347

Matrices 347

8.2.1 Definition .
A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or complex numbers) in rows and columns, is
called a matrix. This arrangement is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. The numbers are called the
elements of the matrix or entries in the matrix. A matrix is represented by capital letters A, B, C etc. and its
elements by small letters a,b,c,x,y etc. The following are some examples of matrices:
a 
1 4  2  i 3 2   
A  , B  , C  [1, 4, 9] , D   g , E  [l]
2 3   1  3  i  5
 h 
8.2.2 Order of a Matrix.
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n or simply m×n matrix (read as 'an
m by n matrix). A matrix A of order m×n is usually written in the following manner
 a11 a12 a13 ... a1 j ... a1n 
a 
 21 a 22 a 23 ... a 2 j ... a 2 n 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... .....  i  1, 2,..... m
A  or A  [a ij ]m n , where
 a i1 a i2 a i3 ... a ij ... a in  j  1, 2,..... n
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
a m 1 a m 2 a m 3 ... a mj ... a mn 
3  1 5 
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column. Example : order of matrix   is 2×3
6 2  7 
Note :  A matrix of order m×n contains mn elements. Every row of such a matrix contains n
elements and every column contains m elements.
8.2.3 Equality of Matrices .
Two matrix A and B are said to be equal matrix if they are of same order and their corresponding
1 6 3  a a 2 a 3 
elements are equal Example: If A    and B   1  are equal matrices.
5 2 1  b1 b 2 b 3 
Then a1  1, a 2  6, a3  3, b1  5, b 2  2, b 3  1
8.2.4 Types of Matrices.
(1) Row matrix : A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row vector if it has only one row and any number
of columns. Example : [5 0 3] is a row matrix of order 1× 3 and [2] is a row matrix of order 1×1.
(2) Column matrix : A matrix is said to be a column matrix or column vector if it has only one column
 2
 
and any number of rows. Example :  3  is a column matrix of order 3×1 and [2] is a column matrix of order
  6 
1×1. Observe that [2] is both a row matrix as well as a column matrix.
(3) Singleton matrix : If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton matrix.

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 348 Matrices
Thus, A  [aij]mn is a singleton matrix if m  n  1 Example : [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.
(4) Null or zero matrix : If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is
generally denoted by O. Thus A  [aij ]mn is a zero matrix if aij  0 for all i and j.

0 0  0 0 0 
Example : [0],  ,  , [0 0] are all zero matrices, but of different orders.
0 0  0 0 0 
(5) Square matrix : If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a
 a11 a12 a13 
square matrix. Thus A  [aij ]mn is a square matrix if m  n . Example : a 21 a 22 a 23  is a square matrix of order
a 31 a 32 a 33 
3×3
(i) If m  n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.
(ii) The elements of a square matrix A for which i  j, i.e. a11 , a22 , a33 ,.... ann are called diagonal elements
and the line joining these elements is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
(iii) Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix. A is called the trace of matrix
n
A , which is denoted by tr A. tr A  a
i1
ii  a11  a 22  ... a nn

Properties of trace of a matrix : Let A  [aii ]nn and B  [bij ]nn and  be a scalar
(i) tr(A)   tr( A) (ii) tr( A  B)  tr( A)  tr (B) (iii) tr( AB )  tr(BA )
(iv) tr( A)  tr( A' ) or tr ( A T ) (v) tr(In )  n (vi) tr (0)= 0
(vii) tr ( AB)  tr A . tr B
(6) Diagonal matrix : If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero, it is called
a diagonal matrix. Thus a square matrix A  [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij  0, when i  j .

2 0 0
 0  is a diagonal matrix of order 3×3, which can be denoted by diag [2, 3, 4]
Example : 0 3
0 0 4 

Note :  No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.

 Number of zeros in a diagonal matrix is given by n 2  n where n is the order of the matrix.
 A diagonal matrix of order n  n having d1 , d 2 ,....., d n as diagonal elements is denoted by
diag [d 1 , d 2 ,..., d n ] .
(7) Identity matrix : A square matrix in which elements in the main diagonal are all '1' and rest are all
zero is called an identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the square matrix A  [aij ] is an identity matrix, if
1, if i  j
a ij  
0, if i  j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In .
 1 0 0
1 0   
Example : [1],   ,  0 1 0  are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
 0 1   0 0 1
 
Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER
 Matrices 349

(8) Scalar matrix : A square matrix whose all non diagonal elements are zero and diagonal elements are
 , if i  j
equal is called a scalar matrix. Thus, if A  [aij ] is a square matrix and aij   , then A is a scalar matrix.
0, if i  j
5 0 0 
1 0  
Example : [2],  , 0 5 0  are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
0 1  0 0 5 
 

Note :  Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar matrices.
(9) Triangular Matrix : A square matrix [aij ] is said to be triangular matrix if each element above or below
the principal diagonal is zero. It is of two types
(i) Upper Triangular matrix : A square matrix [aij ] is called the upper triangular matrix, if aij  0 when
i  j.
3 1 2
Example : 0 4 3  is an upper triangular matrix of order 3×3.
0 0 6 
(ii) Lower Triangular matrix : A square matrix [aij ] is called the lower triangular matrix, if
aij  0 when i< j.

1 0 0 
Example :  2 3 0  is a lower triangular matrix of order 3×3.
 4 5 2 

n(n  1)
Note :  Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix is given by where n is order of
2
matrix.
 Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.
 A triangular matrix a  [aij ]nn is called strictly triangular if aij  0 for 1  i  n

Example: 1 A square matrix A  [aij ] in which a ij  0 for i  j and a ij  k (constant) for i  j is called a

(a) Unit matrix (b) Scalar matrix (c) Null matrix (d) Diagonal matrix

Solution: (b) When a ij  0 for i  j and a ij is constant for i  j then the matrix [aij ]nn is called a scalar matrix
Example: 2 If A, B are square matrix of order 3, A is non singular and AB  0, then B is a [EAMCET 2002]

(a) Null matrix (b) Singular matrix (c) Unit matrix (d) Non singular matrix
Solution: (a) AB = 0 when B is null matrix.
2 5  7 
 
Example: 3 The matrix 0 3 11  is known as
0 0 9 

(a) Symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix (c) Upper triangular matrix (d) Skew symmetric matrix
Solution: (c) We know that if all the elements below the diagonal in a matrix are zero, then it is an upper triangular matrix.
Example: 4 In an upper triangular matrix n×n, minimum number of zeros is [Rajasthan PET 1999]

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 350 Matrices
n(n  1) n(n  1) 2n(n  1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2
Solution: (a) As we know a square matrix A  [a ij ] is called an upper triangular matrix if a ij  0 for all i>j

a11 a12 a13 a14 .... a1(n  2) a1(n 1) a1n 

 
 0 a22 a23 a24 .... a2(n  2) a2(n 1) a2 n 
0 0 a33 a34 .... a3(n  2) a3(n 1) a3 n 
 
(n  1)n
A  
0 0 0 a44 .... a4 (n  2) a4 (n 1) a4 n 
. Number of zeros = (n  1)  (n  2)  .....  2  1 
         2
 
         
0 0 0 0 .... 0 a(n 1)(n 1) a(n 1)n 

 0 0 0 0 .... 0 0 ann 
Example: 5 If A  [a ij ] is a scalar matrix then trace of A is

(a)  a
i j
ij (b) ai
ij (c) aj
ij (d) a
i
ii

n
Solution: (d) The trace of A  a i1
ii  Sum of diagonal elements.

8.2.5 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices.

If A  [aij ]mn and B  [b ij ]mn are two matrices of the same order then their sum A+B is a matrix whose
each element is the sum of corresponding elements. i.e. A  B  [aij  bij ]mn

5 2 1 5   5  1 2  5  6 7 
Example : If A   1 
3  and B   2 2  , then A  B   1  2 3  2   3 5 
 
4 1   3 3  4  3 1  3  7 4 
Similarly, their subtraction A  B is defined as A  B  [aij  bij ]mn
 5  1 2  5  4  3
   1 
i.e. in above example A  B   1  2 3  2     1
4  3 1  3   1  2 

Note :  Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible only when matrices are of the same order.
Properties of matrix addition : If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then
(i) A  B  B  A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A  B)  C  A  (B  C) (Associative law)
(iii) A  O  O  A  A, where O is zero matrix which is additive identity of the matrix.
(iv) A  ( A)  0  ( A)  A , where ( A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of A, which is
additive inverse of the matrix.
A  B  A  C
(v)   B  C (Cancellation law)
B  A  C  A
8.2.6 Scalar Multiplication of Matrices.
Let A  [aij ]mn be a matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every
element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 Matrices 351

2 4 10 20 
Thus, if A  [aij ]mn , then kA  Ak  [kaij ]mn . Example : If A   3 1  , then 5 A  15
 5 
 4 6   20 30 
Properties of scalar multiplication:
If A, B are matrices of the same order and  ,  are any two scalars then
(i) ( A  B)  A  B (ii) (  )A  A  A
(iii) (A)  (A)  (A) (iv) (A)  (A)   ( A)
Note :  All the laws of ordinary algebra hold for the addition or subtraction of matrices and their
multiplication by scalars.
8.2.7 Multiplication of Matrices.
Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns in A (pre-multiplier)
is same as the number of rows in B (post multiplier).Thus, if A  [aij ]mn and B  [bij ]np are two matrices of
n
order m×n and n  p respectively, then their product AB is of order m  p and is defined as ( AB )ij  a
r 1
ir b rj

 b1 j 
b 
 [ai1 ai 2 ... ain ] 2 j  = (ith row of A)(jth column of B) .....(i), where i=1, 2, ..., m and j=1, 2, ...p
 
b nj 
Now we define the product of a row matrix and a column matrix.
b 1 
 
Let A  a1 a 2 ....an  be a row matrix and B  b 2  be a column matrix.
  
b n 
Then AB  a1b1  a2 b 2  ....  an bn  …(ii). Thus, from (i),
( AB)ij  Sum of the product of elements of ith row of A with the corresponding elements of jth column of B.
Properties of matrix multiplication
If A,B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
(i) AB  BA (Generally not commutative)
(ii) ( AB )C  A(BC ) (Associative Law)
(iii) IA  A  AI , where I is identity matrix for matrix multiplication
(iv) A(B  C )  AB  AC (Distributive law)
(v) If AB  AC 
 BC (Cancellation law is not applicable)
(vi) If AB= 0 It does not mean that A= 0 or B = 0, again product of two non zero matrix
may be a zero matrix.
Note :  If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
 The multiplication of two triangular matrices is a triangular matrix.
 The multiplication of two diagonal matrices is also a diagonal matrix and
diag (a1 , a 2 ,.... an )  diag (b1 , b 2 ,.... bn )  diag (a1 b1 , a 2 b 2 ,.... an bn )
 The multiplication of two scalar matrices is also a scalar matrix.
 If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then
(i) ( A  B) 2  A 2  B 2  AB  BA (ii) ( A  B 2 )  A 2  B 2  AB  BA
Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER
 352 Matrices

(iii) ( A  B)( A  B)  A 2  B 2  AB  BA (iv) ( A  B)( A  B)  A 2  B 2  AB  BA

(v) A( B)  ( A)B  ( AB )
8.2.8 Positive Integral Powers of A Matrix.
The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix. Also then
A  A. A , A 3  A. A. A  A 2 A . Also for any positive integers m ,n.
2

(i) A m A n  A m n (ii) ( A m )n  A mn  ( A n )m
(iii) I n  I, I m  I (iv) A 0  In where A is a square matrix of order n.
8.2.9 Matrix Polynomial .
Let f (x )  a0 x n  a1 x n1  a 2 x n2  ...  an1 x  an be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix of order n.
Then f ( A)  a0 A n  a1 A n1  a 2 A n2  ...  an1 A  an In is called a matrix polynomial.
Example : If f (x )  x 2  3 x  2 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then A 2  3 A  2 I is a matrix
polynomial.

 cos  sin  
Example: 6 If A   , then A 
2
[Rajasthan PET 2001]
 sin  cos  

cos  sin   cos   sin    cos  sin    cos  sin  

(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 sin  cos    sin  cos    sin  cos     sin   cos  

 cos  sin   cos sin   cos 2 sin 2 

Solution: (c) Since A 2  A. A      
 sin cos    sin cos    sin 2 cos 2 

a b   
Example: 7 If A    and A   then
2
[AIEEE 2003]
b a    
(a)   a 2  b 2 ,   ab (b)   a 2  b 2 ,   2ab (c)   a 2  b 2 ,   a 2  b 2 (d)   2ab,   a 2  b 2

    a b   a b  a 2  b 2 2ab 
Solution: (b) A2      . On comparing, we get,   a  b ,   2ab
2 2

   b a  b a   2ab a 2  b 2 

 i 0
Example: 8 If A   , n  N , then A equals
4n
[AMU 1992]
0 i 
1 0 i 0 0 i 0 0
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
0 1 0 i i 0 0 0

 i 0   i 0  1 0  1 0  1 0  1 0  1 0 

Solution: (a) A2     , A4  A2. A2       I ; (A )  I  I  
4 n n

 0 i  0 i   0  1   0  1  0  1  0 1  0 1 
1 1  a 1 
Example: 9 If A   , B    and ( A  B)  A  B then value of a and b are
2 2 2
[Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
 2  1  b  1 
(a) a  4 , b  1 (b) a  1 , b  4 (c) a  0, b  4 (d) a  2 , b  4

Solution: (b) We have ( A  B) 2  A 2  B 2  A.B  BA

 a  b 2  a  2 a  1 
∵ AB  BA  0     0
 2a  b 3  b  2  b  1
2a  2  b a  1 
   0 . On comparing, we get, a  1  0  a  1 and 4  b  0  b  4
 2a  2 4 b 

a h g   x 
  
Example: 10 The order of [ x y z ]  h b f   y  is [EAMCET 1994]
 g f c   z 

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 Matrices 353
(a) 3×1 (b) 1×1 (c) 1×3 (d) 3×3
Solution: (b) Order will be (1  3)(3  3)(3  1)  (1  1)
cos   sin  0
 
Example: 11 Let F( )   sin  cos  0  . Then F ( ). F ( ' ) is equal to
 0 0 1 
(a) F ( ' ) (b) F ( /  ' ) (c) F (   ' ) (d) F (   ' )
cos   sin  0 cos    sin   0 
   
Solution: (c) We have F( )   sin  cos  0  , F( )   sin   cos   0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

cos   sin  0  cos    sin   0  cos(   )  sin(   ) 0 

    
F ( ). F ( )   sin  cos  0   sin   cos   0    sin(   ) cos(   ) 0   F (   )
 0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1 

1 1 0 
 
Example: 12 For the matrix A  1 2 1  , which of the following is correct
 2 1 0 

(a) A3  3 A2  I  0 (b) A 3  3 A 2  I  0 (c) A3  2 A2  I  0 (d) A 3  A 2  I  0

1 1 0  1 1 0   2 3 1  2 3 1  1 1 0   7 9 3
           
Solution: (b) A 2  A. A  1 2 1  1 2 1   5 6 2  , A 3  A. 2 A  5 6 2  1 2 1   15 19 6
 2 1 0   2 1 0  3 4 1  3 4 1   2 1 0   9 12 4 

7 9 3  6 9 3  1 0 0 
     
A 3  3 . A 2  15 19 6   15 18 6   0 1 0   I  A 3  3 A 2  I  0
 9 12 4   9 12 3  0 0 1 

 0 1 0 
Example: 13 If A   , B    , then the value of  for which A  B is
2
[IIT Screening 2003]
1 1 5 1 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) No real values
 0   0   0 2
Solution: (d) A2     ∵ A  B (given)
2

1 1  1 1    1 1 

 2 0  1 0 
Then       1 and   1  5 . Clearly no real value of 
2

  1 1  5 1 
8.2.10 Transpose of a Matrix.
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns into rows is
called transpose of Matrix A and is denoted by A T or A  .
From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m×n, then order of A T is n×m
 a1 b 1 
a a3 
is a 2 b 2 
a2
Example : Transpose of matrix  1 
b1b 2 b 3  2 3
a 3 b 3  32
Properties of transpose : Let A and B be two matrices then
(i) ( A T )T  A
(ii) ( A  B)T  A T  B T , A and B being of the same order
(iii) (kA)T  kA T , k be any scalar (real or complex)
(iv) ( AB)T  B T A T , A and B being conformable for the product AB
(v) ( A1 A 2 A3 ..... An1 An )T  An An 1 ....... A3 A 2 A1
T T T T T

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 354 Matrices

(vi) I T  I
8.2.11 Determinant of a Matrix .
 a11 a12 a13 
If A  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix, then its determinant, denoted by |A| or Det (A) is defined as
a 31 a 32 a 33 
a11 a12 a13
| A |  a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
Properties of determinant of a matrix
(i) | A | exists  A is square matrix (ii) | AB | | A || B |
(iii) | A | | A |
T
(iv) | kA |  k n | A |, if A is a square matrix of order n
(v) If A and B are square matrices of same order then |AB|=|BA|
(vi) If A is a skew symmetric matrix of odd order then | A |  0
(vii) If A  diag (a1 , a 2 ,..... an ) then | A |  a1 a 2 ...an (viii)| A | n | A n |, n  N .
Example: 14 If A and B are square matrices of same order then
[Pb. CET 1992; Roorkee 1995; MP PET 1990; Rajasthan PET 1992, 94]
(a) ( AB )  A B  (b) ( AB )  B A 
(c) AB  0, if | A |  0 or | B |  0 (d) AB  0, if | A |  I or B  I
Solution: (b) A  [a ij ]nn , B  [b jk ]nn , AB  [aij ]nn [b jk ]nn  [cik ]nn , where c ik  a ij b jk
( AB)  [cik ]nn  [cki ]nn  [b kj ]nn [a ji ]nn = B A
1 2  1 3  1 11 
Alternatively, Let A    ,B    ; AB   3 25 
 3 4  2 2 0 4  22  
1 3  1 0  1 3   1 3 
( AB )'    …..(i) and B ' A '      …..(ii)
11 25  3 4   2 4  11 25 
From (i) and (ii), ( AB )  B A 
Example: 15 If A,B are 3×2 order matrices and C is a 2×3 order matrix, then which of the following matrices not defined
[Rajasthan PET 1998]
(a) A t  B (b) B  C t (c) A t  C (d) A t  B t
Solution: (a) Order of A is 3 × 2 and order of B is 3 × 2 and order of A t is 2 × 3 then
 A t  B  [ A t ]23 + [B]32 is not possible because order are not same.
8.2.12 Special Types of Matrices.
(1) Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix
(i) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A  [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji for all i, j or A T  A
a h g
 f 
Example :  h b
 g f c 
Note :  Every unit matrix and square zero matrix are symmetric matrices.
n(n  1)
 Maximum number of different elements in a symmetric matrix is
2
(ii) Skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A  [aij] is called skew- symmetric matrix if aij  a ji for all
i, j

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 Matrices 355

 0 h g

or A   A . Example :   h 0
T
f 
 g  f 0 
Note :  All principal diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric matrix are always zero because for any
diagonal element. aij  aij  aij  0
 Trace of a skew symmetric matrix is always 0.
Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices:
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A  A T , AA T , A T A are symmetric matrices, while A  A T is skew- symmetric
matrix.
(ii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then  A, KA, A T , A n , A 1 , B T AB are also symmetric matrices, where n  N ,
K  R and B is a square matrix of order that of A
(iii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) A 2 n is a symmetric matrix for n  N ,
(b) A 2 n 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N ,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k  R ,
(d) B T AB is also skew- symmetric matrix where B is a square matrix of order that of A.
(iv) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A  B, AB  BA are also symmetric matrices,
(b) AB  BA is a skew- symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB  BA .
(v) If A,B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
(a) A  B, AB  BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
(b) AB  BA is a symmetric matrix.
(vi) If A a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column matrix, then C T AC is a zero matrix.
(vii) Every square matrix A can uniquelly be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrix i.e.
1  1 
A   ( A  A T )   ( A  A T ) .
2  2 
(2) Singular and Non-singular matrix : Any square matrix A is said to be non-singular if | A |  0, and a
square matrix A is said to be singular if | A |  0 . Here | A | (or det(A) or simply det |A| means corresponding
determinant of square matrix A.
2 3 2 3
Example : A    then| A |   10  12  2  A is a non singular matrix.
4 5  4 5
(3) Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrix : A square matrix A  [aij ] is said to be hermitian matrix if
 3 3  4 i 5  2i 
 a b  ic  
a ij  a ji 
i. j i.e . A  A . Example :   , 3  4 i 5  2  i are Hermitian matrices.
b  ic d   5  2i  2  i
 2 

Note :  If A is a Hermitian matrix then aii  aii  aii is real i, thus every diagonal element of a
Hermitian matrix must be real.
 A Hermitian matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real symmetric matrix and a
square matrix, A=|aij| is said to be a skew-Hermitian if aij  a ji . i, j i.e . A    A .

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 356 Matrices
 3i  3  2i  1  i 
 0  2  i 
Example :   ,  3  2i  2i  2  4 i are skew-Hermitian matrices.
 2  i 0   1i
 2  4i 0 
 If A is a skew-Hermitian matrix, then aii  aii  aii  aii  0 i.e. aii must be purely imaginary or
zero.
 A skew-Hermitian matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real skew-symmetric matrix.
(4) Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AA T  I  A T A i.e. if A 1  A T
 cos   sin    cos  sin  
Example : A    is orthogonal because A 1     AT
 sin  cos    sin  cos  
In fact every unit matrix is orthogonal.
(5) Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A 2  A .
1 / 2 1 / 2  1 / 4  1 / 4 1 / 4  1 / 4  1 / 2 1 / 2 
Example :   is an idempotent matrix, because A 2     A.
1 / 2 1 / 2  1 / 4  1 / 4 1 / 4  1 / 4  1 / 2 1 / 2 

1 0  0 0 
Also, A    and B    are idempotent matrices because A  A and B  B .
2 2

 0 0   0 1 
In fact every unit matrix is indempotent.
(6) Involutory matrix : A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A 2  I or A 1  A
1 0  1 0 
Example : A    is an involutory matrix because A 2   I
0 1  0 1 
In fact every unit matrix is involutory.
(7) Nilpotent matrix : A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a p  N such that
Ap  0
0 0  0 0 
Example : A    is a nilpotent matrix because A 2   0 (Here P = 2)
1 0  0 0 
(8) Unitary matrix : A square matrix is said to be unitary, if A' A  I since | A  | | A | and
| A ' A | | A '|| A | therefore if A  A=I, we have | A '|| A |  1
Thus the determinant of unitary matrix is of unit modulus. For a matrix to be unitary it must be non-
singular.
Hence A  A  I  A A   I
(9) Periodic matrix : A matrix A will be called a periodic matrix if A k 1  A where k is a positive integer.
If, however k is the least positive integer for which A k 1  A, then k is said to be the period of A.
 f (x ) g(x ) dA  f (x ) g (x )
(10) Differentiation of a matrix : If A    then  is a differentiation of matrix
h(x ) l( x )  dx h(x ) l(x ) 
A.
 x 2 sin x  dA  2 x cos x 
Example : If A    then 
2 x 2  dx  2 0 

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 Matrices 357

(11) Submatrix : Let A be m×n matrix, then a matrix obtained by leaving some rows or columns or both,
2 1 0 
of A is called a sub matrix of A. Example : If A '   3 2 2  and 
2 2
 are sub matrices of
5 3 
 2 5 3 
 2 1 0  1
matrix A  3 2 2 4 
 2 5 3 1 
(12) Conjugate of a matrix : The matrix obtained from any given matrix A containing complex number
as its elements, on replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called conjugate
1  2i 2  3 i 3  4 i  1  2i 2  3 i 3  4 i
of A and is denoted by A . Example : A  4  5 i 5  6 i 6  7 i  then A  4  5 i 5  6 i 6  7 i
 
 8 7  8i 7   8 7  8i 7 
Properties of conjugates :
 
(i) A  A (ii)  A  B   A  B
(iii) (A)   A ,  being any number (iv) ( AB)  A B , A and B being conformable for multiplication.
(13) Transpose conjugate of a matrix : The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called
transposed conjugate of A and is denoted by A  . The conjugate of the transpose of A is the same as the
transpose of the conjugate of A i.e. ( A)  ( A )  A .
If A  [aij ]mn then A   [b ji ]nm where b ji  a ij i.e. the ( j, i)th element of A   the conjugate of (i, j)th element of
A.
1  2i 2  3 i 3  4 i  1  2i 4  5 i 8 
    
Example : If A  4  5 i 5  6 i 6  7 i  , then A   2  3 i 5  6 i 7  8 i
 8 7  8i 7  3  4 i 6  7 i 7 
Properties of transpose conjugate
(i) ( A  )  A (ii) ( A  B)  A   B  (iii) (kA)  K A , K being any number (iv) ( AB)  B A
0 5 7
 
Example: 16 The matrix  5 011  is known as [Karnataka CET 2000]
 7  11 0 
(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix (c)Symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix
Solution: (b) In a skew-symmetric matrix, a ij  a ji  i, j  1, 2,3 and j  i , aii  aii  each aii =0
Hence the given matrix is skew-symmetric matrix [ A T   A] .
2   4
 
Example: 17 The matrix  1 3 4  is non singular if [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
 1  2  3 
(a)   2 (b)   2 (c)   3 (d)   3
2   4
 
Solution: (a) The given matrix A   1 3 4  is non singular If |A|  0
 1  2  3 
2  4 1 3 0
 | A|  1 3 4  0  1 3 4  0 [R1  R1  R 2 ]
1 2 3 1 2 3

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 358 Matrices
1   3 0 
   R  R 2  R3 
 | A |  0 1 1 0 ,  2 
0    5  3   R3  R3  R1 

 1(3    5 )  0    2  0    2
1 2 2 
1 
Example: 18 The matrix A  2 1  2  is [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
3
 2 2  1 
(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary (c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent
1 2 2
1
Solution: (a) Since for given A  2 1  2 . For orthogonal matrix AA T  A T A  I(33 )
3
 2 2 1
 1 2 2  1 2  2  9 0 0 
1   1  
 AA T  2 1  2 2 1 2  0 9 0   3 I . Similarly A A  3 I . Hence A is orthogonal
T
3 3
 2 2  1   2  2  1  0 0 9 
 4 x  2
Example: 19 If A    is symmetric, then x = [Karnataka CET 1994]
 2 x  3 x  1
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4
 4 2 x  3  4 x  2
Solution: (b) For symmetric matrix, A  A T      2x  3  x  2  x  5
 x  2 x  1  2 x  3 x  1

Example: 20 If A and B are square matrices of order n×n, then ( A  B)2 is equal to [Karnataka CET 1999; Kerala (Engg.)
2002]

(a) A2  B2 (b) A 2  2 AB  B 2 (c) A 2  2 AB  B 2 (d) A 2  AB  BA  B 2

Solution: (d) Given A and B are square matrices of order n×n we know that
( A  B)  ( A  B)( A  B)  A  AB  BA  B
2 2 2

cos   sin  
Example: 21 If A   , then which of the following statement is not correct [DCE 2001]
 sin  cos  

(a) A is orthogonal matrix (b) A T is orthogonal matrix (c) Determinant A  1 (d) A is not invertible

Solution: (d) | A |  1  0, therefore A is invertible. Thus (d) is not correct

Example: 22 Matrix A is such that A 2  2 A  I where I is the identity matrix. Then for n  2, A n  [EAMCET 1992]

(a) nA  (n  1)I (b) nA  I (c) 2n 1 A  (n  1)I (d) 2 n 1 A  I

Solution: (a) We have, A 2  2 A  I  A 2 . A  (2 A  I) A ; A 3  2 A 2  IA  2 [2 A  I]  IA  A 3  3 A  2 I

Similarly A 4  4 A  3 I and hence A n  nA  (n  1)I

 0 0  1
 
Example: 23 Let A   0  1 0  , the only correct statement about the matrix A is [AIEEE 2004]
 1 0 0 

(a) A2  I (b) A  (1)I , where I is unit matrix

(c) A 1 does not exist (d) A is zero matrix

 0 0  1  0 0  1  1 0 0
    
Solution: (a) A  A. A   0  1
2
0  0 1 0   0 1 0   I . Also, A 1 exists as | A |  1
 1 0 0   1 0 0   0 0 1 

8.2.13 Adjoint of a Square Matrix.

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER

 Matrices 359

Let A  [aij ] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the transpose of the
matrix of cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A
Thus, adj A  [C ij ]T  (adj A)ij  C ji  cofactor of a ji in A.
T
 a11 a12 a13   C11 C12 C13  C11 C 21 C 31 
If A  a 21 a 22 
a 23 , then adj A  C 21
 C 22 C 23   C12
 C 22 C 32 ;
a 31 a 32 a 33  C 31 C 32 C 33  C13 C 23 C 33 
Where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.

p q
Example : A   , C 11  s, C 12  r, C 21  q, C 22  p
r s
T
 s  r  s  q
 adj A     
 q p  r p 
Note :  The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal
elements and changing signs of off diagonal elements.

Mr. SHASHIKUMAR TOTIGER