EEE/ECE 365

Microprocessor

Lecture #10 (Part-II)

Timer0, Timer1
Md Rakibul Hasan
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, BRAC University

Slide Courtesy of Imtiaz Ahmed, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, BRAC University

 An Example of Using Timer0

6 November 2022
• Let us assume that it is required to generate a square wave having 20 ms time
period and 50% duty cycle.
• Since time period is 20 ms so half of the time period is 10 ms.
• In a output pin if we can send high for 10 ms and low for next 10ms and
repeat it, the output will be a square of 20 ms (TP).
• We shall send a high in a pin say PC.0 and start Timer0 of ATmega32.
• As soon as the time counting of 10 ms is finished, we shall toggle the same
pin.
• And start the timer again and do the same repeatedly.
• Now the question is how to generate 10mS time interval.

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 An exercise on generation of time delay (contd.)

6 November 2022
• Now to measure 10ms accurately, we have to choose a slower clock (in the
order of kHz).
• Let us choose a prescaler of 1024.
• Hence clock frequency will be 16MHz/1024 or 15.625 kHz.
• So the time period of the clock pulse will be (1/15.625) ms or 0.064 ms.
• So to measure 10 ms we need 10 ms/0.064 ms or 156 number of clock pulse.
• If we load TCNT0 with 0 and Compare register, OCR0=155, the after 155+1=156
number of clock pulses OCF0 flag will be raised.
• Then the flag bit will be monitored by the uC. When it is found to be set, the
program will go to its ISR.
• In the ISR. we shall write code to toggle the output pin.
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 6 November 2022
Interfacing Circuit

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 Timer0 in Output Compare mode

6 November 2022
#include <mega32.h>
TCNT0=0;
interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void OCR0=155;
timer0_comp_isr(void)
TIMSK=(0<<OCIE2) | (0<<TOIE2) |
{ (0<<TICIE1) | (0<<OCIE1A) | (0<<OCIE1B) |
PORTC.0=~PORTC.0; (0<<TOIE1) | (1<<OCIE0) | (0<<TOIE0);
TCNT0=0; #asm("sei")
} PORTC.0=0;
void main(void) while (1)
{
{
DDRC.0=1;
}
TCCR0=(0<<WGM00) | (0<<COM01) |
(0<<COM00) | (0<<WGM01) | (1<<CS02) | }
(0<<CS01) | (1<<CS00);
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 6 November 2022
Timer1 Programming
• Timer1 is a 16-bit timer and has lots of capabilities.
• It is split into two bytes. These are referred to TCNT1L and TCNT1H.
• Timer1 has two control registers, namely TCCR1A (8-bit) and
TCCR1B (8-bit).
• TOV1 flag bit goes high when overflow occurs.
• There are two OCR registers, namely OCR1A(16-bit) and OCR1B(16-
bit).
• There are two separate flags for each of two OCR registers, OCF1A
and OCF1B which act independently. The figure in the next slide
explains how they work.
 6 November 2022
Compare and Overflow in Timer1

Ref. Reg. B OCR1BH OCR1BL

= OCF1B
flag
Timer Reg. TCNT1H TCNT1L

flag TOV1 = OCF1A

Ref. Reg. A flag
OCR1AH OCR1AL
 TCCR1A & TCCR1B (Timer Counter

6 November 2022
TCCR1A Register
Control Registers)
COM1A1 COM1A0 COM1B1 COM1B0 FOC1A1 FOC1B1 WGM11 WGM10

TCCR1B Register
ICNC1 ICES1 - WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10
FOC1A, FOC1B – Related to force compare
ICNC1, ICES1 – Related to Input Capture
COM1A1, COM1A0, COM1B1, COM1B0
– Related to Waveform Generation
WGM13, WGM12, WGM11, WGM10 – Mode Selection
CS12, CS11, CS10 – Clock Selection
Block Diagram for Timer1 (similar to Timer0)

6 November 2022
CLKI/O STOP
0
CLK
1
CLK/8
2
CLK/64 3
PRESCALER CLK/256 MUX
4
CLK/1024
5
Falling Edge
EDGE 6
DETECTOR Rising Edge 0
7 2 1

T1 CS10
CS11
CS12
 6 November 2022
An Exercise
• Write a program to toggle only the PORTB.5 bit continuously
every second. Use timer 1, Normal mode, and 1:256 prescaler to
create the delay. Assume XTAL=8 MHz. Use overflow method.
Solution:
• Prescaler=1:256 → ftimer=(8/256) MHz
• Ttimer = 1/ftimer = 256/8 us = 32 us
• So, number of clock necessary to make a delay of 1 sec is
(1s/32us)=106/32=31250
• Therefore, the number to be loaded in the timer register is
(65535-31250+1)=34286=0x85EE
• So, TCNT1L=0xEE and TCNT1H=0x85
 6 November 2022
The Program Using Timer1
#include <mega32.h> void main(void)
{
interrupt [TIM1_OVF] void
TCNT1L=0XEE;
timer1_ovf_isr (void)
TCNT1H=0X85;
{ TCCR1A=0x00;
PORTB.5=~PORTB.5; TCCR1B=0x04;
TCNT1L=0XEE; TIMSK=0x04;
DDRB.5=1;
TCNT1H=0X85; #asm(“sei”);
} while (1) {

}
}
 6 November 2022
Compare Method
• There are two compare registers, OCR1A and OCR1B.
• If you use OCR1A register, then OCIE1A bit of TIMSK
register should be enabled and for OCR1B, the OCIE1B bit
should be enabled.
• Let us take, OCR1A=31250-1=31249 (dec), or 0x7A11
• TIMSK=0b00010000 = 0x10
• Name of ISR is [TIM1_COMPA] instead of [TIM1_OVF1]

6 November 2022 Prof. S. M. Luttful Kabir, IICT, BUET 12

 6 November 2022
The Program Using Compare method
#include <mega32.h> void main(void)
interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void {
timer1_compa_isr(void) DDRB.5=1;
{ TCCR1A=0x00;
PORTB.5=~PORTB.5; TCCR1B=0x04;
TCNT1H=0x00; TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00; TCNT1L=0x00;
} OCR1AH=0x7A;
OCR1AL=0x11;
TIMSK=0x10;
#asm("sei")
while (1)
{

}
}
6 November 2022
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Thanks