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control and coordination ?

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control and coordination ?

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aarohi930sv
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Control and coordination

The processes that allow organisms to respond to


internal and external stimuli by regulating and
coordinating their body parts:
 Control
The ability to regulate and restrain something,
such as starting, slowing down, or stopping it
 Coordination
The working together of different body systems to
produce an appropriate response to a stimulus
Control and Coordination: Overview

1. Introduction:

 Control and Coordination in organisms ensure


that all systems work harmoniously. It involves both
the nervous and endocrine systems.

2. Nervous System:

 Function: Transmits signals between different parts


of the body. It responds quickly to stimuli and
coordinates actions.
 Components:
o Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises
the brain and spinal cord.
o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes
all the nerves outside the CNS.
 Neurons:
o Structure: Consists of a cell body, dendrites,
and an axon.
o Types: Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and
interneurons.
Control and coordination

o Function: Transmit electrical impulses.


 Brain:
o Parts:
 Cerebrum: Controls voluntary actions,
thinking, and emotions.
 Cerebellum: Regulates balance and
coordination.
 Medulla Oblongata: Manages involuntary
functions like breathing and heart rate.
 Pons: regulation of breathing rate and
sleep cycle.
 Reflex Action:
o Definition: Automatic, involuntary response to
a stimulus.
o Pathway: Sensory neuron → Spinal cord →
Motor neuron.
 Synapse:
o Function: Junction between two neurons where
neurotransmitters are released to transmit
signals.

3. Endocrine System:

 Function: Uses hormones to regulate various


functions of the body. Hormones are chemicals
released into the bloodstream.
 Glands:
o Pituitary Gland: The master gland that controls
other endocrine glands.
o Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism and
growth.
o Adrenal Glands: Produce adrenaline for the
fight-or-flight response.
o Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar levels with
insulin and glucagon.
Control and coordination

o Gonads: Ovaries (in females) and testes (in


males) control reproductive functions.

4. Coordination in Plants:

 Plant Hormones (Phytohormones):


o Auxins: Promote cell elongation and growth.
o Gibberellins: Influence growth and
development.
o Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division.
o Abscisic Acid: Regulates stomatal closure and
stress responses.
o Ethylene: Involved in fruit ripening.
 Tropisms:
o Phototropism: Growth in response to light.
o Geotropism (Gravitropism): Growth in
response to gravity.
o Hydrotropism: Growth in response to water
concentration.

5. Importance of Coordination:

 Ensures efficient functioning and adaptation to the


environment.
 Maintains homeostasis, allowing organisms to
respond to changes and maintain internal stability.

Key Points to Remember:

 The nervous system is responsible for rapid and


precise control through electrical impulses.
 The endocrine system provides slower but longer-
lasting regulation through hormones.
 In plants, coordination is achieved through hormonal
responses and tropic movements.
Control and coordination

This summary covers the essential aspects of control and


coordination. For a deeper understand

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