Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.

By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:

University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S Solution of Nonlinear Equations

‫ يتم إيجاد جذور المعادلة التي تحققها وكما‬،‫من المعادالت التي تم دراستها سابقا في المواضيع المختلفة‬
: ‫في المثالين ادناه‬
2
∗ x + 2x − 4 = 0
∗ x 3 − 3x = 1
‫) الن كل حدودها عبارة عن متعدد‬Algebraic Equation( ‫وتسمى هذه المعادالت بالمعادالت الجبرية‬
.)roots( ‫ ) والحلول لهذه المعادالت تسمى جذور‬x n ( ‫حدود‬
ً ‫لكن هناك معادالت من نوع اخر وال يمكن اختصارها الى معادالت جبرية وتسمى هذه المعادالت رياضيا‬
. )Transcendental Equation( ‫بــــ‬
Functions can be classified into two groups;
Polynomial functions: are called algebraic, as are functions obtained from them
by addition, multiplication, division, or taking powers and roots.
Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental. The trigonometric,
exponential, logarithmic, and hyperbolic functions are transcendental, as are
their inverses. Transcendental functions occur frequently in many calculus
settings and applications, including growths of populations, vibrations and
waves, efficiencies of computer algorithms, and the stability of engineered
structures.
A transcendental function, is an analytic function that does not satisfy a
polynomial equation, in contrast to an algebraic function. In other words, a
transcendental function "transcends" algebra in that it cannot be expressed in
terms of a finite sequence of the algebraic operations of addition, multiplication,
and root extraction. Examples of transcendental functions include the
exponential function, the logarithm, and the trigonometric functions.
Ex :
1- tan x − x = 0 5- cosh x = sec(x)
x 6- tan(x) = x
2- e + 2 sin x = 0
3- cosh x = sec x 7- sinh(4x) − x 3 = 4
4- sinh 4x − x 3 = 4

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these notes.
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 Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.
By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:
University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S :‫ولغرض حل مثل هذا النوع من المعادالت نحتاج الى طرق تقريبية للحل مثل‬
.) Graphical method( ‫ طريقة الرسم‬-1
.)Iteration Method( ‫ طريقة المحاولة‬-2
.)Newton- Raphson Method( ‫ طريقة نيوتن‬-3
Rad . ‫ تكون الحسابات بنظام الـ‬:‫مالحظة‬

. ‫ وهي طريقة تقريبية تعتمد على دقة المخطط والرسم‬: )‫ (طريقة الرسم‬Graphical method -1
Example: 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥 to find x :
𝑦1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥

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54
 Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.
By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:
University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S
2- Iteration Method (Fixed – point Iteration):

Example: Solve the following function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 ; to find the

value of (x) by fixed–point iteration.
1
The equation may be written as : 𝑥= ( 𝑥2 + 1 )
3
1
∴ 𝑋𝑛+1 = (𝑋𝑛2 + 1 ) , assume 𝑋𝑜 = 1
3

𝑋𝑛 𝑋𝑛+1
𝑥𝑜 = 1 2/3= 0.667
0.667 0.482
0.482 0.411 ∴ 𝑋1 = 0.382
0.411 0.389
0.389 0.384
0.384 0.382
0.382 0.382

To find the other value of (x), the equation may also be written as:
1 1
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 → 𝑥 − 3 + = 0 → 𝑥 = 3 −
𝑥 𝑥

𝑋𝑛 𝑋𝑛+1
𝑥𝑜 = 1 2
2 2.5
2.5 2.6 ∴ 𝑋2 = 2.618
2.6 2.615
2.615 2.618
2.618 2.618

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these notes.
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 Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.
By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:
University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S 3- Newton's Iteration method [Newton – Raphson method]:

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝑿𝒏+𝟏 = 𝑿𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 =
′ ′
𝒇 (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇 (𝑿𝒏 )
To solve for values of (x) ; make 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
) ‫( أي يتم نقل كل حدود المعادلة الى الطرف االيسر منها‬

Example: Solve the following function x 2 + 1 = 3𝑥 by Newton– Raphson

method.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥𝑜 = 1

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝒊 𝑿𝒏 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝑿𝒏+𝟏
𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 )
0 1.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
1 0.0000 1.0000 -3.0000 -0.3333 0.3333
2 0.3333 0.1111 -2.3333 -0.0476 0.3810
3 0.3810 0.0023 -2.2381 -0.0010 0.3820
4 0.3820 0.0000 -2.2361 0.0000 0.3820
−𝟔 −𝟕
(𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 ) (−𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 )

To find another value of (x):

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥𝑜 = 2

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝒊 𝑿𝒏 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝑿𝒏+𝟏
𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 )
0 2.0000 -1.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 3.0000
1 3.0000 1.0000 3.0000 0.3333 2.6667
2 2.6667 0.1111 2.3333 0.0476 2.6190
3 2.6190 0.0023 2.2381 0.0010 2.6180
4 2.6180 0.0000 2.2361 0.0000 2.6180

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these notes.
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 Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.
By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:
University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S
Example: Calculate √7 by Newton – Raphson method starting from 𝑥𝑜 = 2 ,
and calculate the error

Solution : C = 7

𝑥 = √7 → 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑐 = 0 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝒊 𝑿𝒏 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝑿𝒏+𝟏
𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 )
0 2 -3 4 -0.75 2.75
1 2.75 0.5625 5.5000 0.1023 2.6477
−3
2 2.6477 0.0103 5.2954 1.9451 × 10 2.6458
3 2.6458 2.5764 × 10−4 5.2912 4.8688 × 10−4 2.6458

∴ 𝑿 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟖 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 √7 = 2.64575

Example: Find the positive solution of : 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒙 by Newton – Raphson

method starting from 𝒙𝒐 = 𝟐
Solution:

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 → 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝒊 𝑿𝒏 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝑿𝒏+𝟏
𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 )
0 2 0.181405 1.832293 0.09900 1.900995
1 1.900995 9 .0391 × 10−3 1.648462 5.48335 × 10−3 1.89551
−5 −5
2 1.89551 2.577 × 10 1.638074 1.573188 × 10 1.89549
3 1.89549 −6.99 × 10−6 1.638037 −4.26730 × 10−6 1.89549

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these notes.
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57
 Topic: Numerical Analysis Class: 3rd.
By: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Date:
University of Technology Civil Engineering Department

QUESTION NOTES
S
Example: Find the positive solution of : 𝒆𝒙⁄𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝟐 by Newton – Raphson
method starting from 𝒙𝒐 = 𝟒
Solution:

𝟏 𝒙 ⁄𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙⁄𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 → 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒆 −𝟏
𝟐

𝒇(𝑿𝒏 )
𝒊 𝑿𝒏 𝒇(𝑿𝒏 ) 𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 ) 𝑿𝒏+𝟏
𝒇′ (𝑿𝒏 )
0 4.0000 1.3891 2.6945 0.5155 3.4845
1 3.4845 0.2257 1.8551 0.1216 3.3628
2 3.3628 0.0104 1.6866 0.0061 3.3567
3 3.3567 0.0000 1.6784 0.0000 3.3567

Homework: Find the solution of the following equation according to

𝑥𝑜 defined:
1
𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑜 = 2
2

𝑏) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑜 = 1

𝑐) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = √𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑜 = 1

𝑑) 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 = 6 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑜 = 3

e) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑥 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥𝑜 = 1

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these notes.
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