 points

Page 4 of 20
Otherwise: Correct Transformation to r, theta co-ordinates : 1 points, direction of vector
field, 1 point, magnitude of the field: 1 point, the plot: 1 point

(3) [2 points] What is the sign of the divergence of the field J at the point (2,3)? Make
an argument based on the arrow plot drawn in part (2). Do not actually calculate the
divergence.

Solution:

Since all the arrows near (2,3) point towards the point (2,3), the field is converging towards
the point (2,3). The divergence, therefore is negative.

Understanding the meaning of divergence: 1 point.

Correct sign of divergence: 1 point.

Q.1B. LINEAR REGRESSION [10 points]

In an experiment, you are measuring the pressure of a gas, P (N/m2) as a function of its
temperature, T (deg K), in a vessel of fixed volume V. Your experimental data set contains
N data points, (Ti, Pi) with the counter i varying from 1 to N, which you wish to fit to the
model, P  AT  BT 2 ,
where A and B are constant parameters. You wish to carry out the fitting by minimization of
the residual, , which is a measure of the deviation between the model prediction of P for a
given temperature Ti, and the experimental measurement, Pi , summed over all the data

    Pi  ATi  BTi 2 
N
2
points. It is defined as
i 1

Using the theory of optimization of a function of two variables that you have learned in class,
determine the parameters A and B in terms of the data points.

Solution:

    Pi  ATi  BTi 2 
N
2

i 1

The necessary conditions for an optimum require that the partial differentials w.r.t to A and
B be zero at the optimum. Thus

Page 5 of 20

  2  Pi  A*Ti  B*Ti 2   Ti   0, or
N

   PT  A T  B*Ti 3   0 , or
N
* 2

A i 1
i i i
i 1
N N N
A*  Ti 2  B*  Ti 3   PT
i i. (1)
i 1 i 1 i 1

 N
  2  Pi  A*Ti  B*Ti 2  Ti 2   0, or    PT  A*Ti 3  B*Ti 4   0 , or
N
2

B i 1
i i
i 1
N N N
A*  Ti 3  B*  Ti 4   PT 2
i i . (2)
i 1 i 1 i 1

Implement of the two necessary conditions : 4 points.

Equations 1 and 2 represent two simultaneous equations for A* and B*.

N 2 N
3   N 
 i T  T i 
A 
*   PT
i i 
 i 1 i 1
     i 1 .
 N 3 * N 4   B*   N 2
  Ti  Ti    PT i i 
 i 1 i 1   i 1 
Setting up the linear system : 0.5 point
The solution of this system of equations is obtainable from ‘Useful formulae 1’.
Solution of linear system: 0.5 point

We still need to prove that this is a minimum. For this we compute the hessian H, which is
the matrix of second partial derivatives
  2  2 
 A2 AB 
H 2 
   2 
 AB B 2 
where

 2 N
2  
2 N
 2 N

A 2
 
i 1
2Ti ,
B 2
 
i 1
2Ti
4
,  
AB i 1
2Ti 3 .

Derivatives of the Hessian: 2 point

The determinant of the Hessian is

Page 6 of 20
 2
 2  2   2   N
2
2  4  
N N
det H  2    
A B  AB   i 1
2   2Ti   
  i 1
2Ti    
  i 1
2Ti 3 

 N 2   N 4   N 3  2 
 4   Ti    Ti     Ti  
 i 1   i 1   i 1  
 N N  N N 
 4   T j4Ti 2    Ti 3T j3 
 i 1 j 1  i 1 j 1 

 4 T j4Ti 2  Ti 3T j3 
N N

i 1 j 1

 4 Ti 2T j3 T j  Ti 
N N

i 1 j 1

Calculation of determinant: 1 point

The RHS can also be written as
det H  4 T j2Ti 3 Ti  T j 
N N

i 1 j 1

 2 Ti 2T j3 T j  Ti   2 T j2Ti 3 Ti  T j 

N N N N

i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1

 2 Ti 2T j2 T j T j  Ti   Ti Ti  T j  

N N

i 1 j 1

 2 Ti 2T j2 T j  Ti  .
N N
2

i 1 j 1

Showing that determinant is positive : 1 point

The quantity on the RHS is always positive. Hence the critical point calculated before is a
minimum.
Classification of critical point: 1 point.

Q. 1C. CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION [10 points]

A snack manufacturer sells two kinds of snacks, labeled A and B, at costs of $2.50
per lb and $3.00 per lb respectively. Mixed nuts A contain 30% almonds, 10% cashew
nuts and 15% walnuts and 45% peanuts. Mixed nuts B contain 10% almonds, 20% cashew
nuts, 35% walnuts and 35% peanuts. A nutty customer wants to use mixed nuts A and B to
prepare a new mix for his party by spending as little as possible. This new mix should
contain at least 4 lb of almonds, 5 lb of cashew nuts and 6 lb of peanuts.

Page 7 of 20
 You have available to you a solver that can only maximize objective functions. The
solver accepts equality constraints in the form g  x1 , x2 ,, xn   0 , and inequality

constraints in the form h  x1 , x2 ,, xn   0 , where x1, x2, … xn are the decision variables.

Question: Set up the optimization problem for minimizing the cost in a way that can be
fed to the available solver. Identify the decision variables to be optimized, the objective
function and the constraints. (Do not solve the problem! Only set it up). Is this a linear
programming, a quadratic programming or a nonlinear programming problem?

Solution:

Let x and y be the number of pounds of snack A and snack B that the manufacturer needs to
use to make the new mix. These are the decision variables
Identification of decision variables : 1 point
The cost of the mix is C  2.50 x  3.00 y dollars, and this needs to be minimized.
Objective function :1 point
The constraint for on the number of pounds of almonds gives 0.3x  0.1y  4 .
The constraint for on the number of pounds of cashews gives 0.1x  0.2 y  5 .
The constraint for on the number of pounds of peanuts gives 0.45 x  0.35 y  6 .

Also, x and y must not be negative. Therefore, x  0, and y  0 .

The four constraint statements: 4 points

The following problem must be fed to the solver:

Maximize the objective function F    2.50x  3.00 y  ,
subject to the constraints 4  0.3x  0.1y  0 ,
5  0.1x  0.2 y  0 ,
6  0.45 x  0.35 y  0 ,
 x  0, and - y  0 .
3 points for the correct form of the problem
This is a linear programming problems, since the objective function and the constraints are
all linear functions of x and y.
Classification of problem as linear: 1 point

Q.2. DOUBLE AND TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Q.2.A. [5 points] Sketch the domain of integration for the double integral,

Page 8 of 20
 e 1 1
I   sin  e x  x  dx dy ,
0 ln 1 y 
and evaluate the integral. Here, e is the base of the natural logarithm [Hint: Switch the order
of integration].

Solution: Domain of integration:

Domain: 1.5 points

Switching the limits of integration, we have

x 1 y  e 1  y e 1 
x x
x 1
I   sin  e  x   dx dy   sin  e  x   dx   dy 
 x
  x

 y 0 
x 0 y 0 x 0  
x 1


sin  e x  x    e x  1 dx   cos  e x  x    cos  0   cos  e  1  
1
 
x 0
0

 1  cos  e  1

Correct switching of order: 1.5 points

Evaluation of integral: 2 point

Q.2.B. [5 points] Express the triple integral  f  x, y, z  dV

E
as an iterated integral of type

1 (innermost integral is in z) and type 2 (innermost integral is in x). Here, E is the volume
bounded by the surfaces y  x2 , z  0 and y  2 z  4 . Sketch the volume domain first, and
label each bounding surface. Also sketch the domain of the double integral that will result
after performing the innermost integral in each of these types, with labels for the bounding
curves.

Solution:

Page 9 of 20
y  x 2 is a parabolic surface that has the y-z plane as its symmetry plane, with the
projection, y=x2, in the x-y plane.
y+2z=4 is a plane, which is invariant in the x direction (i.e. does not intersect it), and is has
intercepts y=4, and z=2 along the y and z axes.
z=0 is the x-y plane.
The volume domain is, therefore,
Volume domain sketch: 1 point

Type I integral

 z (4 y )/2 
 f  x, y, z  dV     f  x, y, z  dz  dxdy
E Dxy  z 0 

where the area domain of integration, Dxy, is the parabola y=x2, with x ranging from -2 to 2
and y ranging from 0 to 4.
Correct type 1 integral: 1 point
Domain sketch: 1 point

Type II integral

 x y 
 f  x, y, z  dV     f  x, y, z  dx  dydz
E Dyz 
 x  y 

where the area domain of integration, Dyz, is the triangle bounded by y+2z=4, y=0 and z=0.

Correct type 1 integral: 1 point

Domain sketch: 1 point

Page 10 of 20
Q.2C. [10 points] FLOATING BALL
Consider a spherical ball of radius R (cm) floating on the surface of a liquid. The
pressure above the liquid is atmospheric pressure. z R
The submerged height of the sphere is h (cm), r (z)
h
which can vary from 0 (completely floating ball)
g
to 2R (completely submerged ball).

1) [4 points] Calculate the submerged volume, Vs, of the sphere by calculating the
following double integral in r and z:

 Rh r  R2  z 2
Vs     2 r  dr dz
R r 0

Show that Vs is equal to the total volume of the sphere, V  4 R / 3 , of the sphere
3

when it is completely submerged.

Solution:
 Rh r R z  Rh r R z  Rh
2 2 2 2

R z
 2 r  dr dz     2r  dr dz   
2 2

Vs    
2
r dz
0
R r 0 R r 0 R
 Rh
 Rh
 2 z3 
   R  z  dz    R z  3 
2 2

R   R
 2  R  h   2  R  
3 3

   R   R  h      R   R   
  3  
3  
  3R 2    R  h  2  2 R 3 
    R  h     
  
 3  3

   R  h   2 R 2  2 Rh  h 2   2 R 3 
3

  2 R 3  2 R 2 h  Rh 2    2 R 2 h  2 Rh 2  h 3   2 R 3 
3


3
 3Rh 2
 h3 . 
Page 11 of 20
 3 points for integral evaluation
When the sphere is completely submerged, h=2R

Vs 
3
12R 3
 8R3  4
3
 R3  V .

1 point for demonstrating the sphere limit

2) [1 point] If the density of the sphere is  s, and the density of the liquid is  l, perform
a force balance on the body, considering that the downward force is the weight of the
body, and the upward force is the buoyant force due to part of the sphere submerged
Vs  s
into the liquid. You should get the non-linear equation,  , that connects the
V l
submerged height, h , the radius R of the sphere, and the two densities. Note:
According to the Archimedes principle, the buoyant force is the weight of the liquid
displaced by the submerged portion of the body.

Solution:
The weight of the ball acting in the downward direction is sVg .

The buoyant force acting in the upward direction is lVs g .

Vs  s
Equating the two, we have sVg  lVs g , which gives  .
V l
1 point for proving force balance result

3) [5 points] [This part does not require you to get part 2 right] Use the Newton-
Raphson method to numerically figure out the submerged height for a ball of radius R
= 10 cm, if  s  800 kg/m3, l  1000 kg/m3. Use an educated, initial guess. Get to
an approximate percentage relative error of less than 2%.

Solution:

Vs 3  
3Rh 2  h 3
s
 
V 4 3
R l
3

Page 12 of 20
  h   h  4
2 3

3      s  0
R R l

Substituting the values of the densities, we have

h
3h*2  h*3  3.2  0 where h*  .
R
Let f  h*   3h*2  h*3  3.2, f '  h*   6h*  3h*2 .

Setting up f : 2 points
h* lies between 0 and 2. So a reasonable guess would be midway, at h*=1. Just two
iterations of the N-R method are needed to get below the required error tolerance.

hi f f' hi+1 a

1 -1.2 3 1.4 28.57143

1.4 -0.064 2.52 1.425397 1.781737

The submerged height h, is, therefore, 1.425*R=14.25 cm.

Solution via Newton Raphson method: 3 points

Q.3. [20 points] PRESSURE DROP FOR FLOW THROUGH A PIPE

Consider a Newtonian fluid flowing through a straight pipe of length L as shown in the
figure below. The shape of the cross-section of the pipe is arbitrary, but it does not vary
along the length of the pipe. The cross-sectional area of the pipe is Ac, and the perimeter of
the cross-section is T. The axis of the pipe is in the x direction, y and z are the cross-
sectional co-ordinates and the velocity component along the flow direction is u. The flow
is unidirectional, i.e. the velocities in the y and z directions are identically zero.

The momentum equation for fully developed flow is

   u  
dP
(3.1)
dx

Page 13 of 20
Here,  is the viscosity of the fluid, P is the pressure in the fluid, and in this problem, P is a
function only of the axial co-ordinate x. Hence, we write the differential of P with x as a
total derivative, and not a partial derivative.

Surface Sc (the
wall of the pipe)

y
x
z
L

Flow into the pipe

Cross-section with area
Ac, and perimeter T

Answer the questions below:

[Voodoo math in the questions below will fetch a zero directly.]
1) [5 points] For fully developed flow, there is no variation of u in the flow direction,
i.e. u / x  0 . (3.2)
Thus, u is a function only of the cross-sectional coordinates y and z. Using this
condition and the momentum equation (3.1), show that the pressure gradient dP / dx
is a constant, independent of x, y and z.
Solution:
Differentiating Eq. 3.1 with x, we get
    dP 
x 
  
  u   
 x  dx 

2 points for realizing that the governing equation is to be differentiated.

Page 14 of 20
 Using Clairaut’s theorem,
 u  d  dP 
      
 x  dx  dx 
But it is given that u / x  0
Application of Clairaut’s theorem: 1 point
d  dP 
Therefore 
dx  dx 
 
    0  0

d  dP  dP
Since   0, is a constant.
dx  dx  dx
Demonstrating that dP/dx is constant: 2 points

2) [3 points] Consider the volume integral of the momentum equation.

    u  dV   dx dV
dP
(3.3)
E E

Here, the domain E is the entire volume of the pipe of length L. Take the right hand
side first. Evaluate the right hand side, in light of the result in part (1) of this
problem.
Solution:

dP dP dP dP
 dx dV  dx 1 dV  dx V  dx A L
E E
c

Evaluating the triple integral to get dP/dx*V: 2 points

V=AcL: 1 point.

3) [2 points] Now consider the left hand side of the Eq. (3.3). Apply the Gauss
Divergence theorem to transform this volume integral to a surface integral over a
closed surface.

Solution:

    u  dV      u  dV   u  ndA

E E S
ˆ

Page 15 of 20
 Application of Gauss divergence theorem: 2 points

4) [5 points] Split up the closed surface integral in part 3 into double integrals on three
open surfaces, Si, So and Sc. Si is the flat surface representing the pipe entrance, Sc is
the surface of the pipe wall, and So is the flat surface representing the pipe exit. The
three surfaces when put together give the entire volume E of the pipe. Show that the
integrals on the surfaces Si and So are identically zero.

Solution:

 u  ndA
S
ˆ   u  ndA
Si
ˆ   u  ndA
So
ˆ   u  ndA
ˆ
Sc

Breaking integral down: 0.5 point

For the surface Si, the outward pointing unit normal is iˆ .

u
ˆ   u   iˆ  dA    u  idA
 u  ndA  x
ˆ    dA
Si Si Si Si

Realizing that normal is -ihat: 1 point

u
But because the flow is fully developed, u is not a function of x, i.e. 0.
x
Therefore,  u  ndA
Si
ˆ 0

Realizing that dw/dx and hence the integral is zero: 1 point

Similarly, for the surface So, the outward pointing unit normal is iˆ . Therefore,
u
 u  ndA
So
ˆ   u  idA
So
 x
ˆ   dA  0
So

Realizing that normal is ihat: 1 point

Realizing that du/dx and hence the integral is zero: 1 point
Substituting the above results back into the first equation in this part,

Page 16 of 20
  u  ndA
S
ˆ  0  0   u  ndA
Sc
ˆ   u  ndA
ˆ
Sc

Closed surface integral down: 0.5 point

5) [1 point] Evaluate ASc , the area of the surface Sc, in terms of the geometrical
parameters provided in the figure for this problem.
Solution:
ASC  TL

1 point for the correct area

6) [3 points] The average viscous frictional stress,  w , exerted by the fluid on the pipe
is given by the expression:
1
w  
ASc   nˆ udA
Sc

Using the results in parts (2), (3), (4) and (5), show that
 dP  A
w    c
 dx  T
Solution:
From the results in part 2 and 4,
dP
 u  ndA
Sc
ˆ 
dx
AL c

Simplification of result using part 2 and 4: 1 point

From the definition of  w ,  u  ndA

Sc
ˆ   w ASc   wTL

Applying the definition of tauw: 1 point

Therefore,
dP
 wTL  Ac L
dx
 dP  Ac
Rearranging the above equation, we get the result  w     .
 dx  T
Rearranging to get result: 1 point

7) [1 point] Explain the result in part 6 by employing an overall force balance.

Page 17 of 20
 Solution:

The applied pressure difference time the cross-sectional area, PAc , which is the
pressure force pushing the liquid in the channel, is balanced by the wall stress  w LT .
This will yield the above result.

Overall force balance argument: 1 point.

Q.4. [20 points] PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

A pressure transducer consists of a diaphragm that separates two chambers across

which the pressure difference is to be measured. When the pressure difference between the
two chambers is zero, the displacement z (mm) of the diaphragm is zero. But when a non-
zero pressure difference P (N/m2) is applied across the diaphragm, the dynamics of the
diaphragm displacement is given by the following second order ODE:
d 2z dz
2 2
 2  z  K p P .
dt dt

Here,  is the time constant of response of the membrane,  is a damping constant and K p
is a constant related to the mechanical properties of the diaphragm.
For a sensor with   0.002 s,   0.25 and K p  105 mm/(N/m2), the pressure

difference P is changed from 0 to 1.013 105 N/m2. The initial conditions are
dz
z t  0  t  0  0 .
dt

Answer the following questions:

1) [4 points] Rewrite the above 2nd order ODE into a system of two first-order ODEs.
Write the initial conditions for this system of first-order ODEs.

Solution:
dz
Define y1  z and y2 
dt
1 point for creating new variables
Page 18 of 20
 The governing equations for y1 and y2 are
dy2 1  dz  1
 2  K p P  z  2   2  K p P  y1  2 y2 
dy1
 y2 ,
dt dt   dt  
2 points for ODEs
The initial conditions are y1  t  0  y2  t  0  0 .
1 point for initial condition

2) [12 points] Integrate the system of first-order ODEs obtained in (1) from t  0 to
t  0.01 seconds in intervals of 0.001 seconds. Tabulate your results, and make a
sketch of the behavior of z vs. t.

Solution:

t y1i y2i (dy1/dt)i (dy2/dt)i y1i+1 y2i+1

(s) (mm) (mm/s) (mm/s) (mm/s2) (mm) (mm/s)

0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 0.000E+00 2.533E+05 0.000E+00 2.533E+02

0.001 0.000E+00 2.533E+02 2.533E+02 1.899E+05 2.533E-01 4.432E+02
0.002 2.533E-01 4.432E+02 4.432E+02 7.914E+04 6.964E-01 5.223E+02
0.003 6.964E-01 5.223E+02 5.223E+02 -5.144E+04 1.219E+00 4.709E+02
0.004 1.219E+00 4.709E+02 4.709E+02 -1.692E+05 1.690E+00 3.017E+02
0.005 1.690E+00 3.017E+02 3.017E+02 -2.446E+05 1.991E+00 5.713E+01
0.006 1.991E+00 5.713E+01 5.713E+01 -2.589E+05 2.049E+00 -2.017E+02
0.007 2.049E+00 -2.017E+02 -2.017E+02 -2.084E+05 1.847E+00 -4.102E+02
0.008 1.847E+00 -4.102E+02 -4.102E+02 -1.059E+05 1.437E+00 -5.161E+02
0.009 1.437E+00 -5.161E+02 -5.161E+02 2.313E+04 9.205E-01 -4.930E+02
0.01 9.205E-01 -4.930E+02 -4.930E+02 1.464E+05 4.275E-01 -3.466E+02

Page 19 of 20
3) [2 points] At steady state, determine the displacement z for the new pressure
difference.

Solution:
d 2 z dz
At steady state,   0. The steady state value of z should be
dt 2 dt
z  K p P  1.013 mm.

Setting time derivatives in governing equation to 0: 1 point

Calculation of steady state z: 1 point

4) [2 points] Looking at the results in part 2, does the displacement go monotonically

from 0 towards the expected steady state result in part (3)? If not, report the
‘overshoot’.
Solution:
No, the displacement does not go monotonically from 0 to 1.013. It overshoots this steady
state value before returning to it. The overshoot is 2.049-1.013= 1.036 mm, which is quite
large.
Acknowledging overshoot: 1 point
Calculation of overshoot: 1 point

Page 20 of 20