ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC

(PHY547)

EXPERIMENT 1

DC CIRCUITS

PREPARED FOR:

PROFESOR MADYA DR
KAMIL BIN YAAKOB

PREPARED BY:

MUHAMMAD AKHMAL AHMAD PUAD

(2023899252)

MUHAMMAD ARIF MOHD ASRI

(2023802524)

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

21 OCTOBER 2024
 EXPERIMENT 1

TOPIC: DC CIRCUITS

OBJECTIVE:

1.Series and parallel circuits

2.Kirchoff loop & junction laws implementation

Equipment and Component:

1.Breadboard

2.Resistors

3. Power supply

4.Multimeter

5.Wires
THEORY:

Circuits consisting of just one battery and one load resistance are simple to analyze, but
practical applications are not often found with them. Usually, circuits with more than two
components connected together are encountered. There are two basic ways in which to connect more
than two circuit components: series and parallel. First, an example of a series circuit

In this circuit, three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and R3) are connected in a long chain from one
terminal of the battery to the other. It should be noted that the subscript labeling those little numbers to
the lower-right of the letter "R" is unrelated to the resistor values in ohms, serving only to identify one
resistor from another. The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that only one path for electrons
to flow is present. In this circuit, the electrons flow in a counter -clockwise direction, moving from
point 4 to point 3, then to point 2, point 1, and back around to point 4. Now, let the other type of
circuit, a parallel configuration, be examined.
 In this circuit, three resistors are arranged to form more than one continuous path for electrons
to flow. One path is established from point 8 to point 7, then to point 2, point 1, and back to point 8.
Another path is create d from point 8 to point 7, then to point 6, point 3, point 2, point 1, and back to
point 8. A third path is formed from point 8 to point 7, then to poin t 6, point 5, point 4, point 3, point
2, point 1, and back to point 8. Each individual path through R1, R2, and R3 is referred to as a branch.

The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are connected between
the same set of electrically common points. In the schematic diagram, it can be seen that points 1, 2, 3,
and 4 are all electrically common, as are points 8, 7, 6, and 5. It should be noted that all resistors, as
well as the battery, are connected between these two sets of points.

Kirchhoff's Laws - Current Law & Voltage Law

In complex circuits, such as bridge or T networks, Ohm’s Law alone cannot always be used to
find the voltages or currents circulating within the circuit. For these types of calculations, certain rules
are needed to obtain the circuit equa tions, and Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law can be utilized.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed
path (loop or mesh) is zero. By applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to the first and second loops in the
circuit shown in Figure 3, the following results are obtained:

Loop 1: -Vs +V1 +V2 +V5 = 0 (1a) Loop 2: -V2 +V3 +V4 = 0 (1b)
 Procedure:

Series circuits

1. Connect the three resistors in series, and to the 6-volt battery, as shown in the illustrations.
2. Measure battery voltage with a voltmeter after the resistors have been connected to it, noting this
voltage figure on paper as well. lt is advisable to measure battery voltage while it's powering the
resistor circuit because this voltage may differ slightly from a no-load condition
3. Use Ohm's-Law ( I=E/R ) to calculate circuit current, then verify this current value by measuring
current with an ammeter .

4. The measured value of current should agree closely with your Ohm's Law

calculation. Now, take that calculated value for current and multiply it by the

respective resistances of each resistor to predict their voltage drops (E=IR)

5. Switch you multimeter to the "voltage" mode and measure the voltage dropped across each

resistor, verifying the accuracy of your predictions. Again, there should be close agreement

between the calculated and measured voltage.

b)Parallel

1. Connect the three resistors in parallel to and each other, and with the 6-volt battery, as shown in the
illustrations. Measure battery voltage with a voltmeter after the resistors have been connected to it,
noting this voltage figure on paper as well.

2. Measure voltage across each of the three resistors. What do you notice? In a series circuit, current is
equal through all components at any given time. In a parallel circuit, voltage is the common variable
between all components.

3. Use Ohm's Law (I=E/R) to calculate current through each resistor, then verify this calculated value
by measuring current with a digital ammeter. Place red probe of the ammeter at the point where the
positive (+) ends of the the resistors connect to each other and lift one resistor wire at a time,
connecting the meter's black probe to the lifted wire. In this manner, measure each resistor current,
noting both the magnitude of the current and the polarity c. Kirchhoff's Laws

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 above using appropriate values.

2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.

3. Accurately measure all voltages and currents in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter
(DMM).

4. Record the measurements in a tabular form containing the measured voltage and current values as
shown below.

BRANCH CURRENT/ VOLTS(V) I(MA) R(kΩ)

VOLTAGE
MEASURED CALCULATED MEASURED CALCULATED
V1,I1 0.023 0.5
V2,I2 0.049 0.497
V3,I3 0.015 0.3µ
V4,I4 0.033 0.3µ
V5,I5 4.81 0.5

5. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations 1a and 1b.

6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d
DATA COLLECTING & ANALYSIS
The value of resistors for both series and parallel:
a) Series (theoretical)
Voltage of power supply = 6 𝑉
Resistor Voltage Across Resistor Current
(Ω) (𝑉) (𝐴)

270 3. 88 0. 014

47 0. 68 0.014

100 1. 43 0. 014

𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑇 = 270Ω + 47Ω + 100Ω
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 𝑅𝑇 = 417Ω
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼1𝑅1 + 𝐼2𝑅2 + 𝐼3𝑅3
6 = 𝐼 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3)
6 = 𝐼 (270Ω + 47Ω + 100Ω)
2
𝐼 = 139 𝐴 ≈ 0. 014𝐴

1. 𝑉1 = 𝐼1𝑅1
2
𝑉1 = ( 139 𝐴)(270Ω)
540
𝑉1 = 139
𝑉 ≈ 3. 88𝑉

2. 𝑉2 = 𝐼2𝑅2
2
𝑉2 = ( 139 𝐴)(47Ω)
94
𝑉2 = 139
𝑉 ≈ 0. 68𝑉

3. 𝑉3 = 𝐼3𝑅3
2
𝑉3 = ( 139 𝐴)(100Ω)
200
𝑉3 = 139
𝑉 ≈ 1. 43𝑉

b) Parallel (theoretical)

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 Voltage of power supply = 6 𝑉
Resistor Voltage Across Resistor Current
(Ω) (𝑉) (𝐴)

270 6 0. 022

47 6 0. 13

100 6 0. 06

𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3

𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 270Ω
+ 47Ω
+ 100Ω
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 28. 59Ω
1 1 1
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉( 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
)
1 1 1
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 6𝑉( 270Ω + 47Ω
+ 100Ω
)
4439
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 21150
𝐴 ≈ 0. 014𝐴

1. 𝑉1 = 𝐼1𝑅1
6𝑉
𝐼1 = 270Ω
1
𝐼1 = 45
𝐴 ≈ 0. 022𝐴

2. 𝑉2 = 𝐼2𝑅2
6𝑉
𝐼1 = 47Ω
6
𝐼1 = 47
𝐴 ≈ 0. 013𝐴

3. 𝑉3 = 𝐼3𝑅3
6𝑉
𝐼1 = 100Ω
3
𝐼1 = 50
𝐴 ≈ 0. 06𝐴

c) Kirchhoff’s Law Implementation

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 𝑅1 = 270Ω , 𝑅2 = 47Ω, 𝑅3 = 100Ω, 𝑅4 = 2𝐾Ω, 𝑅5 = 10𝐾Ω

Branch 𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠) 𝐼 (𝑚𝐴) 𝑅 (𝑘Ω)

Current/voltage
Measured Calculated Measured Calculated

𝑉1, 𝐼1 ± 0. 68 0.7 ± 3. 0 2. 59 0. 27

𝑉2, 𝐼2 ± 0. 12 0.12 ± 3. 0 2. 58 0. 047

𝑉3, 𝐼3 ± 0. 0013 −3 ± 0. 0122 0. 0121 0. 1

1. 21 × 10

𝑉4, 𝐼4 ± 0. 123 0. 121 ± 0. 115 0. 0121 10

𝑉5, 𝐼5 ± 5. 18 5. 18 ± 3. 0 2. 59 2

𝑉𝑠, 𝐼𝑠 ± 6. 0 6.0 ± 0. 0121 0. 0120 50

d) Series (measured)
Voltage of power supply = ± 5. 98 𝑉
Resistor Voltage, V Current, I
(Ω) (𝑉) (𝐴)

270 ± 3. 85 ± 0. 014

47 ± 0. 68 ± 0. 014

100 ± 1. 45 ± 0. 014

e) Parallel (measured)
Voltage of power supply = ± 5. 62 𝑉
Resistor Voltage, V Current
(Ω) (𝑉) (𝐴)

270 ± 5. 63 ± 0. 122

47 ± 5. 62 ± 0. 022

100 ± 5. 62 ± 0. 058

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f) Kirchhoff’s Law Implementation (theoretical)
Loop 1: − 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉5 = 0
Loop 2: − 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0

Node a: -Is + I1 = 0 (2a)

Node b: -I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 (2b)
Node c: -I3 + I4 = 0 (2c)
Node d: -I2 - I4 + I5 = 0 (2d)

I1 = I2 + I3
I2 = I4 + I5
I1 = I5
I3 = I4

Loop 1:
Vs = V1 + V2 = V5
6 = I1R1 + I2R2 + I5R5
6 = I1(270) + (I1-I3)(47) + I1(2000)
6 = 270I1 + 47I1 - 47I3 2000I1
6 = 2317I1 - 47I3
0 = 2317I1 - 47I3 - 6

Loop 2:
V2 + V3 + V4 = 0
I2R2 + I3R3 + I4R4 = 0
I2(47) + I3(100) + I3(10000) = 0
47I1 - 47I3 + 100I3 + 10000I3 = 0
10053I3 + 47I1 = 0
-47I3 + 2317I1 = 6
I1 = 6 + 47I2 / 2317

6+47𝐼3
10053I3 + 47( 2317
)= 0
282+2209𝐼3
10053I3 + ( 2317
)=0
2209𝐼3 282
10053I3 + ( 2317
) = - 2317
I3 = -1.21X10^-5

−5
6 + 47( − 1.21𝑋10 )
I1 = ( 2317
)
I1 = 2.59X10^-3 A

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 I1 = 2.59mA
I2 = 2.58mA
I3 = 0.0121mA
I4 = 0.0121mA
I5 = 2.59mA

DISCUSSION

In series circuit experiment, the measured voltage was found to be 5. 98 𝑉 while the
theoretical value was predicted to be 6. 00𝑉. The percentage difference of the series circuit is
1. 83%.

In parallel circuit experiment, the measured voltage was found to be 5. 62𝑉 while the
theoretical value was predicted to be 6. 00𝑉. The percentage difference of they parallel circuit is
6. 33%.

In the final circuit where the Kirchhoff’s Law was applied, the experimental values for
voltages were follows: 𝑉1 = 0. 68𝑉, 𝑉2 = 0. 12𝑉, 𝑉3 = 0. 0013𝑉, 𝑉4 = 0. 123𝑉, 𝑉5 = 5. 18𝑉 and
𝑉𝑆 = 6. 00𝑉. These values slightly different to the expected theoretical values of 𝑉1 = 0. 7𝑉,
𝑉2 = 0. 12𝑉, 𝑉3 = 0. 00121𝑉, 𝑉4 = 0. 121𝑉, 𝑉5 = 5. 18𝑉 and 𝑉𝑆 = 6. 00𝑉.

The experimental values for currents were follows: 𝐼1 = 2. 59𝑚𝐴, 𝐼2 = 2. 58𝑚𝐴,

𝐼3 = 0. 0121𝑚𝐴, 𝐼4 = 0. 0121𝑚𝐴, 𝐼5 = 2. 59𝑚𝐴 and 𝐼𝑆 = 0. 0120 𝑚𝐴. These values slightly
different to the expected theoretical values of 𝐼1 = 3. 0𝑚𝐴, 𝐼2 = 3. 0𝑚𝐴, 𝐼3 = 0. 0122𝑚𝐴,
𝐼4 = 0. 115𝑚𝐴, 𝐼5 = 3. 0𝑚𝐴 and 𝐼𝑆 = 0. 0121 𝑚𝐴.

A few errors were identified in this experiment including instrumental, environment and
human. Firstly, some of the wires were not in good condition and not connected properly.
Secondly, it does not turn off after readings are taken. Lastly, the readings that were taken were
not uniform.

To prevent the errors mentioned above, there are a few steps that can be taken. Firstly,
make sure all the wires are in good condition and attach all wires tightly and correctly. Next,
once you’ve taken readings, turn off the switch to prevent the wires from overheating. Lastly,
find the average reading from all the readings that you already took.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the first objective has been achieved since the percentage difference of the
series circuit is 1. 83% and the parallel circuit is 6. 33%. Both percentage differences were below
20. 0%.

For the final circuit where the Kirchhoff’s Law was applied, since the average percentage
difference for voltage,𝑉 is 2. 9% and for current,𝐼 is 15%. Thus the second objective has been
achieved.

REFERENCE
1.Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. O. (2017). Fundamentals of electric circuits (6th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.

2.Nilsson, J. W., & Riedel, S. A. (2015). Electric circuits (10th ed.). Pearson.

3.Hambley, A. R. (2013). Electrical engineering: Principles and applications (5th ed.). Prentice
Hall.

4.Boylestad, R. L., & Nashelsky, L. (2018). Circuits (12th ed.). Pearson.

5.Dorf, R. C., & Bishop, J. E. (2010). Introduction to electric circuits (8th ed.). Wiley.

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