Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This part presents the literatures and studies from foreign and local
researches as well as related readings, which have significant bearings on
the research. Sources include journal articles, research reviews, news
articles, unpublished materials, articles from new sites and websites. This
also acts as a basis for this research study.

Faculty Attendance Monitoring

Tracking faculty attendance manually continues to be a common

administrative task in educational institutions worldwide. Despite the
extensive incorporation of technology in all parts of education, many schools,
colleges, and universities continue to rely on traditional methods to track
student attendance. This introductory paragraph sets the stage for a
thorough examination of the complexities and outcomes of manually
monitoring student attendance.

Fifit Alfiah, Anisa Yondari ( 2019) The need for fast and accurate data
processing is needed by every government agency. The Education Office is
an administrative administrator in the field of education that requires a fast
system for processing data. The attendance system at the Tangerang
Regency education office is already using a fingerprint. However, there are
still many obstacles that arise due to lack of tools, and damage to the tool so
that it often uses manual attendance. The research method used is the
method of data collection, and the analytical method used is a form of
Unified Modeling Language. The results and objectives of this study are the
creation of a system that can facilitate employee and attendance managers
to be more effective and efficient.

Arif, Z. H. et al. (2018) emphasized the extensive utilization of conventional

paper-based attendance systems in educational establishments, such as
schools and government agencies throughout various nations. Despite its
widespread usage, this method has notable drawbacks, including its time-
consuming nature and detrimental impact on the environment. Hence, it is
crucial to transition from these conventional approaches to more efficient
alternatives.

Improving attendance monitoring by implementing QR code Attendance

Monitoring

B Dinesh Kumar, S Kareemulla (2017) Attendance is an important factor for

both employees and students. There a different method of maintain
attendance from manual system were attendance is marked in sheets to
automated attendance such as biometrics. All the methods have some
disadvantage in maintaining the attendance. The automated attendance is
time concerned ie the employ should update their attendance before the
time else they will lose their salary. Many time employee fails to update on
time because of queue in front of the machine. The main aim of this paper is
to use the smartphones for updating the attendance. This paper uses a
mobile app which scans the QR code which acts as user ID and for user
verification uses fingerprint or voice recognition.

In the educational world, teachers and administrators also found out the
potential of utilizing this type of technology in education. Technological
advances brought applications of innovations to education (Durak et al.,
2016). The Quick Response (QR) code is highly secure as all the delicate data
put away and transmitted is encoded, easy to utilize and cost-efficient
management system (Kadu et al., 2017). Scanning QR codes allow a person
to record a huge amount of data and transfer them to a Microsoft Excel file
through a mobile app. Students nowadays are more technology savvy,
routine activities and teaching strategies must also advance. Whether in
public or private schools, a majority of the students already uses
smartphones, and all connected to the internet. There has been many
studies and researches about the use of QR codes in checking the
attendance or used as a school id system or even used of a barcode in the
business industry. Most of the studies are specially meant for their school id
system where a specific program has been made and implement which may
cause a lot of money and sometimes maybe too expensive to afford.
Fadi Masalha, Nael Hirzallah (2014) Smartphones are becoming more
preferred companions to users than desktops or notebooks. Knowing that
smartphones are most popular with users at the age around 26, using
smartphones to speed up the process of taking attendance by university
instructors would save lecturing time and hence enhance the educational
process. This paper proposes a system that is based on a QR code, which is
being displayed for students during or at the beginning of each lecture. The
students will need to scan the code in order to confirm their attendance. The
paper explains the high level implementation details of the proposed system.
It also discusses how the system verifies student identity to eliminate false
registrations.

Sam Kee Ng ( 2021) This project presents as an QR code-based attendance

system which will be using mobile devices to scan QR code in order to
achieve the attendance in the class or any events. QR code system is a
combination of android applications developed for taking and storing the
attendance to the cloud storage. The reason why this advanced method has
been chosen as the attendance tracking system instead of others advanced
method such as biometric-based, RFID based attendance system is because
of QR code-based attendance system does not required any high-cost
implementation on hardware and maintenance fee for specific hardware.
Mobile device is now popular and general to everyone that have it. Thus,
there was not needed any hardware to be implement in the campus. Other
than that, it will solve the issues that have been facing by those tradition
attendances taking method such as calling out names and paper recording.
These tradition attendance systems were highly use in manpower, resources
and less effectiveness. Students will be easily cheated in having their
attendance without attending the class. Therefore, QR code-based
attendance tracking system will help in increasing the effectiveness and
efficiency on taking students attendance. Lecturers will not be required to
shout out students’ name in the class and waste their time for the teaching
lessons. This method will provide a more rapid and accurate attendance
records of the class due to the highly convenience in the class and strict
authentication while scanning the QR code. Students’ attendance will not be
recorded if any authentication does not fulfil the regulations such as, the
location of the students scanning the QR code wasn’t in UTAR campus or the
unique ID of the student’s devices does not match with the data from the
database. Hence, the final objectives of this project are to have a more
accurate and efficient in retrieving the student’s attendance in the campus.
The code in order to confirm their attendance.

OREOLUWA ONYEKACHI OLAIYA(2021) The aim of this study was to develop

an information system required for managing the identity of residents of
students hostels with the purpose of monitoring movements into and out of
their various hostels. The study identified the various user and system
requirements, specified the system design and implemented the system. A
review of the literature was being done to identify and understand existing
Identity Management Systems for monitoring hostel residences using QR
codes. The user and system requirements of the system were identified from
…

Fazrul Reza Mohd Yunos (2014) Android -based QR Code Automated

Attendance System is system that utilizes QR Code to track student’s
attendance during lecture hour in UTP. By scanning individual QR code issued
to students using an Android smartphone, attendance marking and checking
will be conducted by the app without human intervention. Scanned QR code
contains student’s information and will be compared with information stored
in database during pre-deployment phase. The software solution is mainly
targeted to prevent attendance fabrication by students besides reducing the
dependency on paper material thus reaching a greener approach. Database
are available in both online and offline mode for the sake of attendance
evidence and mobile viewing. Lecturers can store the attendance list in their
smartphone and later upload it to the online server. Attendance sheet stored
in database can be viewed and printed out when necessary. Throughout the
document, detailed documentation on the project is explained including the
prototype of the app, the results of user testing along with the analysis of the
feedbacks, and recommendations for future developments.

MC Maleriado, Joseph R Carreon (2019) The study was conducted to

determine the features acceptability of Quick Response (QR) Code innovative
platform as an attendance monitoring system. Purposive sampling was used
in the study involving 20 teachers who adapted the QR code and 36 students
who were exposed to the attendance monitoring system during the first
quarter of the academic year 2018-2019. Descriptive data analysis was used
in the study using the adapted standardized survey questionnaire intended
for evaluating database interface. The digital application was available and
free on Android smartphones that can be exported to Microsoft Excel, while
the system doesn’t require an internet connection and ideal for a big class.
With the combined evaluations of the teachers-user and students, data
revealed that QR Code as attendance monitoring system was generally very
highly acceptable in terms of reliability, efficiency, accuracy, usability, while
highly acceptable in terms of security and confidentiality. The views of the
participants imply that QR code as attendance checker was environment-
friendly, cost-effective, user-friendly, innovative, very fast and readable
codes. Hence, this study is geared towards evidence-based practice using
this type of innovation that will serve as a preference towards continuous
improvement and successful adaptation of the QR code that is essential in
modifying and simplifying the checking of attendance of students in the
classroom.

Zainab Hussein Arif, Nabeel Salih Ali, Nurul Azma Zakaria, Mohammed
Nasser Al-Mhiqani (2018) To maintain the attendance records, several
government organisations and educational institutions in many countries still
depend on the paper-based attendance approach. This approach has
presented several disadvantages such as time-consuming and wastage of
environmental resources. There is a necessity to change these traditional
methods of attendance recording with more efficient ones. Thus, many works
have been done in this direction. Moreover, this study aims to analyse the
most recent studies on automated attendance systems regarding the
timeline. Our critical review has highlighted studies in the existing literature
concerning technology, application domain, and main findings. Moreover,
shed light on most numerous studies on any of three previous aspects.

QR code Attendance Monitoring in Educational Institutions

QR code monitoring is a technology-driven approach aimed at automating

the attendance procedure in educational institutions through the use of QR
code technology. The use of QR code features, particularly QR code
recognition, holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of attendance
tracking and reshaping educational institutions in the digital age. This
literature review aims to synthesize existing research findings to provide
insights into the impact of QR code attendance monitoring on educational
institutions and to identify potential future research directions.

In the realm of technology, there has been a growing interest in

developing automatic attendance management systems for convenience and
data reliability (Shea et al., 2019). Moreover, a systematic review has
evaluated the impact of universal free school meals on students’ school meal
participation rates, diets, attendance, academic performance, and Body Mass
Index (BMI), as well as on school finances (Cohen et al., 2021).

Vibin Mammen Vinod, S Thokaiandal, CS Sindhuja, V Mekala, M Manimegalai,

N Prabhuram (2020) Attendance process has a difficult role in the classroom
because it involves proper labeling of attendance for each candidate against
their own roll call. The time and resources to be expended for the complete
process is also the main scrutinizing consideration for attendance labeling in
classrooms. A lot of research has been done to simplify the procedure using
different technologies such as RFID tags, barcode scanning, biometric
scanners, face detection, etc. This paper provides the in-depth analysis of
the literature for the different historically applied systems and analyzes each
one’s vulnerabilities to consider the advanced system’s deployment viability.
The study identifies the biometric features as a standard for authentication.
Fingerprint, face and iris recognition are far superior than other techniques in
existence.

Deni Dwi Saputra, Andeka Rocky Tanaamah

Jurnal Mantik (2021) The Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in mid-March

2020 caused the situation to change completely, and companies and
agencies began implementing physical distancing and work from home. KONI
Salatiga City is one of the agencies affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. One
of the sectors of the Salatiga City KONI that was affected was the attendance
section. Attendance data retrieval conducted at KONI Salatiga City is still
done manually by signing in the attendance book. Therefore, by utilizing the
right information system technology, it can solve this problem. Namely by
building a QR Code-based attendance information system. The method used
in building an attendance information system is to use the waterfall method.
This method is very effective in conducting system design because it is
carried out systematically.

Md Rizal Md Hendry, Mohd Noah A Rahman, Afzaal H Seyal (2017) The

cardinal aim of this study to report an automated student attendance system
modeled and developed for use at a Vocational school. This paper focuses on
developing an application by using a QR code. This system enables us to
speed up the process of taking attendance and would save us valuable
teaching time. This is planned to help students avoid consequences that may
result from poor attendances which will eventually penalized them from
sitting their final examination as required by the administrators

AA Abd Rahni, N Zainal, MZ Adna, NE Othman, MF Bukhori (2015) This paper

thus outlines the development of an online student attendance monitoring
system (named SAMSTM) based on QR codes and mobile devices. This
design was chosen due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The only
equipment required by the user (lecturers and students) is a mobile internet
device such as a tablet computer or a smartphone. This is deemed
reasonable due to the wide availability and high ownership of such devices
today. The system is currently in an early prototyping phase to show a
working proof of its concept. This paper describes the overall architecture as
well as the flow of its implementation in the class room. The method of
surveying the effectiveness and user feedback of the system is also
discussed. The main advantage of the system is a more accurate and quicker
method of recording and monitoring student attendance. With this system, it
will be quantitatively easier to discern the students based on their diligence
in attending classes, and thus also predict their performance due to the
correlation between attendance and academic performance. We found
positive feedback for the system in the design phase with some parties
interested in commercialization. This encouragement motivates the
deployment of the system in a number of trials which will be useful for
further development and wider application.