Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Digital Electronics (303105221)

B. Tech. 2nd year

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: To study and implement the logic gates using following Universal Gates.
1. NAND
2. NOR

APPARATUS: Logisim and Thinkercad

THEORY:
Universal Gates may implement any Boolean function without using any other
gate type. The NAND gate and NOR gate are called Universal gates because they can
perform all the three essential functions of AND, OR and NOT gates.
A two-input NAND gate is a digital combination logic circuit that performs the
logical inverse of an AND gate. While an AND gate outputs a logical “1” only if
both inputs are
Logical “1,” a NAND gate outputs a logical “0” for this same combination of
inputs. Here, we will explore the Universal gates, NAND Gate & NOR Gate, along with
a few examples of each.

NAND Gate as a Universal Gate

1 NOT Gate using NAND Gate Truth Table NOT Gate

A Y
0 1

1 0

2 OR Gate using NAND Gate Truth Table OR Gate

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1
1 1 1
 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Digital Electronics (303105221)
B. Tech. 2nd year

3 AND Gate using NAND Gate Truth Table AND Gate

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

NOR Gate as a Universal Gate

1. NOT Gate using NOR Gate Truth Table NOT Gate
A Y
0 1
1 0

2. OR Gate using NOR Gate Truth Table OR Gate

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

3.
AND Gate using NOR Gate Truth Table AND Gate

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Digital Electronics (303105221)
B. Tech. 2nd year

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 NAND Gate as an Universal Gate:

[NOT Gate By Using NAND Gate]

[OR Gate By Using NAND Gate]

[AND Gate By Using NAND Gate]

 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Digital Electronics (303105221)
B. Tech. 2nd year

 NOR Gate as an Universal Gate:

[NOT Gate By Using NOR Gate]

[OR Gate By Using NOR Gate]

[AND gate By Using NOR Gate]

 Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Digital Electronics (303105221)
B. Tech. 2nd year

PROCEDURE:
 Open the Tinkercad software with your credentials.
 Take the breadboard.
 Take 5v Power Supply, DIP Switch SPST x 4, Red LED, 1 kΩ Resistor, ICs
of NAND and NOR gates.
 Connect the common line into the IC from 5v power supply.
 Connect all equipment on breadboard according to the circuit diagram.
 Run the circuit diagram.
 Observe outputs for all possible combination of inputs.
CONCLUSION:
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without
need to use any other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal
gates. In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are
economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital
logic families.
QUESTIONS:
1) Why NAND and NOR are called Universal Gates?
2) Design XOR gate using NOR gate.
3) Which ICs are used for NAND and NOR gate?

ANSWERS:
1. In Boolean Algebra, the NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates
because any digital circuit can be implemented by using any one of
these two i.e. any logic gate can be created using NAND or NOR gates
only.

2.

3. 7400 IC (NAND Gates): 4 gates on this package, each with 2 input pins,
1 output pins. 7402 IC (NOR Gates): 4 gates on this package, each with 2
input pins, 1 output pins.

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