ENGINEERING MECHANICS

17BEME302 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 4H–4C

Instruction hours / week L: 3 T: 1 P: 0 Marks: Internal: 40 External: 60 Total: 100
End Semester Exam: 3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
1. To develop capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of carrying out the design functions of
engineering.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the students will be able to
1. Draw free body diagrams and determine the resultant of forces and/or moments.
2. Determine the centroid and second moment of area of sections.
3. Apply laws of mechanics to determine efficiency of simple machines with consideration of friction.
4. Analyze statically determinate planar frames.
5. Analyze the motion and calculate trajectory characteristics.
6. Apply Newton’s laws and conservation laws to elastic collisions and motion of rigid bodies.

UNIT I STATICS OF PARTICLES

Forces – system of forces – concurrent forces in plane and space– resultant – problems involving the equilibrium of a particle–free
body diagram–equilibrium of particle in space.

UNIT II STATICS OF RIGID BODIES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Rigid bodies–moment of force about an axis–moments and couples–equivalent system of coplanar forces– Rigid body in equilibrium–
problems involving equilibrium of rigid body–types of supports–reactions of beams.

UNIT III CENTROID, CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

Centroids of areas, composite areas, determination of moment of inertia of plane figures, polar moment of inertia – radius of gyration
– mass moment of inertia of simple solids.

UNIT IV KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Introduction – plane, rectilinear motion – time dependent motion – rectangular coordinates – projectile motion. IMPULSE AND
MOMENTUM: Concept of conservation of momentum – Impulse–Momentum principle– Impact – Direct central impact – Oblique
central impact – Impact of elastic bodies.

UNIT V KINETICS OF PARTICLES AND FRICTION

Equations of motion–rectilinear motion–Newton’s II law – D’Alembert’s principle – Energy – potential energy–kinetic energy–
conservation of energy–work done by a force – work energy method. Laws of friction – coefficient of friction–problems involving
dry friction – wedge and ladder friction.

SUGGESTED READINGS

1. Dr. N. Kottiswaran, 2010, “Engineering Mechanics”, Ninth Edition - reprint, Sri Balaji Publications.
2. S Timoshenko, D H Young and J V Rao, 2008. “Engineering Mechanics”, Revised fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill education pvt. Ltd
3. S Rajasekaran, G Sankarasubramanian, 2009, “Engineering Mechanics”, Third Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.
4. Beer F P and Johnston E.R. 2009, “Vector Mechanics for Engineers–Statics and Dynamics”, Tata Mc–Graw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
5. Bansal R K, 2006, “Engineering Mechanics”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

COIMBATORE – 641021
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE PLAN
Subject : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Code : 17BEME302
Class/Semester/Branch : II Year / III Semester – B.E – Mechanical Engineering

Lecture
Sl.
Duration Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No.
(Hr)
UNIT I - Statics of Particles
 Introduction to Engineering Mechanics, Scalar, Vector, Distance, T[1]- pp. 2-4
1. 1 Displacement, Speed, Velocity, Force, Work done, Energy and T[2] -pp. 1-3
Power. T[3] -pp. 1-3
 Rigid body & Deformable body
T[1]- pp. 5-16
2. 1  Classification of Force System T[2] -pp. 4-10
 Particle
3. 1  Newton’s Law, Principle of Transmissibility. T[3] -pp. 3-8

 Triangular Law, Polygon Law & Parallelogram Law

T[1]- pp. 43-48
4. 1  Resultant, Equilibrium condition & Equilibrant T[1]- pp. 5-16
 Lami’s Theorem
5. 1  Problems related to Lami’s Theorem T[2] -pp. 10-12

6. 1  Tutorial 1 (Problems related to Parallelogram Law & Lami’s Theorem) T[1]- pp. 5-16
 Resolution of Forces
 Freebody Diagram T[1]- pp. 18-24
7. 1
 Problems related to Concurrent force system acting on particles T[3] -pp. 35-50
which is in Equilibrium condition in plane & Freebody diagram.
8. 1  Vector, Force vector, Unit vector & Position vector T[1]- pp. 31-42
 Angle of inclination with X, Y & Z axes.
9. 1  Components of the force along the axes. T[3] -pp. 51-68

T[1]- pp. 30-53

 Magnitude of Resultant vector in space
10. 1 T[2] -pp. 43-54
 Direction of Resultant vector in space
T[3] -pp. 23-34
 Solving problems on Concurrent force system acting on particles
11. 1 T[1]- pp. 60-65
which is in Equilibrium condition in space.
 Tutorial 2 (Problems from Concurrent force system acting on T[1]- pp. 60-65
12. 1
particles which is in Equilibrium condition in space) T[2] -pp. 43-54
Total no. of Hours planned for unit - I 12

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Lecture
Sl. Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hr)
UNIT II Statics of Rigid Bodies in Two Dimensions
 Introduction of Moment T[1]- pp. 138-140
1. 1  Moment of a force T[2] -pp. 160-172
 Varignon’s Theorem T[3] -pp. 206-207
 Magnitude of Resultant force
T[1]- p. 140
2. 1  Direction of Resultant force T[2] -pp. 172-184

 Location of Resultant force using Varignon’s Theorem.

3. 1  Problems related to Non concurrent parallel forces. T[3] -pp. 207-208

 Non concurrent non parallel forces - Magnitude of Resultant

T[1]- p. 141
force, Direction of Resultant force, Location of Resultant
4. 1 T[2] -pp. 184-190
force. T[3] -pp. 209-214
 Problems related to Non concurrent Non parallel forces.
 Couple, Difference between Moment and Couple. T[1]- pp. 142-148
5. 1  Conversion of Force to Force – Couple System. T[2] -pp. 190-220
 Problems related to Force – Couple System. T[3] -pp. 218-235
 Tutorial 3 (Problems from Non concurrent parallel forces, T[1]- pp. 176-179
6. 1 T[2] -pp. 190-220
Non - parallel forces and Force – Couple System)
 Introduction of Beam, Difference between Frame and Beam T[1]- pp. 179-185
7. 1 T[2] -pp. 283-301
 Types of Supports and Reactions.
 Types of Loads T[1]- pp. 179-185
8. 1 T[3] -pp. 261-266
 Conversion of UDL & UVL to point load.
 Concept of Beam with Roller & Hinged support T[1]- pp. 185-200
9. 1  Problems related to force acting on beam with Roller & Hinged T[2] -pp. 301-312
support. T[3] -pp. 263-270
 Concept of Beam with two Hinged support
T[1]- pp. 254-270
10. 1  Problems related to force acting on beam with two Hinged T[3] -pp. 271-289
support
 Concept of Beam with inclined support.
T[1]- pp. 270-275
11. 1  Problems related to force acting on beam with inclined T[3] -pp. 366-382
support.
12. 1  Tutorial 4 (Problems from Beams) & revision for CIA I test. T[1]- pp. 270-275
Total no. of Hours planned for unit - II 12

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Lecture
Sl. Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hr)
UNIT III Centroid, Centre of Gravity and Moment of Inertia
 Introduction of Centroid and Centre of Gravity. T[1]- pp. 456-465
1. 1  Centroid of simple plane figures T[2] -pp. 759-768
 Problems related to Centroid of simple plane figures T[3] -pp. 724-727
 Centroid of Composite plane figures T[1]- pp. 480-484
2. 1  Symmetrical about X axis T[2] -pp. 768-785
 Symmetrical about Y axis
 Not Symmetrical about any axis T[1]- pp. 489-491
3. 1
 Problems related to Centroid of Composite plane figures T[2] -pp. 765-785
 Tutorial 5 (Problems from Centroid of simple & Composite plane T[1]- pp. 489-491
4. 1
figures)
 Centre of Gravity of simple solids
5. 1 T[1]- pp. 409-411
 Problems related to Centre of Gravity of simple solids
 Centre of Gravity of simple solids (same materials)
6. 1  Problems related to Centre of Gravity of simple solids (same T[1]- pp. 409-411
materials)
 Centre of Gravity of simple solids (Different materials) T[1]- pp. 491-500
7. 1  Problems related to Centre of Gravity of Composite solids T[2] -pp. 822-837
(Different materials)
8. 1  Tutorial 6 (Problems from Centre of Gravity of simple solids) T[1]- pp. 491-500
 Introduction to Moment of Inertia T[1]- pp. 502-510
9. 1  Moment of Inertia of simple plane by Integration (Rectangle, T[2] -pp. 838-842
Triangle & Circle). T[3] -pp. 826-830
 Parallel axis theorem T[1]- pp. 510-515
10. 1
 Perpendicular axis theorem T[2] -pp. 822-842
 Radius of Gyration T[1]- pp. 523-525
11. 1
 Mass Moment of Inertia of simple solids. T[1] -pp. 535-542
T[1]- pp. 523-525
12. 1  Problems related to Mass Moment of Inertia of simple solids
Total no. of Hours planned for unit - III 12

Lecture
Sl. Support
Duration Topics to be Covered
No. Materials
(Hr)
UNIT IV Kinematics of Particles
T[1]- pp. 290-291
 Introduction to Kinematics
1. 1 T[2] -pp. 441-444
 Characteristics of kinematics
T[3] -pp. 391-401
 Types of Plane motion
T[1]- pp. 292-336
2. 1  Types of Rectilinear motion T[2] -pp. 402-444
 Equation of motion in a straight line
T[1]- pp. 292-336
3. 1  Problems related to straight line motion
T[2] -pp. 402-444

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Distance travelled in nth second
 Motion of particle under Gravity
4. 1 T[1]- pp. 362-365
 Problems related to Distance travelled in nth second & Motion of particle
under Gravity
 Rectangular coordinates
5. 1 T[1]- pp. 362-365
 Problems related to Rectangular coordinates
 Projectile Motion
6. 1 T[1]- pp. 362-365
 Path of Projectile motion
 Standard result in Projectile Motion T[1]- pp. 525-528
7. 1
 Problems related to Projectile Motion T[2] -pp. 982-990
8. 1  Tutorial 7 (Problems from Rectilinear motion & Projectile Motion) T[1]- pp. 292-365
 Introduction to Impulse – Momentum method T[1]- pp. 525-536
9. 1  Impulse of a force T[2] -pp. 992-1005
 Momentum T[3] -pp. 931-942
T[1]- pp. 525-536
 Impulse – Momentum equation
10. 1 T[2] -pp. 992-1005
 Problems related to Impulse – Momentum equation
T[3] -pp. 931-942
 Impulse – Momentum equation (Motion of Connected bodies)
T[1]- pp. 562-564
11. 1  Bodies have same velocity & different velocity T[2] -pp. 995-1000
 Problems related to Motion of Connected bodies
12. 1  Tutorial 8 (Problems from Impulse – Momentum equation)
Total no. of Hours planned for unit - IV 12

Sl. Lecture
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No. Duration (Hr)
UNIT V Kinetics of Particles and Friction
 Introduction to Kinetics
 Mass, Weight & Momentum
T[1]- pp. 112-115
1. 1  Newton’s second law of motion
T[2] -pp. 850-872
 Equations of Motion
 Problems related to linear motion (using Motion equation)
 Work
 Energy (Potential & Kinetic energy)
2. 1 T[1]- pp. 112-115
 Conservation of energy

 Work done by force

3. 1  Work – Energy Equation T[1]- pp. 115-118

T[1]- pp. 112-118

4. 1  Tutorial 9 (Problems from Work – Energy Method)
T[3] -pp. 91-101
 Introduction of Friction
5. 1  Role of frictional force T[1]- pp. 564-566
 Types of friction
 Limiting friction
6. 1  Co-efficient of friction and angle of friction T[2] -pp. 843-860

 Law’s of static friction

7. 1  Law’s of Dynamic friction T[2] -pp. 945-955

 Impending motion
T[1]- pp. 607-610
8. 1  Basic concepts

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Angle of Repose
 Angle of static friction
9. 1 T[2] -pp. 843-860
 Problems related to static friction

T[1]- pp. 72-75

 Ladder friction
10. 1 T[2] -pp. 843-860
 Problems related to Ladder friction T[3] -pp. 91-94
 Wedge friction
11. 1 T[1]- pp. 72-75
 Problems related to Wedge friction
T[1]- pp. 76-96
12. 1  Tutorial 10 (Problems from Ladder & Wedge friction)
T[2] -pp. 860-872
Total no. of Hours planned for unit - V 12

Text Books :
[1] Dr. N. Kottiswaran, 2010, “Engineering Mechanics”, Ninth Edition - reprint, Sri Balaji Publications.
[2] S Timoshenko, D H Young and J V Rao, 2008. “Engineering Mechanics”, Revised fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill education pvt.
ltd
[3] S Rajasekaran, G Sankarasubramanian, 2009, “Engineering Mechanics”, Third Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

Reference Books :
[4] Beer F P and Johnston E.R. 2009, “Vector Mechanics for Engineers–Statics and Dynamics”, Tata Mc–Graw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
[5] Bansal R K, 2006, “Engineering Mechanics”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Website :http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-%20Guwahati/engg_mechanics/index.htm
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103108/
http://www.indiabix.com/mechanical-engineering/engineering-mechanics/

UNIT Total No. of Periods Planned Lecture Periods Tutorial Periods

I 12 10 02
II 12 10 02
III 12 10 02
IV 12 10 02
V 12 10 02
TOTAL 60 50 10

I. CONTINUOUS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT : 40 Marks

(Internal Assessment Tests: 30, Attendance: 5, Seminar: 5)

II. END SEMESTER EXAMINATION : 60 Marks

TOTAL : 100 Marks

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT I - STATICS OF PARTICLES

MECHANICS:
Mechanics can be defined as the branch of physics concerned with the
state of rest or motion of bodies that subjected to the action of forces. OR
It may be defined as the study of forces acting on body when it is at rest or in motion is
called mechanics.

Classification of Mechanics
The engineering mechanics are classified as shown
Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics of Rigid bodies Mechanics of Deformed bodies Mechanics of fluid

Statics Dynamics Statics Dynamics

BRANCHES OF MECHANICS:
Mechanics can be divided into two branches.
1. Static. 2. Dynamics.
a) Statics
It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces acting on a
body in equilibrium. Either the body at rest or in uniform motion is called statics

b) Dynamics:
It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces on body in motion
is called dynamics. It is further divided into two branches.
i) Kinetics ii) kinematics.
i) Kinetics
It is the branch of the dynamics which deals the study of body in motion under
the influence of force i.e. is the relationship between force and motion are considered or
the effect of the force are studied
ii) Kinematics:
It is the branch of the dynamics that deals with the study of body in motion with
out considering the force.

Fundamental concept
The following are the fundamental concept used in the engineering mechanics
1. Force
In general force is a Push or Pull, which creates motion or tends to create motion,
destroy or tends to destroys motion. In engineering mechanics force is the action of one
body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of its action,
A force is characterized by its point of application, magnitude, and direction, i.e.
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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
a force is a vector quantity.

Units of force
The following force units are frequently used.
A. Newton
The S.I unit of force is Newton and denoted by N. which may be defined as
1N = 1 kg. 1 m/s2
B. Dynes
Dyne is the C.G.S unit of force. 1 Dyne = 1 g. 1 cm/s2
One Newton force = 10 dyne
C. Pounds
The FPS unit of force is pound. 1 lbf = 1 lbm. 1ft/s2
One pound force = 4.448 N
One dyne force = 2.248 x 10ˉ6 lbs
2. Space
Space is the geometrical region occupied by bodies whose positions are described
by linear and angular measurement relative to coordinate systems. For three dimensional
problems there are three independent coordinates are needed. For two dimensional
problems only two coordinates are required.
3. Particle
A particle may be defined as a body (object) has mass but no size (neglected),
such body cannot exists theoretically, but when dealing with problems involving distance
considerably larger when compared to the size of the body. For example a bomber
aeroplane is a particle for a gunner operating from ground.
In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body whose dimensions are considered
to be near zero so that it analyze as a mass concentrated at a point. A body may tread as a
particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to describe its position or the action of forces
applied to it. For example the size of earth is insignificant compared to the size of its
orbits and therefore the earth can be modeled as a particle when studying its orbital
motion. When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics reduce to
rather simplified form since the geometry of the body will not be involved in the analysis
of the problem.
4. Rigid Body
A rigid body may be defined a body in which the relative positions of any two
particles do not change under the action of forces means the distance between two
points/particles remain same before and after applying external forces.
As a result the material properties of any body that is assumed to be rigid will not
have to be considered while analyzing the forces acting on the body. In most cases the
actual deformations occurring in the structures, machines, mechanisms etc are relatively
small and therefore the rigid body assumption is suitable for analysis

Basic quantities
In engineering mechanics length, mass, time and force are basic quantities
1. Length
In engineering mechanics length is needed to locate the position of a particle and
to describe the size of physical system. Some important length conversions factors
1cm = 10 mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 m = 1000 mm

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1 m = 3.2808’ (feet) 1 m = 39.37 Inch 1 Mile = 1.609 km

2. Mass
Mass is the property of matter by which we can compare the action of one body
with that of another. This property manifests itself as gravitational attraction between two
bodies and provides a quantitative measure of the resistance of matter to a change in
velocity. Some important mass conversion factors are given below
1 Kg = 2.204 lbm
3. Time
Time is the measure of the succession of events and is a basis quantity in
dynamic. Time is not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems but it has
importance in dynamics.
Systems of units
In engineering mechanics length, mass, time and force are the basic units used
therefore; the following are the units systems are adopted in the engineering mechanics
1. International System of Units (SI):
In SI system of units the basic units are length, time, and mass which are arbitrarily
defined as the meter (m), second (s), and kilogram (kg). Force is the derived unit.
1N = 1 kg. 1 m/s2
2. CGS systems of units
In CGS system of units, the basic units are length, time, and mass which are
arbitrarily defined as the centimeter (cm), second (s), and gram (g). Force is the derived
units 1 Dyne = 1 g. 1 cm/s2
3. British systems of units
In CGS system of units, the basic units are length, time, and mass which are
arbitrarily defined as the centimeter (cm), second (s), and gram (g). Force is the derived
units 1 lb = 1lbg. 1ft/s2
4. U.S. Customary Units
The basic units are length, time, and force which are arbitrarily defined as the foot
(ft), second (s), and pound (lb). Mass is the derived unit,
Trigonometry
The measurement of the triangle sides and angles is called trigonometry. Let us
consider right-angled triangle ABC as shown in figure
C C
θ

b a b a

θ
A c B A c B
Than the following ratio can be considered for both the triangles
Sin θ = per/hyp = a/b Sin θ = per/hyp = c/b
Cos θ = base/hyp = c/b Cos θ = base/hyp =a/b

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Tan θ = per/base = a/c Tan θ = per/base = c/a
The any side of the right angled triangle may be calculated by
b2 = a2 + b2
Similarly consider the following Triangle

C
α

b a

β γ
A c B
The any side of the triangle can be calculated by using the cosine law, let suppose
we have to calculate the side “AC” that is “b” then

b = a2 + c2 – (2bc)cos γ

Similarly, to calculate sides “AB” that is “c” and “AC” that is “a” then by using the
cosine lay as below
c = a2 + b2 – 2abcos α

And a = c2 + b2 – 2cbcos β
The sides of the triangle ABC can be calculated by using the sin law
a b c
Sin β Sin γ Sin α
Principle of transmissibility of forces
The state of rest of motion of a rigid body is unaltered if a force acting in the body
is replaced by another force of the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on
the body along the line of action of the replaced force.
For example the force F acting on a rigid body at point A. According to the
principle of transmissibility of forces, this force has the same effect on the body as a force
F applied at point B.

The following two points should be considered while using this principle.
1. In engineering mechanics we deal with only rigid bodies. If deformation of the
body is to be considered in a problem. The law of transmissibility of forces
will not hold good.
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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
2. By transmission of the force only the state of the body is unaltered, but not the
internal stresses which may develop in the body

Therefore this law can be applied only to problems in which rigid bodies are involved

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITY

Scalar quantity
Scalar quantity is that quantity which has only magnitude (numerical value
with suitable unit) or
Scalars quantities are those quantities, which are completely specified by
their magnitude using suitable units are called scalars quantities. For example mass, time,
volume density, temperature, length, age and area etc
The scalars quantities can be added or subtracted by algebraic rule e.g.
7kg + 8kg = 15 kg sugar Or 4 sec + 5 sec = 9 sec
Vector quantity
Vector quantity is that quantity, which has magnitude unit of magnitude as
well as direction, is called vector quantity. Or
Vector quantities are those quantities, which are completely specified by
their magnitude using suitable units as well directions are called vector quantities. For
example velocity, acceleration, force, weight, displacement, momentum and torque etc
are all vector quantities. Vector quantity can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided
by particular geometrical or graphical methods.
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
A vector quantity is represented graphically by a straight line the length of line
gives the magnitude of the vector and arrowhead indicates the direction.
For example we consider a displacement (d) of magnitude 10 km in the direction
of east. Hence we cannot represent 10 km on the paper therefore we select a suitable scale
shown in fig. Scale 1 cm = 2 km
So we draw a line of length 5 cm which show the magnitude of vector
quantity that is 10 km while the arrow indicates the direction form origin to east ward as
shown in fig.
A B
5 cm
Point A is called tail that shows the origin.
Point B is called head, which shows the direction of vector quantity.
The length of line is the magnitude of the vector quantity.
RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
Two lines at right angle to each other are known as co-ordinate axes and their
point of intersection is called origin. The horizontal line is called x-axis while vertical
line is called y-axis. Two co ordinate systems are used to show the direction of a vector is
a plane. The angle which the representative line of given vector makes with + ve x axis in
anti clock wise direction Y

X’ X θ
Y’
In space the direction of vector requires the 3rd axis that is Z-axis. The direction
11

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
of the vector in space is specified by three angles named α, β, and γ with X, Y Z axes
respectively as show Z

X
EXERCISE 1
Show the following vectors graphically from 1 to 6

1. Force 15 kN 450 with x-axes.

2. Displacement 75 km 30º north of east
3. Velocity 60 km\h 90º with x-axes.
4. Velocity 5 km\h 45º with horizontal axes
5. Force 20 kN 135º with x-axes.
6. Displacement 40 k m north-east.

7. A crow flies northward from pole A to pole B and covers distance of 8 km. It then
flies eastward to pole C and covers 6 km. find the net displacement and direction
of its flight. Ans: 10 km 53º north of east
8. A traveler travels 10 km east 20 km north 15 km west and 8 km south. Find the
displacement of the traveler from the starting point. Ans: 13 km 23º north west

Free body diagram

A diagram or sketch of the body in which the body under consideration is freed
from the contact surface (surrounding) and all the forces acting on it (including reactions
at contact surface) are drawn is called free body diagram. Free body diagram for few
cases are shown in below
w w R

60 R
R2
Procedure of drawing Free Body Diagram
To construct a free-body diagram, the following steps are necessary:
Draw Outline Shape
Imagine that the particle is cut free from its surroundings or isolated by
drawing the outline shape of the particle only
Show All Forces
Show on this sketch all the forces acting on the particle. There are two classes of
forces that act on the particle. They can be active forces, which tend to set the particle in
motion, or they can be reactive forces which are the results of the constraints or supports
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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
that tend to prevent motion.
Identify Each Force
The forces that are known should be labeled complete with their magnitudes and
directions. Letters are used to represent the magnitudes and directions of forces that are
not known.

Method of Problem Solution

Problem Statement
Includes given data, specification of what is to be determined, and a figure
showing all quantities involved.
Free-Body Diagrams
Create separate diagrams for each of the bodies involved with a clear indication of
all forces acting on each body.
Fundamental Principles
The six fundamental principles are applied to express the conditions of rest or
motion of each body. The rules of algebra are applied to solve the equations for the
unknown quantities.
Solution Check:
1. Test for errors in reasoning by verifying that the units of the computed results are
correct
2. Test for errors in computation by substituting given data and computed results
into previously unused equations based on the six principles.
3. Always apply experience and physical intuition to assess whether results seem
“reasonable”

Numerical Accuracy
The accuracy of a solution depends on
1. Accuracy of the given data.
2. Accuracy of the computations performed. The solution cannot be more accurate
than the less accurate of these two.
3. The use of hand calculators and computers generally makes the accuracy of the
computations much greater than the accuracy of the data. Hence, the solution
accuracy is usually limited by the data accuracy.

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

SYSTEM OF FORCES:

Force
In general force is a Push or Pull, which creates motion or tends to create motion,
destroy or tends to destroys motion. In engineering mechanics force is the action of one
body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of its action,
A force is characterized by its point of application, magnitude, and direction, i.e.
a force is a vector quantity.

Force exerted on body has following two effects

1. The external effect, which is tendency to change the motion of the body or to
develop resisting forces in the body
2. The internal effect, which is the tendency to deform the body.

If the force system acting on a body produces no external effect, the forces are said to
be in balance and the body experience no change in motion is said to be in equilibrium.

Units of force
The following force units are frequently used.
A. Newton
The S.I unit of force is Newton and denoted by N. which may be defined as
1N = 1 kg. 1 m/s2
B. Dynes
Dyne is the C.G.S unit of force.
1 Dyne = 1 g. 1 cm/s2
One Newton force = 10 dyne
C. Pounds
The FPS unit of force is pound.
1 lbf = 1 lbm. 1ft/s2
One pound force = 4.448 N
One dyne force = 2.248 x 10ˉ6 lbs
Systems of forces

When numbers of forces acting on the body then it is said to be system of forces

Types of system of forces

1. Collinear forces:
In this system, line of action of forces act along the same line is called collinear
forces. For example consider a rope is being pulled by two players as shown in figure

F1 F2

2. Coplanar forces
When all forces acting on the body are in the same plane the forces are coplanar

14
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

3. Coplanar Concurrent force system

A concurrent force system contains forces whose lines-of action meet at same one

point. Forces may be tensile (pulling) or Forces may be compressive (pushing)

4. Non Concurrent Co-Planar Forces

A system of forces acting on the same plane but whose line of action does not
pass through the same point is known as non concurrent coplanar forces or system for
example a ladder resting against a wall and a man is standing on the rung but not on
the center of gravity.

5. Coplanar parallel forces

When the forces acting on the body are in the same plane but their line of actions
are parallel to each other known as coplanar parallel forces for example forces acting on
the beams and two boys are sitting on the sea saw.

6. Non coplanar parallel forces

In this case all the forces are parallel to each other but not in the same plane,
for example the force acting on the table when a book is kept on it.

ADDITION OF FORCES

ADDITION OF (FORCES) BY HEAD TO TAIL RULE

To add two or more than two vectors (forces), join the head of the first vector with
the tail of second vector, and join the head of the second vector with the tail of the third
vector and so on. Then the resultant vector is obtained by joining the tail of the first
15
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
vector with the head of the last vector. The magnitude and the direction of the resultant
vector (Force) are found graphically and analytically.

RESULTANT FORCE
A resultant force is a single force, which produce same affect so that of
number of forces can produce is called resultant force

COMPOSITION OF FORCES
The process of finding out the resultant Force of given forces (components
vector) is called composition of forces. A resultant force may be determined by following
methods
1. Parallelogram laws of forces or method
2. Triangle law of forces or triangular method
3. polygon law of forces or polygon method

A) PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
According to parallelogram method ‘If two forces (vectors) are acting
simultaneously on a particle be represented (in magnitude and direction) by two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram, their resultant may represent (in magnitude and direction) by the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point. OR
When two forces are acting at a point such that they can by represented by the
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their resultant will be equal to that diagonal of the
parallelogram which passed through the same point.
The magnitude and the direction of the resultant can be determined either
graphically or analytically as explained below.

Graphical method
Let us suppose that two forces F1 and F2 acting simultaneously on a
particle as shown in the figure (a) the force F2 makes an angle θ with force F1
B

F2
θ
O F1 A

First of all we will draw a side OA of the parallelogram in magnitude and direction equal
to force F1 with some suitable scale. Similarly draw the side OB of parallelogram of same
scale equal to force F2, which makes an angle θ with force F1. Now draw sides BC and
AC parallel to the sides OA and BC. Connect the point O to Point C which is the diagonal
of the parallelogram passes through the same point O and hence it is the resultant of the
given two forces. By measurement the length of diagonal gives the magnitude of resultant
and angle α gives the direction of the resultant as shown in fig (A).

B C B C

F2 FR F2 FR

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

θ α θ α θ
O F1 A O F1 A D
fig (A) Fig (B)

Analytical method

In the paralleogram OABC, from point C drop a perpendicular CD to meet

OA at D as shown in fig (B)
In parallelogram OABC,
OA = F1 OB = F2 Angle AOB = θ
Now consider the ∆CAD in which
Angle CAD = θ AC = F2
By resolving the vector F2 we have,
CD = F2 Sin θ and AD = F2 Cosine θ
Now consider ∆OCD
Angle DOC = α. Angle ODC = 90º
According to Pythagoras theorem
(Hyp) ² = (per) ² + (base) ²
OC² = DC² + OD².
OC² = DC² + (OA + AD) ²
FR ² = F² Sin²θ + (F1 + F2 Cosine θ) ²
FR ² = F²2 Sin²θ + F²1 + F²2 Cos²θ + 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
FR ² = F²2 Sin²θ + F²2 Cos²θ +F²1 + 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
FR ² = F²2 (Sin²θ + Cos²θ) + F²1+ 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
FR ² = F²2 (1) + F²1+ 2 F1 F2 Cosine
θ. FR ² = F²2 + F²1+ 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
FR ² = F²1+F²2 + 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
FR = F²1+F²2 + 2 F1 F2 Cosine θ.
The above equation gives the magnitude of the resultant vector.
Now the direction of the resultant can be calculated by
Sin α = CD_ = F2 Sin θ 1 OR
OC FR
Tan α = CD = F2 Sin 2
OD F1+ F2 Cosine θ

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The above two equation gives the direction of the resultant vector that is α.

B) TRIANGLE METHOD OR TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

According to triangle law or method” If two forces acting simultaneously on a
particle by represented (in magnitude and direction) by the two sides of a triangle taken in
order their resultant is represented (in magnitude and direction) by the third side of
triangle taken in opposite order. OR
If two forces are acting on a body such that they can be represented by the two
adjacent sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then their resultant will be equal to
the third side (enclosing side) of that triangle taken in the opposite order.
The resultant force (vector) can be obtained graphically and analytically or trigonometry.

Graphically
Let us consider two forces F1 and F2 acting on the particle the force F1 is
horizontal while the force F2 makes an angle θ with force F1 as shown in fig (A). Now
draw lines OA and AB to some convenient scale in magnitude equal to F1 and F2. Join
point O to point B the line OB will be the third side of triangle, passes through the same
point O and hence it is the resultant of the given two forces. By measurement the length

of OB gives the magnitude of resultant and angle α gives the direction of the resultant as
shown in fig (B).

F2 B

FR
F2
θ α β θ
F1 O F1 A
Fig (A) Fig (B)

ANALYTICAL OR TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD

Now consider Δ AOB in which
Angle AOB = α which is the direction of resultant vector OB makes with horizon
anal axis.
Angle OAB = 180º - θ. As we know
Angle AOB + Angle OAB + Angle ABO = 180º.
By putting the values we get
α + 180º -θ + angle ABO = 180º
Angle ABO = α-θ
By applying the sine law to the triangle ABO
OA = AB. = OB
Sin B Sin O Sin A
F1 = . F2 . = FR .
Sin (θ -α) Sin α Sin (180 –θ)

Note
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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
It is better to and F2 by using cosine law we get
calculate the
resultant of F1 FR = F²1+F²2 + 2 F1 F2 Cosine β.

Where β = 180 – θ
And the direction of resultant may be determined by using sine law

F1 = . F2 . = FR .
Sin γ Sin α Sin β

C) POLYGON METHOD
According to this method” if more then two forces acting on a particle by
reprehend by the sided of polygon taken in order their resultant will be represented by the
closing side of the polygon in opposite direction“ OR
If more than two forces are acting on a body such that they can by represented by
the sides of a polygon Taken in same order, then their resultant will be equal to that side
of the polygon, which completes the polygon (closing side taken in opposite order.
The resultant of such forces can be determined by graphically and analytically.

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Graphically:
Consider the following diagram in which number of forces acting on a particle.
E F4 D
F3 F2 β
F5

γ θ F F3
F4 β F1 γ
Fr C
F5 F2
α θ
A F1 B
Starting from A the five vectors are plotted in turns as shown in fig by placing the tail end
of each vector at the tip end of the preceding one. The arrow from A to the tip of the last
vector represents the resultant of the vectors with suitable scale.In this polygon the side
AF represents the resultant of the given components and α shows the direction. By
measurement of AF will give the resultant and α give direction of given scale

Analytically
The resultant and direction can be determined by solving it step-by-step
analytically using formulas of parallelogram, triangle law or trigonometry

EXAMPLE
The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2 as shown in fig.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force by parallelogram by using
the graphical or analytical method.
Draw the free body diagram of the given fig.

Given F1 = 100 N F2 = 150 N θ1 = 15º θ2 = 10º

Required Resultant = FR =?
Solution Angle AOB = 90 -15 – 10 = 65º
A) Graphically
Scale 20 N = 1 cm.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Now draw parallelogram OABC with rule and protractor according to

scale as shown in diagram.
C
B

F2 FR
65º

65º α F1 A
O
By measuring
OC = FR = 10.6 cm = 10.6 x 20 = 212 N
α = 54º with x axis
Result Resultant = 212 N Direction = 54 with x axis
B Analytical method
We know that
Fr = F²1+F²2 + 2 F1 F2 θ.
Putt the value and θ= 65º

Fr = (100)² + (150)² + 2 (100) (150) Cosine65º

Fr = 212.55 N.
We also know that Sin α = F2 Sin θ.
R
Sin α = 150 Sin 65º
212.55
α = Sin-1 150 Sin 65º
212.5
α = 39.665º with force F1
39.665º + 15º
= 54.665º with x axis.
Result Resultant = 212.55 N Direction = 54.665º with x axis
.
EXAMPLE 3
The plate is subjected to the forces acting on member A and
B as shown. If θ = 60º determine the magnitude of the
resultant of these forces and its direction measured from
clockwise from positive x-axis. Adopt triangle method
graphically and analytically.

- 14 -
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Given
FA = 400N FB = 500N θ1 = 30º with Y axis θ2
= 60º with positive x axis
Required Resultant FR =? Direction = α =?
Solution the angle between two forces 60 + (90 – 30) = 120º

A: Graphically Scale 100 lb = 1 cm

Now draw triangle OAB with suitable scale with the help of
scale and protractor as shown in diagram
A
120º
FA
FB
O α

FR
B
By measurement we get,
OB = FR = 4.6 cm x 100 = 460 lb Angle BOA =
70º α = 10º
Result Resultant = 460 lb Direction =
10º
B Analytically:
According to cosine law for given triangle AOB

FR = F²A + F²B – 2(FA) (FB) (cosine θ)

FR = (400) ² + (500) ² -2 (400) (500) (cosine (180-

120)

FR = 458.257 lb
According to sine law for given triangle AOB
FB = FR .
Sin α Sin (180-θ)

500 = 458.257 .
Sin α Sin (180-θ)

Sin α = 500 Sin (180-θ)

458.257
α = 70.89º with force FA
And α = 70.89º -60º = 10 with x axis
Result Resultant = 458.257 lb & Direction =
10.89º
Example 4
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Four forces act on a body at point O as shown in

fig. Find their resultant.
110 N
100 N

30º 45º
20º 80 N
160 N
Given
F1 = 80 N θ0 = 0 at x axis
F2 = 100 N θ1 = 45º with x axis
F3 = 110 N θ2 = 30º with –ve x axis
F4 = 160 N θ3 = 20º with –x axis
Required
Resultant = FR =? Direction =α =?
Sol: Graphically Scale 20 N = 1 cm.
Starting from O the four vectors are plotted in turn as
shown in fig by placing the tail end of each vector at the tip
end of the preceding one. The arrow from O to the tip of the
last vector represents the resultant of the vectors.
C
20º

D
30º
B

α 45º
O A
By measurement
The resultant OB = FR = x 20 = 124 N
The direction of the resultant = = 143º with + ve x
axis.
Result: Resultant = 119 N Direction =
143º

EXERCISE 2.1
1. Find the resultant and the direction of the following
diagram.

i 8N ii
6lb
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

42º
60º
5 N
4 lb
Ans: 12.18 N & 26.07º
Ans: 8.718 lb & 36.585º

iii iv
24 N 20
N

30 N
10 N
140º

30º

Ans 26 N & 67.38º Ans: 29.826

N & 69.059º with x-axis.

2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the

resultant force as shown in fig
Ans:
12.489 N & 43.902º

3 Determine the magnitude and the direction of the

resultant of two forces 7 N and 8 N acting at a point with
an included angle of 60º with between them. The force of
7 N being horizontal
4. Determine the magnitude and direction
of the resultant of two forces 20 N and 30 N acting at a
point with an included angle of 40º between them. The
force 30 N being horizontal
5. Two forces are applied to an eye bolt fastened to a beam.
Determine the magnitude and direction of their resultant
using (a) the parallelogram law, (b) the triangle rule.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

6. Two forces P and Q are applied as shown at point A

of a hook support. Knowing that P =15 lb and Q = 25
lb, determine the magnitude and direction of their
resultant using (a) the parallelogram law, (b) the

triangle rule.

7. Two control rods are attached at A to lever AB.

knowing that the force in the left-hand rod is F1 = 120
N, determine (a) the required force F2 in the right-
hand rod if the resultant of the forces exerted by the
rods on the lever is to be vertical, (b) the
corresponding magnitude of FR.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

8. The two forces P and Q act on bolt A as shown in diagram.

Find their resultant and direction
9. The cable stays AB and AD help support pole AC.

Knowing that the tension is 500 N in AB and 160 N in

AD, determine graphically the magnitude and direction of
the resultant of the forces exerted by the stays at A using
(a) the parallelogram law, (b) the triangle rule

10. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of

the two forces.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

11. Two structural members B and C are riveted to the

bracket A. Knowing that the tension in member B is 6
kN and the tension in C is 10 kN, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on

the bracket.

12. The two structural member one in tension and other in

compression, exerts on point O, determine the
resultant and angle θ

13. The force P and T act on body at point B replace them

with a single force

RESOLUTION OF VECTOR
The processes of finding the components of
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
given vector (resultant) is called resolution of vector. Or
The processes of splitting up of single vector into two or
more vector is called resolution of the vector A vector can
be resolved into two or more vectors which have the same
combined affect as that the effect of original vector

RESOLUTION OF VECTOR INTO RECTANGULAR

COMPONENTS

If vector is resolved into such components

which are at right angles (perpendicular) to each other then
they are called the rectangular components of that vector,
now let us consider a resultant vector F to be resolved into
two components which makes an angle θ with horizontal
axes as shown in fig.
C
F

θ
O
Now draw a line OC to represent the vector in
magnitude, which makes an angle θ with x-axis with some
convenient scale. Drop a perpendicular CD at point C
which meet x axis at point D, now join point O to point D,
the line OD is called horizontal component of resultant
vector and represents by Fx in magnitude in same scale.
Similarly draw perpendicular CE at point C, which will
meet y-axis at point E now join O to E. The line OE is
called vertical component of resultant vector and represents
by Fy in magnitude of same scale.

E C

Fy F

θ O
Fx D

Analytically or trigonometry
In ∆COD Angle COD = θ Angle ODC =
90° OC = F
OD = Fx OE = CD = Fy
We know that
Cosine θ = OD. Cosine θ = Fx
OC F
And Fx = F Cosine θ
Similarly we have
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Sin θ = DC Sin θ = Fy
OC F
And Fy = F Sine θ

RESOLVING OF A FORCE INTO TWO

COMPONENTS WHICH ARE NOT MUTUALLY AT
RIGHT ANGLE TO EACH OTHER

If a force or vector is to be required to

resolved into such components which are not at right angle to
each other then it can be determined in reverse manner as we
find the resultant vector of given components by
Parallelogram method, Triangle method or Trigonometry
A) Parallelogram method
Now consider a force FR, which is resolved into
components F1 and F2. The force F makes an angle α with
force F1 and force F2 makes an angle θ with component F1, so
we can make a parallelogram with suitable scale as shown in
fig.
B C

F2 FR

θ α β θ
O F1 A D

We can also determine the components of force F by

analytically as we know that direction of the resultant vector
can be determined by
Sin α = F2 Sin θ. OR
1
FR
Tan α = F2 Sin θ
2
F1+ F2 Cosine θ
So we can find F2 from equation 1
F2 = FR Sin α
Sin θ
Similarly from equation 2
F1 = F2 Sin θ - F2 Cosine θ
Tan α

B) Triangle method: Now consider a force F, which is

resolved into components F1 and F2. The force F makes an
angle α with force F1 and force F2 makes an angle θ with
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
component F1, so we can make a triangle with some suitable
scale as shown in fig.
B

γ
F F2

α β θ
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

O F1 A

By measurements we get the components F1 and F2.

Similarly we can find the components F1 and F2 by using the
following formula

F1 = F2 = FR .
Sin γ Sin α Sin β
For component F1
F1 = FR Sin γ
Sin β
For component F2
F2 = FR Sin α
Sin β
EXAMPLE 5
Resolve the force 200 N into components along x
and y direction and determine the magnitude of

components.
200 N

30º

Given: Force = F = 200 N Direction =θ

= 30º
Required Horizontal components = Fx =?
Vertical components = Fy =?
Solution
A) Graphically Scale 1 cm = 20 N
Now draw a line OC to represent t vector in
magnitude with given scale, which makes an angle 30º with
x-axis. Drop a perpendicular CD at point C which meet x
axis at point D, now join point O to point D, the line OD is
called horizontal component (Fx) of resultant vector.
Similarly draw perpendicular CE at point C, which will
meet y-axis at point E now join O to E. The line OE is
called vertical component (Fy) of resultant vector. As shown
in fig
E C

Fy
30º
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
O Fx D
By measuring we get
OD = Fx = 8.6 cm x 20 = 172 N

OE = Fy = 5 cm x 20 = 100 N
Result: Fx = 173.20 N Fy = 100 N
B) Analytically
We know that Fx = F cosine θ = 200 cosine30
Fx = 173.20 N
We also know that
Fy = F Sin θ = 200 Sin 30 Fy = 100
N
Result: Fx = 173.20 N Fy = 100 N

EXAMPLE 6
A push of 40 N acting on a point and its line of action
are inclined at an angle of 30º with the horizontal. Resolve
it along horizontal axis and another axis which is inclined at
an angle of 65º with the horizontal.
C
B

F2
F

65º 30º
A
D

Given Force = F = 40 N Direction = θ = 30º

Direction = α = 65º
Required Force component = F1 =? Force
component = F2 =?
Solution Graphical Method
Let Scale 10 N = 1 cm
Now draw the parallelogram ABCD with
given scale as shown in fig
By measurement AD = F1 = 2.5 x 10 = 25 N
AC = F2 = 2.3 x 10 = 23 N
Result F1 = 25 N F2 = 23 N
Analytically
We have F2 = F Sin α = 40 Sin 30
Sin θ Sin 65º
F2 = 22.06 N
Similarly from equation
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

F1 = F2 Sin θ - F2
F1 = 22.06 Sin 65 - 22.06 Cosine 65
Tan 30

F1 = 25.32 N
Result F1 = 25.32 N F2 = 22.06 N

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Resolve the given forces as shown in following diagrams
into components F1 and F2
i ii

10 kP
200 N

F2
30º
25º
30º F1
F1
iii iv

156 lb
F2 100 N F2

30º
26º
F1
34º F1
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
2. A force of 800 N is exerted on a bolt A as shown in fig.
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of
force.
800 N
Ans: 655.32 N & 458.816N

35º

4. A man pull with force of 300 N on a rope attached to a

building as shown in fig, what are the horizontal and
vertical components of the force exerted by the rope at
point A
Ans: 180 N & 36.87º

5 While emptying a wheel barrow, a gardener exerts on

each handle AB a force P directed along line CD.
Knowing that P must have a 135-N horizontal
component, determine (a) the magnitude of the force P,
(b) its vertical component

EURASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE (PVT.) LTD.

6 Member CB of the vise shown exerts on block B a force

P directed along line CB. Knowing that P must have a
The guy wire BD exerts on the telephone pole AC a force
P directed along BD. Knowing that P has a 450-N
component along line AC, determine (a) the magnitude of
the force P, (b) its component in a direction perpendicular
to AC.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT 1 - MCQ

Questions opt1 opt2 opt3 opt4 answer

The study of a body at
rest is known as statics dynamics force displacement statics
___________
The study of a body at
motion is known as dynamics angle statics force dynamics
_____________
A quantity which is
completely specified by
scalar vector vector & scalar quantity vector
magnitude & direction
is known as _________
A __________ is a
body of infinitely small
volume & is considered dynamics scalar coplanar force particle particle
to be concentrated at a
point
If two forces P & Q act
at a point & the angle
between the two forces
P2 +Q2 P+Q+2PQcosα √(P2+Q2+2PQcosα) √(P2+Q2+2PQcosθ) √(P2+Q2+2PQcosα)
be 'α' , then the
resultant is given by R
= ________
Direction, θ = tan -1 (Q.sinα/ tan -1 (Q.sinα/ tan -1 (Q.sinα/
tan -1 (P/Q) tan -1 (α/β)
______________ P+Qcosθ) P+Qcosα) P+Qcosα)
If two forces P & Q are
equal & act at a point
& the angle between
the two forces be 'α' , R= P+Q R=P-Q R=2P.cos(α/2) R=cosα R=2P.cos(α/2)
then the resultant is
given by R =
__________
If the two forces P & Q
are equal & are acting
at an angle α between
θ=(α/2) α=2 θ=2 θ=α θ=(α/2)
them, then the angle
made by resultant is
given by __________
According to lame's
theorem, " if three
forces acting at a point
are equilibrium, each
force will be cos tan sin tan -1 sin
proportional to the
________ of the angle
between the other two
forces.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Moment = Force X
volume distance force area distance
_________
The force causes
_________ linear angular distance moment linear
displacement
A body will be in
equilibrium, if the
angle displacement resultant force force resultant force
________ in any
direction is zero.
The moment causes
____________ angular linear moment displacement angular
displacement
If the forces are acting
in one plane, then the coplanar collinear
concurrent forces coplanar forces
forces are called forces forces
_________
If the forces are
intersecting at a
concurrent
common point, then the coplanar collinear current forces concurrent forces
forces
forces are called
________
If the forces are having
same line of action, current collinear
concurrent coplanar collinear forces
then the forces are forces forces
called
The resultant R of three
(or) more forces acting √(ΣH)2 +
ΣH + ΣV ΣH + V H/V √(ΣH)2 + (ΣV)2
at a point is given by, R (ΣV)2
= ________
The ________ forces
are parallel to each unlike parallel
unlike forces like parallel forces forces like parallel forces
other & are acting in forces
the same direction.
The ________ forces unlike
unlike parallel
are acting in the parallel parallel forces like forces moment
forces
opposite direction. forces
If the resultant of a no. resultant
resultant couple or
of parallel forces is couple or
moment couple force may be in
zero, then the system may be in
equilibrium
may have a _________ equilibrium
If the algebraic sum of
moments of all forces
resultant
about any point is not moment force equilibrium resultant couple
couple
zero, then system will
have a ____________
If the algebraic sum of
moments of all forces angular
equilibrium constant linear equilibrium
about any point is displacement
zero, then system will
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
have a _________

The study of a body in

motion, when the
forces which cause the
kinematics dynamics scalar kinetics kinematics
motion are not
considered, is called
_________
The study of a body in
motion, when the
forces which cause the kinematics dynamics scalar kinetics kinetics
motion are considered,
is called ________
(P/sinα) = (
Lame's theorem= (P/cos α) = ( Q / (P/sinα) = ( Q/sin
Q/sin β) = P=Q=R P = Q =R = sin α
___________ cos β) = (R / cos γ) β) = (R/sinγ)
(R/sinγ)
Unit for moment of
force is N m N-m m2 N-m
_________________
Unit for work (or)
joule N-m N second joule
energy _____________
Unit vector = F/ √(Fx2 + √(Fx2 + Fy2 + F/ √(Fx2 + Fy2 +
F/ (Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2) F
________________ Fy2 + Fz2) Fz2) Fz2)
If two forces are acting
on a particle, the
particle will be in
Opposite & Opposite & Opposite &
equilibrium, when the Concurrent collinear
collinear concurrent collinear
two forces are equal,
_________ &
________
If three forces are
acting on a particle, the
particle will be in
collinear Concurrent parallel forces Concurrent
equilibrium, when the
three forces are
________
unit for acceleration =
m/s2 m/s m.s2 m.s m/s2
_____________
Which of the following
Force Speed Velocity Acceleration Speed
is a scalar quantity?
The forces, which meet
at one point and their coplaner coplaner non-
non-coplaner non-coplaner non- coplaner concurrent
lines of action also lie concurrent concurrent
concurrent forces concurrent forces forces
on the same plane, are forces forces
known as
The unit of force in S.I.
dyne kilogram newton watt newton
system of units is
If the resultant of two
30° 60° 90° 120° 120°
equal forces has the
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
same magnitude as
either of the forces,
then the angle between
the two forces is
The angle between two
forces when the
resultant is maximum 0° and 180° 180° and 0° 90° and 180° 90° and 0° 0° and 180°
and minimum
respectively are
The unit of power in Newton
Watt Joule Pascal Watt
S.I. units is meter
The unit of force in S.I.
Dyne Watt Newton kilogram-force Newton
units is
Forces are called
coplanar when all of
One point One plane Two points Different planes One plane
them acting on body lie
in
The unit of work or
Watt Newton kilogram-force Joule Joule
energy in S.I. units is
Effect of a force on a position or line of
magnitude direction all of the given all of the given
body depends upon action
If a number of forces Not replace To replace To replace them by
Not replace them To replace them by
act simultaneously on a them by a them by a a single force
by a couple a single force
particle, it is possible single force single force through C.G.
A force is completely
defined when we magnitude direction point of application all of the given all of the given
specify
The algebraic sum of
the resolved parts of a
number of forces in a
given direction is equal independence dependence of
balance of force resolution of forces resolution of forces
to the resolved part of of forces forces
their resultant in the
same direction. This is
as per the principle of
The algebraic
The resolved part of the sum of the The sum of the The algebraic sum
The difference of
resultant of two forces resolved resolved parts The sum of the of the resolved
the forces
inclined at an angle 9 in parts of the of the forces in forces multiplied parts of the forces
multiplied by the
a given direction is forces in the the given by the sine of 9 in the given
cosine of 9
equal to given direction direction
direction
Which of the following
is not the unit of Angstrom Micron millimetre Milestone Milestone
distance ?
gravitational gravitational force
forces experienced force of attraction
The weight of a body is centripetal force of of attraction
by body in experienced by
due to force of earth attraction towards the center
atmosphere particles
towards the of the earth
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
center of the
earth

The forces, which meet coplanar

non-coplanar
at one point, but their non- non-coplanar non- non-coplanar
concurrent none of the given
lines of action do not concurrent concurrent forces concurrent forces
forces
lie in a plane, are called forces
Which of the following
mass Volume acceleration density acceleration
is not a scalar quantity
maximum
According to principle different at
when it acts the same at every minimum when it the same at every
of transmissibility of different
at the center point in its line of acts at the C.G. of point in its line of
forces, the effect of a points in its
of gravity of action the body action
force upon a body is line of action
a body
Which of the following
Mass momentum energy speed momentum
is a vector quantity
Two resolved
A number of forces parts in two
Their total sum of resolved all of them are sum of resolved
acting at a point will be directions at
sum is zero parts are zero inclined equally parts are zero
in equilibrium if right angles
are equal
Which of the following
weight velocity acceleration force weight
is not a vector quantity
if three forces if three forces
three forces
acting upon a if three forces acting upon a
acting at a
patticle are acting at a point patticle are
three forces point can be
represented in are in equilibrium, represented in
acting at a represented by
According to law of magnitude and each force is magnitude and
point will be a triangle,
triangle of forces direction by the proportional to the direction by the
in each side
sides of a triangle, sine of the angle sides of a triangle,
equilibrium being
taken in order, they between the other taken in order, they
proportional to
will be in two will be in
force
equilibrium equilibrium
if three forces
three forces if three coplanar if three coplanar
acting upon a
acting at a forces acting at a forces acting at a
patticle are
three forces point can be point are in point are in
represented in
acting at a represented by equilibrium, each equilibrium, each
According to lami's magnitude and
point will be a triangle, force is force is
theorem direction by the
in each side proportional to the proportional to the
sides of a triangle,
equilibrium being sine of the angle sine of the angle
taken in order, they
proportional to between the other between the other
will be in
force two two
equilibrium
If a rigid body is in the lines of the lines of action
the lines of action the lines of action
equilibrium under the these forces action of these of these forces
of these forces are of these forces meet
action of three forces, are equal forces meet in meet in a point &
parallel in a point & parallel
then a point parallel
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The necessary
condition for forces to meet at one both Coplanar and both Coplanar and
Coplanar None of the given
be in equilibrium is that point meet at one point meet at one point
these should be
If three forces acting in
different planes can be
non- partial
represented by a equilibrium Unpredictable non-equilibrium
equilibrium equilibrium
triangle, these will be
in
tan θ= -------------- ΣV / ΣH V ΣH / ΣV H/V ΣV / ΣH

2 MARKS

1. Define dynamics.
2. Define like collinear coplanar forces.
3. State varignon’s theorem.
4. Define statics.
5. State Newton’s laws of motion.
6. Define coplanar concurrent forces.
7. Define kinetics.
8. State classification of force system.
9. Define parallelogram law.
10. What is like parallel force?
11. What are fundamental and derived units? Give examples.
12. Two forces of magnitude 50kN and 80kN are acting on a particle, such that angle between the two is 135o. If both
the forces are acting away from the particle, calculate the resultant and find its direction.
13. Define non coplanar forces.
14. The sum of two concurrent forces F1 and F2 is 300N and their resultant is 200 N. the angle between the forces F1
and resultant is 90°. Find the magnitude of each force.
15. Define laws of mechanics.

14 MARKS

1. Determine the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in figure.

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
2. A circular roller of radius 20 cm and of weight 400N rests on a smooth horizontal surface and is held in position by
an inclined bar AB of length 60 cm as shown in fig. A horizontal force of 500 N is acting at B. Find the tension in
the bar AB and reaction at C.

3. Four coplanar forces are acting at a point as shown in fig. determine the resultant and magnitude and direction.

4. The forces 10N, 20N, 30N and 40N are acting on one of the vertices of a regular Pentagon, towards the other four
vertices taken in order. Find the Magnitude and direction of the resultant force R.

5. A force of magnitude 30 KN, 30 KN, 60kN and 50 KN are acting on a particle O. the angles made by the forces
with axis are 25°, 80°, 140° and 230° respectively. All the angles measured in anticlockwise direction. Find the
Magnitude and direction of Equilibrant.

6. Two cylinders rest in channel shown in fig.the cylinder P has diameter of 100mm and weight 200N and the cylinder
Q has diameter of 180mm and weight 500N. if the bottom width of the box is 180mm, with one side vertical and
other side inclined at 60°.find all the reactions at contact points.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
7. The resultant force of coplanar concurrent force system shown in fig. is zero. Determine the force F and its angle θ.

8. Two identical rollers, each of weight 500 N, are supported by an inclined plane making an angle of 30o to the
horizontal and a vertical wall as shown in the figure.

9. A load 300N is supported at A by a system of four chords as shown in fig. Determine the tension in each chord for
equilibrium.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT – 2: STATICS OF RIGID BODIES IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Moment of a force
The tendency of a force to move the body in the
direction of its application a force can tend to rotate a body
about an axis. This axis may be any line which is neither
intersects nor parallel to the line of the action of the force.
This rational tendency of force is know as the moment of
force.
As a familiar example of the concept of moment,
consider the pipe wrench as shown in figure (a). One effect of
the force applied perpendicular to the handle of the wrench is
the tendency to rotate the pipe about its vertical axis. The
magnitude of this tendency depends on both the magnitude of
the force and the effective length d of the wrench handle.
Common experience shown that a pull which is not
perpendicular to the wrench handle is less effective than the
right angle pull. Mathematically this tendency of force
(moment) is calculated by multiplying force to the moment
arm (d)

Moment about a point

Consider following body (two dimensional) acted by
a force F in its plane. The magnitude of moment or tendency
of the force to rotate the body about the axis O_O
perpendicular to the plane of the body is proportional both to
the magnitude of the force and to the moment arm d,
therefore magnitude of the moment is defined as the product
of force and moment arm.
Moment = Force x moment arm
M = Fd
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Where d = moment arm and F =

magnitude of force
Moment arm is defined as the perpendicular distance
between axis of rotation and the line of action of force.

Direction of moment of a force

The direction Mo is specified using the “right-hand

rule”. To do this the fingers of the right hand are curled such
that they follow the sense of rotation, which would occur if
the force could rotate about point O. The thumb then point
along the moment axis so that it gives the direction and sense
of the moment vector, which is upward and perpendicular to
the shaded plane containing F and d.

CLOCK WISE AND ANTI CLOCK WISE MOMENTS

The moment are classified as clockwise and

anticlockwise moment according to the direction in which the
force tends to rotate the body about a fixed point
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Clockwise Moment
When the force tends to rotate the body in the same
direction in which the hands of clock move is called
clockwise moment the clockwise moment is taken as positive
or other wise mentioned.
Anticlockwise Moment
When the force tends to rotate the body in the
opposite direction in which the hands of clock move is called
anti clockwise moment which is taken as negative or other
wise mentioned

Unit of moment
S.I unit is N.m. (Newton. meter)
F.P.S unit is lb. ft (Pound. foot)
G.G.S unit is dyne.cm (dyne. Centimeter) etc

Example 1
Determine the moment of the force about point
“O” for following diagram.

1 Given Force=100 N
Moment arm=2m
Required Mo=?
Working formula: - MO=Force x Moment arm.
Sol putt the values in first w, f
Mo= F x r = 100 x 2
Mo= 200N.m.
Result: - Moment = 200N.m Direction =
clock wise
2

Given
Force = 40lb
Required; M0 =?
W.F, Mo = F x d.
Sol
By geometry of fig
Moment arm = 4ft + 2cos 30º = 5.73ft
Put the value in W.F.
Mo = F x r
Mo = 40 x 5.73
Mo = 229.282lb.ft
Resultant Moment = 229.282 lb.ft Direction =
clock wise

Example2
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Determine the moment of the force 800 N acting on the
frame about points A, B, C and D.

Given
Force = F = 800 N
Required MA=? MB? MC=? MD=?
Working formula
Moment =force x moment arm.
Sol Solve this question step by step

Now first consider the Point A.

MA = F x r
MA = 800 x (1.5+1)
MA = 2000 N.m clock wise I
Now Moment about B

MB = F x r = 800x 5
MB = 1200 N m clock wise (2)
From (1) and (2) it is evidence that when force remain
constant then moment varies with moment arm that is
moment depends upon moment arm. Similarly it can be
proved that moment about any point varies with force when
moment arm remain same.
Now consider point C
Moment = Force x distance
Mc = 800 x 0
Mc = 0. (3)
As the line of action of force passes through point C
that is point of application it shows that the line of action
should be perpendicular to the point i.e. “C”
Now consider the point D.
MD = F x r.
MD = 800 x 0.5
MD= 400 N.m
Result
MA =2000 N.m clock wise Or
MA = + 200 N.m
MB = 1200 N.m clock wise Or
MB = + 1200 N.m
MC = O.
Mc = O
MD =. 400 N.m anti clock wise
MD = - 400N.m
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Note: - The positive sign shows that the moment is clock

wise direction and it is also proved that moment defends
upon following two factors.
1. The magnitude of the force
2. The perpendicular distance from the line of action of
the force to the fixed point or line of the body about
which it rotates.

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT/ VARIGNON’S THEOREM

It is stated that the moment of a force about a point is
equal to the sum of the moments of the force components
about the point. Or the moment produce by the resultant force
is equal to the moment produce by the force components.

Mathematically MFo = ∑ Mo
Moment produce by the force F about any point O =
Moment produce due to force components. Let us consider a
force F acting at a point A and this force create the moment
about point O which is r distance away from point A as
shown in fig (a)

F
F1

A F2
A

r
r

O O
fig (a) fig (b)
The moment produce due to Force F is given by
MFo = F x r 1
Now resolve the force into its components F1 and F2 in such a
way that
F = F1 + F2 as shown in fig (b)
The moment produce by these components about O is given
by
∑ Mo = 0
∑ Mo = moment produce due to force F1 + moment produce
due to force component F2
∑ Mo = F1 x r + F2 x r = (F1 + F2) r
Put F = F1 + F2 in the above formula
 ∑M o = Fx r
ENGINEERING MECHANICS 2
By comparing the equation 1 and by equation 2
MFo =∑ Mo
The above equation shows that moment produce by the Force
(resultant) is equal to the moment produce by components F1
and F2.
Note the above equation is important application to solution
of problems and proofs of theorems. Such it is often easier to
determine the moments of a force’s components rather than
the moment of the force.

EXAMPLE 3
A 200 N force acts on the bracket as shown determine the
moment of force about “A”

Given F=200N θ = 45º

Required MA =?
Solution Resolve the force into components F1 am F2
F1= F cos θ F1=200 cosine 45º
F1=141.42N.
F2= F sin θ F2 = 200 sin 45º
F2= 2.468N.
We know that MA = 0
MA = moment produce due to component F1+ moment
produce due to component F2.
MA =F1 x r1+ F2 x r2.
Let us consider that clock wise moment is + ve.

MA = F1 x r1+ F2 x r2
MA = - 141.42 x 0.1 + 2.468 x (0.1 +0.1)
MA = - 13.648 N
MA = 13 .648 N anti clock wise.
EXAMPLE 2.4
Determine the moment of each of three forces about B
on the beam.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

F1= 400 lb F2= 250 lb

F3= 500 lb

37º.
30º.

4ft 4ft 4ft 4ft

Given
F1 = 400lb F2 = 250 lb F3 = 500lb
r1 = 4 Ft r2 = 4 Ft r3 = 4 Ft r4 = 4 Ft
Required Moment about B = MB =?
Solution
Moment due to force F1 about B:
Consider clockwise moment is positive
MB = 400 x (4+4+4)
MB = 48, 00 lb .ft
Moment due to vertical component of F2
MB = F2 sin θ x r
MB = 250 Sin 37 x 4
MB = 601.815lb ft clock wise
Moment due to vertical component of F3
MB = F3 sin θ x R
MB = 500 x Sin 30x 4
MB = 601.815lb clock wise
Result MB = 48, 00 lb .ft 601.815lb, 601.815lb

EXERCISE

1. Find the moment of the force about “O” as shown in

diagram
i ii

Ans : 37.5 N m clockw ise Ans : 42.426

clockwise
iii
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Ans: 21 kN m

2. Find the moment of each force about A as shown in

the following force system.
i ii
20 lb
10 ton

5 ton
20 ft
60
˚ 30˚
A B A
B
30˚ 10ft
10 lb 5 lb 50 ft
50 ft
10 ft
8 ton

Ans: 300 lb ft anti clockwise Ans:

236.603 ton ft anti clock wise

3. Determine the resultant moment of four forces acting on

the rod about “O” as shown is diagram.

Ans: 333.92 N m clock wise

- 38 -
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

4. The Force F acts at the end of angle bracket shown

determine the moment of forces about “O”
Ans : 98.56 clockwise

5. A force of 40N is applied to the wrench. Determent the

moment of this force about point “O”
Ans: 7.107 clockwise

6. The wrench is used to loosen the bolt. Determine the

moment of each force about the bolt’s axis passing
through point O. (Ans: 24.1 N-m, 14.5
N-m)

Solve the problem first by using each f

d then by using the principle of momen
An
m, 1.30 kN-m,
m)

7. Determine the moment of each of the three forces about

point A. orce as a
- 39 -
whole, an ts.
s: 433 N-
800 N-
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

8. Determine the moment about point A of each of the three

forces
Ans: 600
N-m, 1.12 KN-m, 518
N-m

9. The towline exerts a force of P = 4 kN at the end of the 20

m long crane boom. If θ = 30º, determine the
displacement x of the hook at A so that the force creates a
maximum moment about point O. What is this moment?
(Ans: 24.0 m, 80 kN-m)

- 40 -
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

10. α = 30°, calculate the moment of F about the center O

of the bolt. Determine the value of α which would
maximize the moment about O state the value of this
maximum moment
Ans: 41.5 N=

m CW 32.2° 41.6 N-m CW

PARALLEL FORCES
When the lines of action of Forces are parallel to each
other are called parallel forces the parallel forces never meet
to each other. There are two types of parallel forces as
discussed as under

1. Like parallel forces

When two parallel forces acing in such away that their
directions remain same are called like parallel forces

2. Un like parallel forces

When two parallel forces acing in such away that their
directions are opposite to each other called like parallel
forces
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
.

COUPLE
When two parallel forces that have the same magnitude
but opposite direction is known as couple. The couple is
separated by perpendicular distance. As matter of fact a couple is
unable to produce any straight-line motion but it produces
rotation in the body on which it acts. So couple can be defined as
unlike parallel forces of same magnitude but opposite direction
which produce rotation about a specific direction and whose
resultant is zero

APPLICATION OF COUPLE
1. To open or close the valves or bottle head, tap etc
2. To wind up a clock.
3. To Move the paddles of a bicycle
4. Turning a key in lock for open and closing.

Couple Arm
The perpendicular distance between the lines of action of
the two and opposite parallel forces is known as arm of the
couple.

Moment of couple or couple moment

The moment of the couple is the product of the force (one

of the force of the two equal and opposite parallel forces) and the
arm of the couple. Mathematically
Moment of couple = force x arm of couple
Moment of couple = F x r

Let us find the resultant moment of couple about a point O on the

couple arm AB as shown in fig
F -F

r
r1 r2

A O B
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Moment about O
∑M = Moment about O due to F + moment about
O due to –F

∑M = -F x r1 + (- F x r2)
∑M = -F x r1 – F x r2
∑M = - F (r1 + r2)
∑M = F (r1 + r2) 1
From diagram r = r1 + r2 put in equation 1
∑M = F x r
So the moment produce by the two unlike parallel forces is equal
to moment produce by one of the force of the two equal and
opposite parallel forces.
Therefore
The moment of couple = force x couple arm.

Direction of couple
The direction and sense of a couple moment is
determined using the right hand rule, where the thumb

CLASSIFICATION OF COUPLE
The couplet are classified as clockwise couple and
anticlockwise couple

1. Clockwise couple
A couple whose tendency is to rotate the body in a
clockwise direction is known as clockwise couple

2. Anticlockwise couple
A couple whose tendency is to rotate the body in
anticlockwise direction is known as anticlockwise couple

EXAMPLE 8
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Determine the moment of couple acting on the

moment shown
2
00 N

4m 2m

200 N
Given
F1=200 N L1=4m F2=200 N L2 = 2m.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Required Moment of couple = M =?
Working Formula M = F x r.
Solution
Put the values in working formula
M= 200(4+2)
M=1200 N. m

Result M= 1200 N. m

EXAMPLE 9

Determine the moment of

couple acting on the moment

shown.

Given F1=F2 =90lb F3 = F4 = 120lb.

Required Moment of couple = M=?
Solution The moment of couple can be determined at any point
for example at A, B or D.
Let us take the moment about point B
MB = ∑ F R.
MB = -F1 x r1 – F2 x r2 .
MB = - 90(3) – 120 (1)
MB = - 390 lb ft
Result MB = MA=MD =390 lb .ft counter clock
wise.
Moment of couple = 390 lb.ft count cloche
wise
BEAM A beam is a long straight bar having a constant cross-
sectional area. Beams are classified as

1 Cantilever beam 2 Simply

supported beam
3 Over hanging beam 4 Rightly
fixed or built in beam
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
5 Continuous beam.
1. Cantilever beam
A beam, which is fixed at one and free at the other end, is
called cantilever beam
. As shown in fig

2. Simply supported beam

A beam which is pinned (pivoted) at one end and roller
support at other end is called simply supported beam. As shown
in fig

LOAD
The external applied force is called load. Load is in the
form of the force or the weight of articles on the body is called
load.
1. Concentrated or Point load
A load, which is applied through a knife-edge, is called
point or concentrated load.
30 N

2. Uniformly distributed load

A load which is evenly distributed over a part or the

entire length of beam is called uniformly distributed load or U

D.L

3. Uniformly varying load

The load whose intensity varies lineally along the length of beam
over which it is applied is called uniformly varying load.

Note
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Any beam may be point, uniformly distributed and

uniformly varying load

EXAMPLE 10 Find the reaction of the shaft at point shown.

Given Span = L = 8m x = 2m, y = 2m, Z

= 2m
F1 = 2 KN F2 = 3 KN F3= 2 KN.

Required Shear force and moment diagram

Solution Take moment about “A” also consider the upward force
and clock wise moment is positive
∑MA = 0
RE (L) – F3 (x + y + z) – F2 (x + y) – F1 (x) + RA
(0) = 0.
RE (8) - 2 (6) – 3 (4) – 2 (2) + 0 = 0
RE = 3.5 KN
Now for RA we can calculate by
∑F = 0
RA - F1 - F2 - F3 + RE = 0
RA - 2 - 3 - 2 + 3.5 = 0

EXAMPLE 2.11
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Find reaction at A and C for shaft shown. The

support at A is a thrust bearing and support C is a

Journal bearing. Also draw shear force bending moment
diagram.

Given Span = L = 4m. Load = P = 5 kN.

Required RA =? RC =?

Solution Take moment about “A” also considers upward

force and clockwise moment is positive.
∑MA = 0
Rc (L) – P (x) + RA (0) = 0.
Rc (4) – 5 (2) = 0
Rc = 2.5 k N
To calculate the reaction at point A
∑F = 0
RA - P+ Rc = 0
RA – 5 + 2.5 = 0 RA = 2.5 k N
EXAMPLE 2
Find the reaction of a simply supported
beam 6m long is carrying a uniformly distributed load of
5kN/m over a length of 3m from the right hand.
Given
P = 5 k N /m L = 6 m Y = 3m, Z = 3m.
Required Reaction at A & B = RA & RB =?
Solution first of all we will change the uniformly distributed
load into the point load
= 5 x 3= 15 kN
Take moment about A also consider that the upward force or load and
clockwise moment is positive.
∑MA = 0
Rc (L) – P (y + z/2) + RA (0) = 0
RB (6) – (15) (3 + 1.5) + RA (0) = 0
RB = 11. 25 kN
To calculate the reaction at point A
∑F = 0
RA - P+ RB = 0
RA -15 - 11.25
RA = 3.75.kN
Exercise 2
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
6. Find the moment of couple shown what must the force of a
couple balancing this couple having arm of length of 6ft.
Ans: 36 lb ft, 6 lb

7. The tires of a truck exert the forces shown on the deck of

the bridge replace this system of forces by an equivalent

resultant force and specify its measured form point A.

Ans: 12.1 kip, 10.04 ft

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

8. The system of parallel forces acts on the top of the

Warne truss. Determine the equivalent resultant force of the
system and location measured from point A

Ans: 4.5 kN, 2.22 m

9. A man and a boy carry a mass of 20 kg b/w them by

means of a uniform pole 1.7m long and mass of 9kg. Where
the weight must placed so that the man may carry twice as
mush of weight as that boy.
Ans: 111.18 N, .04646 m

10. Two unlike parallel forces of magnitude 400 N and 100

N acting in such a way that their lines of action are 150 mm
apart. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and
the point at which it acts.

Ans: 300 N & 50 mm

11. Find reaction at point A and B for the beam shown set P=
600lb a = 5ft b = 7ft.

12. Find the reaction at the points for the beam as shown
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

13 Find the reaction at the points as shown in diagram

14 Find the reaction at the points as shown in diagram

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

EQUILIBRIUM OF PARTICLE AND BODY

Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is
zero, the particle is said to be in equilibrium.
A particle which is acted aupon two forces
Newton’s First Law:
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle
will remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a
straight line.

Exercise

1. Determine the magnitude of F1 and F2 so that the partial is

in equilibrium

12. Determine the magnitude and direction of F1 and F2 so

that the partial is in equilibrium
Ans:
42.567 lb &
54.723 lb
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

EQUILIBRIUM
A particle is in equilibrium if it is at rest if originally at
rest or has a constant velocity if originally in motion. The
term equilibrium or static equilibrium is used to describe an
object at rest. To maintain equilibrium it is necessary to
satisfy Newton’s first law of motion, which requires the
resultant force acting on particle to be equal to zero. That is
∑F = 0 A
Where ∑F = Sum of all the forces acting on the particle
which is necessary condition for equilibrium. This follows
from Newton’s second law of motion, which can be written
as
∑F = ma.
Put in equation A ma = 0
Therefore the particle acceleration a = 0. Consequently the
particle indeed moves with constant velocity or at rest.

METHODS FOR THE EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

There are many methods of finding the equilibrium but the
following are important
1. Analytical Method 2. Graphical Method
1. Analytical method for the equilibrium of forces
The equilibrium of forces may be studied analytically
by Lami’s theorem as discussed under

LAMI’S THEOREM
It states, “If there are three forces acting at a point be
in equilibrium then each force is proportional to the sine of
the angle between the other two forces”.
Let three force F1, F2 and F3 acting at a point and the
opposite angles to three forces are γ , β, and α as shown in
figure

F2

F1

Mathematically
α
F1 = F2 = F3
β γ
Sin β Sin γ Sin α

F3
EXAMPLE 7
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT 2 - MCQ

Questions opt1 opt2 opt3 opt4 answer

A stationary body will be in
equilibrium if the algebraic sum of 0 equal not equal not equal to zero 0
all forces is -----------------
A stationary body will be in ----------
---- if the algebraic sum of all forces 0 equal equilibrium 1 equilibrium
is zero.
When a body is subjected to two
forces, the body will be in
collinear concurrent coplanar parallel collinear
equilibrium if the two forces are -----
----------, equal and opposite
Force X
Moment = --------------- Force X distance Force/distance distance Fx+Fy
distance
If three concurrent forces are acting
on a body & the body is in
equilibrium, then the resultant of normal tangent equal parallel equal
two forces should be --------------- &
opposite to the third force
The reaction at the knife edge
support will be --------------- to the collinear equal parallel normal normal
surface of the beam.
The reaction in case of roller support
will be normal to the surface of ------ Roller base base parallel equal Roller base
--------------
For a smooth surface, the reaction is
normal parallel angular equal normal
always -------- to the support
A load, acting at a point on a beam
Roller base UDL parallel couple Roller base
is known as -----------------
If each unit length of the beam
carries same intensity of load, then
normal couple parallel UDL UDL
that type of load is known as ---------
------
The reaction on a roller support is at
right angles parallel equal force right angles
------------ to the roller base.
If three forces act at a joint & two of
them are acting the same straight
zero equal opposite normal zero
line then third force would be --------
-
Varignon's theorem states that the
moment of a force about any point is
equal to the ------------ of the algebraic sum moment couple square algebraic sum
moments of its components about
that point
The effect of couple is to produce ---
------------ about an axis normal to
pure rotation normal vertical force pure rotation
the plane of force which constitute
couple.
M = -------------- r.F |rXF| rXF r.F/r rXF
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
For two dimensional bodies, the
forces are generally resolved into --- vertical normal sum horizontal horizontal
------------- & vertical components
For stable equilibrium of a body, ----
ΣF=0, ΣM=0 ΣF=0 ΣM=0 ΣM=ΣF ΣF=0, ΣM=0
-------------
The beam which carries load in such
a way that the rate of loading on
each unit length of the beam varies UVL UDL point load moment UVL
uniformly, this type of load is known
as ----------------
The moment is the product of the
force & the ------------------ between
perpendicular perpendicular
the line of action of the force & the displacement force moment
distance distance
point about which moment is to be
taken
When two equal & opposite parallel
forces act on a body at some
normal force moment couple couple
distance apart, the two forces form a
-----------------
The couple has a tendency to ---------
rotate normal vertical move rotate
the body.
Moment of the couple = --------------
FXS Fxa FXH MXF Fxa
-----------
The reaction at the hinged end may
type of
be either vertical or inclined moment reaction type of loading support
loading
depending upon the -----------
If the load is vertical, then the
horizontal support couple vertical vertical
reaction will also be -----------------
If the load is inclined, then the
inclined horizontal vertical couple inclined
reaction will also be -----------------
The normal at any point on the
surface of the sphere will always
parallel normal inclined centre centre
pass through the ------------- of the
sphere.
For two dimentional bodies, the
ΣF=0, ΣM=0 ΣM=0 ΣM=ΣF ΣM/ΣF ΣF=0, ΣM=0
forces are written as ----------------
For three-dimensional bodies, the ΣF=0, ΣM=0, ΣF=0, ΣM=0,
ΣM=0 ΣF=0, ΣM=0 ΣF=0
forces are written as --------------- ΣFz=0 ΣFz=0
The given beam is drawn to a
suitable scale along with the loads &
Bow's notations vector diagram space diagram couple space diagram
the reactions RA & RB. This step is
known as ------------
If the end portion of a beam is
overhanging simply supported overhanging
extended beyond the support, then cantilever beam continuous beam
beam beam beam
the beam is known as -----------------
In case of roller supported beams,
the reaction on the roller end is
normal parallel sine vertical normal
always -------------------- to the
suppport.
Overhanging portion may be at one
end of the beam or at ------------- of end support both ends normal both ends
the beam.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The main advantage of such a roller
support is that beam, due to change
in temperature can move easily rise move decrease contration contration
towards left or right, on account of
expansion or -------------------
In case of hihged supported beam,
the reaction on the hinged end may types of
reactions moments ends types of loading
be either vertical or inclined loading
depending upon the -------------------
The main advantage of a highed end
is that the beam remains -------------- normal move angle stable stable
----------
If three forces act at a joint & two of
them are along the same straight line
then then for the equilibrium of the zero normal 1 -1 zero
joint, the third force should be equal
to ---------
The forces in the members of
cantilever truss can be obtained by
middle support top free end free end
starting the calculations from the ----
----- of cantilever
The horizontal reaction will be
horizontal
obtained by adding algebraically all vertical loads normal angular horizontal loads
loads
the ---------------
When trying to turn a key into a non-coplanar
coplanar force couple Moment couple
lock, following is applied forces
constitute a
Two non-collinear parallel equal constitute a constitute a constitute a constitute a
moment of
forces acting in opposite direction moment couple resultant couple. moment
couple
if a system of the algebraic sum
coplanar forces is of the moments if a system of
if a system of
in equilibrium, of any two forces coplanar
coplanar forces is
then the about any point positive and forces is in
in equilibrium,
According to principle of moments algebraic sum of is equal to negative couples equilibrium,
then their
their moments moment of can be balanced then their
algebraic sum is
about any point theiwesultant algebraic sum
zero
in their plane is about the same is zero
zero point
produce a couple can not
Two coplanar couples having equal balance each can not balance
and an are equivalent balance each
and opposite moments other each other
unbalanced force other
The product of either force of couple moment of the moment of the moment of the
resultant couple resulting couple
with the arm of the couple is called forces couple couple
The center of gravity of a uniform the center of the bottom the mid point of the mid point
all of the given
lamina lies at heavy portion surface its axis of its axis
The algebraic sum of moments of equal to the equal to the
both of above are both of above are
the forces forming couple about any moment of the constant moment of the
correct wrong
point in their plane is couple couple
cannot
A single force and a couple acting in balance each cannot balance produce moment
are equivalent balance each
the same plane upon a rigid body other each other of a couple
other
If three forces acting in one plane at least two of all the givens are all the givens
meet in a point be all parallel
upon a rigid body, keep it in them must meet correct are correct
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
equilibrium, then they must either

The maximum frictional force which

comes into play when a body just kinematic limiting
limiting friction sliding friction rolling friction
begins to slide over another surface friction friction
is called
Sum of moment of all the forces will
Resolution of Superposition of
be equal to moment about a point. Newton Varignon
froces forces
This is according to Varignon
For the roller support , which of the Rotation about a Rotation about a Vertical Horizontal Vertical
following is not possible pin hinge movement movement movement
Non coplanar, Non coplanar,
Non coplanar, Non coplanar
Couple is also a Coplanar force unlike parallel unlike parallel
like parallel force force
force force
Both
Both horizontal
Horizontal Rotational horizontal and
A hinged support will always have Vertcial reaction and vertical
reaction reaction vertical
reactions
reactions
The effect of a force remains
Superposition of
unaltered along its line of action. Resolution Newton Varignon Superposition
forces
This is according to of forces
According to the principles of Minimum when Maximum when Different at Same at every Same at every
transmissibility of forces, when a it acts at C.G of it acts at C.G of different points point in its line point in its
force acts upon a body, its effect is the body the body of the body of action line of action
The third unknown force of coplanar
Triangle law of Polygon law of
concurrent system in equilibrium is Moment Couple Triangle law
forces forces
defined by of forces
may be in may be in may be in
If the sum of all the forces acting on equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
must be in can not be in
a body is zero, it may be concluded provided the provided the provided the
equilibrium equilibrium
that the body forces are forces are forces are
concurrent parallel concurrent
the vectors
either of the the vectors must the vectors must
If the cross product of two vectors is the vectors must must be
vectors or both be perpendicular be parallel to
zero, then be collinear parallel to
must be zero to each other each other
each other
The rectangular components of force
Fcosθ Fsinθ Ftanθ Fcotθ
in space in x axis is Fcosθ
A force of magnitude 200N makes
an angle of 35 degrees with x axis.
165.83N 163.83N 163.93N 169.83N
Its rectangular component in x axis
is 163.83N
A force F = 10i+5j-4K acts through
10.87N 12.87N 11.87N 13.87N
the origin. Its magnitude is 11.87N

2 MARKS

1. Define resolution of forces.

2. Write short notes about fixed support with sketch.
3. Sketch the different types of couples.
4. State the principle of transmissibility.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
5. State Lami’s theorem.
6. What is a couple?
7. Two forces 50 kN and 10 kN act at a point ‘O’. The included angle between them is 60o. Find the magnitude and
the direction of the resultant.
8. Write short notes on hinged support.
9. Define principal axes and principal moment of inertia.
10. Explain free body diagram with one example.
11. Define point load.
12. A vector A is equal to 2i- 3j +2k. find the projections of this vector on the line joining the point P(-3,2,1) and
Q(2,-2,-1).
13. Find the unit vector of a force F=4i-5j+8k

14 MARKS
1. A system of parallel forces is acting on a rigid bar as shown in figure. Reduce the system into a single force
and a force-couple system at A and B.

2. Four forces are acting on a square ABCD as shown in fig. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force.

3. Two spheres, each of weight 1000 N and radius of 25 cm rest in horizontal channel of width 90 cm as shown in
figure. Find the reactions on the points of contact A, B and D

4. A Beam AB of span 10m span is loaded as shown in fig. Determine the reactions’ at A and B.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

5. Find the support reactions of a simply supported beam shown in figure.

6. Calculate the resultant moment about the corner B shown in figure.

7. Find the support reactions of a beam shown in figure.

8. Find the support reactions of a beam shown in figure.

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT – 3: CENTRIOD, CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

CENTRE OF GRAVITY

The center of gravity is a point where whole the

weight of the body act is called center of gravity. As we
know that every particle of a body is attracted by the earth
towards its center with a magnitude of the weight of the
body. As the distance between the different particles of a
body and the center of the earth is the same, therefore these
forces may be taken to act along parallel lines. A point may
be found out in a body, through which the resultant of all
such parallel forces acts. This point, through which the whole
resultant (weight of the body acts, irrespective of its position,
is known as center of gravity (briefly written as C.G). It may
be noted that every body has one and only one center of
gravity.
CENTROID
The plane figures (like triangle, quadrilateral, circle etc.)
have only areas, but no mass. The center of area of such
figures is known as Centroid. The method of finding out the
Centroid of a figure is the same as that of finding out the
center of gravity of a body.
AXIS OF REFERENCE
The center of gravity of a body is always calculated with
referrer to some assumed axis known as axis of reference. The
axis of reference, of plane figures, is generally taken as the
lowest line of the figure for calculating y and the left line of
the figure for calculating x.

METHODS FOR CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SIMPLE

FIGURES
The center of gravity (or Centroid) may be found out by any
one of the following methods
I. By geometrical considerations
2. By moments method
3. By graphical method

1 Center of Gravity by Geometrical Considerations

The center of gravity of simple figures may be found out
from the geometry of the figure

A) The center of gravity of plane figure

1. The center of g of uniform rod is at its middle point.

A
B
L
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Center of gravity = L / 2 from point A or B

2. The center of gravity of a rectangle is at a point, where its

diagonals meet each other. It is also a mid point of the length
as well as the breadth of the rectangle as shown in fig
C D
Lx
from AD or BC
h B
from AB or DC

h
A
G

=
G

=
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
L

3. The center of gravity of a square is a point, where its

diagonals meet each other. It is a mid point of its side as
shown in fig

G = a/2 from any

side
a Area = 2x a

a
4. The center of gravity of a parallelogram is at a point,
where its diagonals meet each other. It is also a mid point of
the length as well as the height of the parallelogram as shown
in fig
C D

G = L/2
from AD or BC
h G = h/2
from AB or DC
Area = L
xh
A B

L
5. The center of gravity of a triangle is at the point, where the
three medians (a median is a line connecting the vertex and
middle point of the opposite side) of the triangle meet as
shown in Fig.
C

G
= 2h/3 from point C
h G
= h/3 from point A,B
A
rea = b x h

A b B

6. The center of gravity of the circle is the center of the circle

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

G = r or d/2 from any

point from the circumference
Area =  x r²

7. The center of gravity of the semi circle is at a distance 4 r/3

 from diameter AB
G = 4 r/3 
from diameter AB 
Area =  x r²
2
G
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

A B
8. The center of gravity of quarter circular at a distance 4 r/3
 from diameter AC
C
G = 4 r/3 
from radius AC 
Area =  x r²
4

A B
r

9. The center of gravity of sector is at a distance 2rsinθ/3θ

from center c.

r G=
2rsinθ/3θ
Area = θ x r²
O

10. The center of gravity of a trapezium is at a distance of

h/3x [b+2a/b+a] form the side AB as shown in Fig.
a
G = h b + 2a
b
3 b+a

h
h G
Area = h (a + b)
2
b

11. The center of gravity semi circular arc is at distance 2 r/

 from AB

G = 2 r/  from
AB
G Length of Arc =
2xr



A B
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

8. The center of gravity of quarter arc is at a distance 2 r/ 

B
G = 2 r/ 
Length of arc AB =
r /2

G
A
r

B) THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SOLID BODY

1. The center of gravity of a sphere is at a distance r from any

point

G = r or d/2 from any

point from the circumference
Volume of sphere = 4 x
 x r³
3

2. The center of gravity of a hemisphere is at a distance of

3r/8 from its base, as shown in fig.

G=3xr
8
Volume of
sphere = 2 x x r³

3. The gravity of right circular solid cone is at a distance h/4

from its base, measured along the vertical axis

G = h/4
Volume of cone = 1
x  x r² x h
3
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

4. The center of gravity of a cube is at a distance of h/4 from

every face (where h is the length of each side).

G = h/4
Volume of cube =
length x width x height

5. The center of gravity of a cylinder is h/2 from diameter AB

G = h/2
Volume of cylinder = 
x r² x h
h
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

CENTRE OF GRAVITY BY MOMENTS

The center of gravity of a body may also be found out
by moments as discussed below. Consider a body of mass M
whose center of gravity is required to be found out. Now
divide the body into small strips of masses whose centers of
gravity are known as shown in fig

y
x1

x2
x3

x
x

Let
m1, m2, m3 ……. = mass of strips 1, 2, 3,
x1, x2, and x3… = the corresponding perpendicular
distance or the center of gravity of strips from Y axis
According to principal of moment
M x = m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
Mx=∑mx
x=∑mx 1
M
Where ∑ m = m1 + m2 + m3 + …………..
And ∑ x = x1 + x2 + x3 + ……………..
Similarly
y=∑my 2
M
The plane geometrical figures (such as T-section, 1-section,
L-section etc.) have only areas but no mass the center of
gravity of such figures is found out in the same way as that of
solid bodies. Therefore the above two equations will become

x=∑ax
A
Or x = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +………
a1 + a2 + a3 +……
y = ∑a y
A
Or y = a1 y1 + a2 y2 + a3 y3 +………
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

a1 + a2 + a3 +………

EXAMPLE 4
Find the center of gravity of a 100 mm x 150 mm x 30 mm
T-section. As shown in the fig
100 mm

30 mm

150 mm

Given Height = 150 mm width = 100 mm

thick ness = 30 mm
Required center of gravity = y =?
Working formulae y = ∑a y or y = a1 y1 + a2
y2 + a3 y3 +………
A a1 + a2
+ a3 +………
Solution
# Body Area mm² Distance (y) mm Area x y
1 Rectangular ABCD a1 = 100 x 30 = 3000 30/2 = 15 3000 x 15 = 45
2 Rectangular EFGH a2 = (150 – 30) x 30 = 3600 150-30/2 = 135 3600 x135= 48
∑ = 9600 ∑ = 531000
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Put in the working formula
y = ∑a y = 531000 Y = 94.09 mm
A 9600
Result center of gravity = 94.09 mm

EXAMPLE 2
Find the center of gravity of a channel section 100 mm x
50mm x 15 mm.
A B

C D
E

100 mm

Solution Consider the rectangle ABC

Area = a1 = 50 x 15 = 750 mm² x1
= 50 / 2 = 25 mm
Consider the rectangle CEFG
Area = a2 = (100 -15-15) x 15 = 1050 mm²
x21 = 15 / 2 = 7.5 mm
Consider the rectangle FHIJ
Area = a3 = 50 x 15 = 750 mm² x3
= 50 / 2 = 25 mm
Put the values in the working formula
x = a1 x1 + a2x2 + a3 x3 = 750 x 25 + 1050
x 7.5 x 750 x 25
a1 + a2 + a3 25 + 7.5 +
25

x = 17 .8 mm
Result Center of gravity = 17.8 mm

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF UNSYMMETRICAL

SECTIONS
Sometimes, the given section, whose center of gravity
is required to be found out, is not symmetrical either about x-
axis or y-axis. In such cases, we have to find out both the
values of center of gravity of x and y which means with
reference to x axis and y axis
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
EXAMPLE 3
Find the centroid of an unequal angle section 100 mm x
80 mm x 20mm.
C D

100 mm
F G

20 mm
A B E
80 mm
Required center of gravity =?
Working formula x = a1 x1 + a2 x2
a1 + a2
y = a1 y1 + a2 y2
a1 + a2
# Body Area mm² Distance (x) mm Distance (y)
1 Rectangular ABCD a1 = 100 x 20 = 2000 x1 = 20/10 =10 y1 =100/2 = 50
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

2 Rectangular BEFG a2 = (80 – 20) x 20 = 1200 x2 = 20 – 60/2 =50 y2 = 20/2 = 10

Put the value in the first working formula

x = a1 x1 + a2 x2 = (2000 x 10 ) + (1200 x
50) x = 25 mm
a1 + a2 10 + 60
y = a1 y1 + a2 y2 = ( 2000 x 50 ) + (1200 x
10) y = 35 mm
a1 + a2 10 + 60
Result x = 25 mm y = 35 m

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SOLID BODIES

The center of gravity of solid bodies (such as
hemisphere, cylinder, right circular solid cone etc) is found
out in the same way as that of the plane figures. The only
difference between the plane and solid bodies is that in the
case of solid bodies we calculate volumes instead of areas

EXAMPLE 4
A solid body formed by joining the base of a right
circular cone of height H to the equal base of right circular
cylinder of height h. calculate the distance of the center of
gravity of the solid from its plane face when H = 120 mm and
h = 30 mm

Given cylinder height = h = 30 mm

Right circular cone = H = 120 mm
Required center of gravity =?
120 mm
Working formula

y = v1 y1 + v2 y2
v1 + v2
Solution
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Consider the cylinder
30 mm
Volume of cylinder = π x r² x 30 = 94.286 r²
C.G of cylinder = y1 = 30/2 = 15mm
Now consider the right circular cone
Volume of cone = π/3 x r² x 120 = 377.143 r²
C.G of cone = y2 = 30 + 120/4 = 60 mm
Put the values in the formula
y = v1 y1 + v2 y2 = 94.286 r² x 15 + 377.143 r² x
60
v1 + v2 94.286 r² +377.143 r²
y = 40.7 mm
Result center of gravity = 40.7 mm

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SECTIONS WITH CUT

OUT HOLES
The center of gravity of such a section is found out by
considering the main section; first as a complete one and then
deducting the area of the cut out hole that is taking the area of
the cut out hole as negative. Now substituting the area of the
cut out hole as negative, in the general equation for the center
of gravity, so the equation will become

Or y = a1 y1 - a2 y2
a1 - a2
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

EXAMPLE 5
A semicircles of 90 mm radius is cut out from a
trapezium as shown in fig find the position of the center of
gravity

C a = 200 mm
D

h = 120 mm

A
B
b = 300 mm
90 mm
Given
Trapezium ABCD
b = 300 mm a = 200 mm h = 120
mm
Semicircle radius = r = 90 mm
Working Formula y = a1 y1 - a2 y2
a1 - a2
Solution
Area of trapezium = a + b x h = 200 + 300 x 120 = 30000
mm²
2 2
centre of gravity of trazezium = y1 = h = [ b + 2 a]
3 b+a
4
y1 = 120 [ 300 + 2 x 200] = 56 mm
3 300 + 200
4
Area of semicircle = area of the circle = π r² = π 90² =
89100 mm²
2 2 2
Center of gravity of the semicircle = 4 r = 4 90 = 38.183
3π 3π

Put the values in working formula

y = 30000 x 56 – 89100 x 38.183
30000 - 89100
Result Center of the gravity = 69.1 mm
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1. Find the center of gravity of an unequal angle section 10
cm x 16 cm x 2 cm

10 cm

2 cm

16 cm

Ans: 5.67 mm and 2.67 mm

2. A body consists of a right circular solid cone of height 40
mm and radius 30 mm placed on a solid hemisphere of radius
30 mm of the same material find the position of the center of
gravity of the body

40 mm

30mm

Ans: 28.4 mm
3. A hemisphere of 60 mm diameter is placed on the top of
the cylinder having 60 mm diameter. Find the center of
gravity of the body from the base of the cylinder if its height
is 100 mm.

Ans: 60.2 mm
4. A semicircular area is removed from a trapezium as shown
in fig determine the position of the center of gravity

60 mm
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

5. A circular hole of 50 mm diameter is cut out from a

circular disc of 100 mm diameter as shown in fig find the
center of gravity of the section

100 mm 50 mm

Ans: 41.7 mm
6. Find the center of gravity of a semicircular section having
outer and inner diameters of 200 mm and 160 mm

respectively as shown in fig.

160 mm

200 mm

Ans: 57.5 mm

UNIT 3 - MCQ

Questions opt1 opt2 opt3 opt4 answer

The point, through which the whole
moment of centre of
weight of the body acts, is known as centre of gravity normal force
inertia gravity
---------------
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The point, which the total area of the
plane figure is assumed to be moment of
centroid force moment centroid
concentrated is known as ------------- inertia
- of that area
The centriod & centre of gravity are
different point normal same point equal same point
at the -----------------
The centre of gravity of a uniform
different point same point end point middle point middle point
rod lies at a --------------
The C.G. of a triangle lies at a point
where the three medians of a triangle meet same point cross normal meet
-------------
The C.G. of a parallelogram or a
rectangle is at a point where its same point different point each other point each other
diagonal meet -----------------
The C.G. of a circle lies at its --------
end point diameter centre area centre
------
The C.G. of a body consisting of a1x1+a2x2+----
a1x1+a2x2+----- /
different areas is given by ------------ a1x1/a1 a1x1+a1 a1x1-a1 - / (a1+a2+-----
(a1+a2+----)
--- )
If a given section is symmetrical
about x-x axis or y-y axis, the C.G. Axis
Axis symmetry centre end area
of the section will lie on the ---------- symmetry
-----
The ------------------ of an area about
an axis is the product of area & moment of moment of
moment area force
square of the distance of the C.G. of inertia inertia
the area from that axis.
The ---------------- of a body is the
distance from an axis of reference moment of radius of radius of
moment radius
where the mass of the given body is inertia gyration gyration
assumed to be concentrated.
Radius of gyration --------------------- √(I/E) I/A √(I/A) A/I √(I/A)
According to theorem of Izz = Ixx +
Izz = Ixx + Iyy IAB= IG +Ah2 Izz = Ixx Ixx / Iyy
perpendicular axis --------------- Iyy
According to theorem of parallel
Izz = Ixx + Iyy IAB= IG +Ah2 Ixx / Iyy Izz = Ixx IAB= IG +Ah2
axis ---------------
Moment of inertia of a rectangular
section about an horizontal axis
bd/12 bd3/12 bd/6 bd3/6 bd3/12
passing through base =-----------------
--
Moment of inertia of a circular
πD/64 πD3/64 πD4/64 πD3/6 πD4/64
section = ---------------------------
Moment of inertia of a triangular
bd3/12 bh/12 bh3/6 bh3/12 bh3/12
section about the base ---------------
Moment of inertia of a triangular
section about an axis passing
bh3/12 bh3/36 bh2/36 bh/12 bh3/36
through C.G. & parallel to the base -
--------------
The C.G. of an area by integration
∫x*. dA/ ∫dA x*/∫dA x/dA dA/∫dA ∫x*. dA/ ∫dA
method is given by -----------------
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The C.G. of a straightt or curved line
∫x*. dA/ ∫dA ∫y*. dA/ ∫dA y*/∫dA ∫x*. dL/ ∫dL ∫x*. dL/ ∫dL
is given by =----------------
Surfaces are a --------------------- Three two
normal two dimensional surface
bodies. dimensional dimensional
The solids are ------------------ Three Three
normal two dimensional surface
bodies. dimensional dimensional
For two dimensional bodies ----------
volume surface area force area
---- is to be determined.
For three dimensional bodies ---------
volume area equal force volume
----- is to be determined.
For rectangular section y = -----------
d/2 b/2 x/2 area d/2
----------
For rectangular section x = -----------
d/2 b/2 x/2 area b/2
----------
Polar moment of inertia Izz = --------
Ixx Iyy Ixx+Iyy Ixx-Iyy Ixx-Iyy
----------
The product of inertia of the plane
area is obtained if an elemental area
is multiplied by the ------------ of its product equal normal sum product
co-ordinated & is integrated for
entire area
The product of inertia may be
positive, negative or ------------------
depending upon distance 'x' & 'y' equal zero 2 1 zero
which could be positive, negative or
zero.
The product of inertia with respect to
vertical perpendicular centroidal horizontal centroidal
------------------- axis will be zero.
If area is symmetrical with respect to
one or both of the axes, the product
zero equal 2 zero
of inertia will be ------------------------
-
The principal axes are the axes about
sum product zero force product
which the ----------- of inertia is zero.
The moment of inertia is always -----
positive negative sum zero positive
----------
The product of inertia may be --------
negative positive sum zero positive
-------, negative or zero.
The product of inertia vertical axis principal axis perpendicular normal principal axis
The product of inertia depends upon
normal orientation equal perpendicular orientation
the -------------- of the axes.
As the product of inertia is zero,
about symmetrical axis, hence
vertical product principal axis horizontal axis principal axis
symmetrical axis is the ---------------
of inertia for the area.
The mass moment of inertia of the
rectangular plate about x-x axis
bd3/12 Md2/22 Md2/12 Mb2/12 Md2/12
passing through the C.G. of the plate
is given by -------------------
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The mass moment of inertia of the
rectangular plate about y-y axis
bd3/12 Md2/22 Md2/12 Mb2/12 Mb2/12
passing through the C.G. of the plate
is given by -------------------
Mass moment of inertia of the
rectangular plate about a line passing Md3/3 Md2/22 Md4/4 Md/2 Md3/3
through the base -------------------
Mass moment of inertia of a hollow 1/12(Md2) - 1/12 1/12(Md2) -
Md2 Md/12 Md2/12
rectangular plate ---------------------- (md1 2) 1/12 (md1 2)
Mass moment of inertia of a circular
Md2/12 MR2/4 MR2 MD2/4 MR2/4
plate ----------------
Mass moment of inertia of a hollow M/4 (Ro2 +
M/4 (Ro2 + Ri2) MR2/4 MR/4 Md2/12
circular cylinder ----------------- Ri2)
Mass moment of inertia of a right
circular cone of base Radius R,
3/10 (MR2) MR2/10 MR/2 MR2/2 3/10 (MR2)
height H & mass M about its axis ---
---------------
First moment of area is also called as second moment moment of radius of moment of
moment of area
--------------------- of area inertia gyration area
Second moment of area is also called Area moment of Area moment
moment of area radius force
as --------------- inertia of inertia
If instead of area, the mass (m) of
second
the body is taken into consideration moment of second moment
radius force moment of
then the second moment is known as inertia of mass
mass
-----------------
The second moment of mass is also moment of mass moment of mass moment
force radius
known as --------------- inertia inertia of inertia
Centroid of volume is the point at
which the total volume of a body is normal equal concentrated centre concentrated
assumed to be ------------------
The point, through which the whole
moment of centre of centre of
weight of the body acts, irrespective centre of gravity centre of mass
inertia percussion gravity
of its position, is known as
The C.G. of a
The C.G. of a The C.G. of a The C.G. of a
The C.G. of a semicircle is
Pick up the incorrect statement from triangle is at the rectangle is at the semicircle is at a
circle is at its at a distance
the following intersection of its inter-section of distance of r/2
center of r/2 from
medians its diagonals from the center
the center
The center of percussion of a solid
cylinder of radius r resting on a r/2 2r/3 r/A 3r/2 3r/2
horizontal plane will be
The units of moment of inertia of
kg m2 m4 kg/m2 kg m kg m2
mass are
concurrence
The center of gravity of a triangle concurrence of intersection of its intersection of intersection of
of the
lies at the point of the medians altitudes bisector of angles diagonals
medians
The center of gravity of a uniform the center of the bottom the mid point of the mid point
all of the given
lamina lies at heavy portion surface its axis of its axis
The units of moment of inertia of an
kg m2 m4 kg/m2 kg/m4 m4
area are
The C.G. of a plane lamina will not right angled equilateral right angled
Square circle
be at its geometrical centre in the triangle triangle triangle
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
case of a

The C.G. of a right circular solid

cone of height h lies at the following h/2 J/3 h/6 h/4 h/4
distance from the base
The M.I. of hollow circular section
about a central axis perpendicular to
same double Half four times double
section as compared to its M.I. about
horizontal axis is
The angle which an inclined plane
makes with the horizontal when a
Friction limiting friction Repose static friction Repose
body placed on it is about to move
down is known as angle of

2 MARKS

1. State parallel axis theorem.

2. State perpendicular axis theorem.
3. Write down the equations of motion of a particle under gravitation.
4. Define centroid.
5. Define moment of inertia.
6. State the principle of work and energy.
7. Locate the centroid and calculate the moment of inertia about centroidal axes of a semicircular lamina of radius 2m.
8. A semicircular area having a radius of 100 mm is located in the XY-plane such that its Diameter coincides with Y-
axis. Determine the X-coordinate of the center.
9. Distinguish between centroid and center of gravity.
10. A stone is projected in space at an angle of 45° to horizontal at an initial velocity of 10 m/sec. Find the range of the
projectile.
11. Define triangle law of forces.
12. Explain will you reduce a force into an equivalent force-couple system with an example

14 MARKS

1. Find the MI of an I section about XX and YY axes through its centroid. Dimensions are, Top flange: 150mm x
12mm, Web: 200mm x 10mm, Bottom flange: 150mm x 12mm.

2. Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown in figure.

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

3. Determine Moment of Inertia of the composite plane figure shown about its bottom edge.

4. Locate the centroid of the section shown in fig.

5. Locate the centroid of the area shown in figure. If the value of ‘a’ is taken as 20mm.

6. Locate the center of gravity of the following figure which is made of same material.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

7. Find the moment of inertia for the shaded area, parallel to x – axis.

8. Determine the Moment of Inertia of an I section about its centroidal axes.

9. Locate the centroid of the shaded area shown in figure below. The dimensions are in mm.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT-5: KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES AND FRICTION

FRICTION
A force which prevents the motion or movement of
the body is called friction or force of friction and its direction
is opposite to the applied external force or motion of the
body. Friction is a force of resistance acting on a body which
prevents or retards motion of the body. Or
When a body slides upon another body, the property due
to which the motion of one relative to the other is retarded is
called friction. This force always acts tangent to the surface
at points of contact with other body and is directed opposite
to the motion of the body.
Explanation
Consider a block resting on, a horizontal plane surface.
Attach a string to one side of the block as shown in Fig.

The other end o f the

string is connected to the spring balance. Apply an external
force on the balance. Gradually increase the magnitude of the
external force. Initially the body will not move and the effect
of the applied force is nullified. This is because there acts a
force on the block which opposes the motion or movement of
the block. The nature of this opposing force is called friction.
It depends upon many factors. The major cause of friction is
the microscopic roughness of the contact surfaces. No
surface is perfectly smooth. Every surface is composed of
crests and falls as shown in fig b. It is the interlocking
of the crests of one surface into the falls of the other surface
which produces the resistance against the movement of one
body over the other body. When the force exerted is
sufficient to overcome the friction, the movement ensures and
the crests are being sheared off. This gives rise to heat and
raises the local temperature. This is also the reason of the
wear of the contact surfaces. This phenomenon of friction
necessitates the presence o fluid film between the two
surfaces to avoid wear of surfaces. The process of creating
the fluid film is called lubrication.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

TYPES OF FRICTION
Friction is of the following two types.

1. Static Friction
It is the friction acting on the body when the body is
at the state of rest or the friction called into play before the
body tends to move on the surface is called static friction.
The magnitude of the static friction is equal to the applied
force. It varies from zero to maximum until the movement
ensures.

2. Dynamic Friction
It is the friction acting on the body when body is in
motion is called dynamic friction. Dynamic friction is also
known as kinetic friction. The magnitude of the dynamic
friction is constant.
The dynamic friction has two types
i. Sliding Friction ii. Rolling Friction
i. Sliding friction
The sliding friction acts on those bodies, which slide
over each other for example the friction between piston, and
cylinder will slide friction because the motion of the motion
of the piston in cylinder is sliding and there is surface contact
between piston and cylinder.
ii. Rolling Friction
The rolling friction acts on those bodies which have
point contact with each other for example the motion of the
wheel on the railway track is the example of rolling motion
and the friction between the wheel and railway track is
rolling friction. It is experimentally found that the magnitude
of the sliding friction is more than the rolling friction because
in the rolling friction there is a point contact rather than
surface contact.

LIMITING FRICTION
The maximum friction (before the movement of body)
which can be produced by the surfaces in contact is known as
limiting friction
It is experimentally found that friction directly varies
as the applied force until the movement produces in the body.
Let us try to slide a body of weight w over another body by a
force P as shown in fig
Motion of the body
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

F P

Pan

A little consideration will show that the body will not

move because the friction F which prevents the motion. It
shows that the applied force P is exactly balanced by the
force of friction acting in the opposite direction of applied
force P. if we increase the force P by increasing the weight in
the pan, the friction F will adjust itself according to applied

force P and the body will not move. Thus the force of friction
has a property of adjusting its magnitude to become exactly
equal and opposite to the applied force which tends to
produce the motion.
There is however a limit beyond which the friction
cannot increase. If the applied force increases this limit the
force of friction cannot balance applied force and body
begins to move in the direction of applied force. This
maximum value of friction, which acts on body just begin to
move, is known as limiting friction. It may be noted that
when the applied force is less than the limiting friction the
body remains at rest, and the friction is called static friction,
which may have any values zero to limiting friction.

NORMAL REACTION
Let us consider a body A of weight “W” rest over
another surface B and a force P acting on the body to slide
the body on the surface B as shown in fig
R

Body A P

Surface B
F
W = mg
A little concentration will show that the body A
presses the surface B downward equal to weight of the body
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
and in reaction surface B lift the body in upward direction of
the same magnitude but in opposite direction therefore the
body in equilibrium this upward reaction is termed as normal
reaction and it is denoted by R or N.
Note
It is noted the weight W is not always perpendicular
to the surface of contact and hence normal reaction R is not
equal to the weight W of body in such a case the normal
reaction is equal to the component of weight perpendicular to
surface.

CO EFFICIENT OF FRICTION
The ratio of limiting friction and normal reaction is
called coefficient of friction and is denoted by µ.
Let R = normal reaction
And F = force of friction (limiting friction)
µ = Co efficient of friction
F=µ
R
F=µR

ANGLE OF FRICTION
The angle of a plane at which body just begins to slide

down the plane is called angle of frication. Consider a body

resting on an inclined plane as shown in diagram.

R
F

w
θ

The body is in equilibrium under the Acton of the following

forces
1. Weight of the body acting vertically downwards = w
2. Friction force acting along upwards = F
3. Normal reaction acting at right angle to the plane =R

Let the angle of inclination be gradually increased till the

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
body just starts sliding down the plane. This angle of inclined
plane at which a body just begins to slide down the plane is
called the angle of friction. And it is equal to the angle between
normal reaction R and the resultant between frictional force F
and normal reaction R
w

F
θ FR
R
From diagram
Tan θ = F / R
But F/R=µ
Where µ is the co-efficient of friction,
Tan α = µ

LAWS OF FRICTION
These laws are listed below:

1. Laws of Static Friction

1 The force of friction always acts in a direction

opposite to that in which the body tends to move.
2 The magnitude of force of static friction is just
sufficient to prevent a body from moving and it is equal to
the applied force.
3. The force of static friction does not depend upon,
shape, area, volume, size etc. as long as normal reaction
remains the same.
4. The limiting force of friction bears a constant ratio
to normal reaction and this constant ratio is called coefficient
of static friction.

2. Laws of Dynamic Friction

1 When a body is moving with certain velocity, it is

opposed by a force called force of dynamic friction.
2 The force of dynamic friction comes into play
during the motion of the body and as soon as the body stops,
the force of friction disappears.

3 The force of dynamic friction is independent of

area, volume, shape, size etc. of the body so long the normal
reaction remains the same.
However, to some extent it varies with the magnitude of
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
velocity of the body. Force of dynamic friction is high for
low speeds and low for very high speeds.
4 The ratio of force of dynamic friction and normal
reaction on the body is called coefficient of dynamic friction.

EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ON A ROUGH

HORIZONTAL PLANE

We know that a body lying on a rough horizontal

plane will remain in equilibrium but when ever a force is
applied on the body it will tend to move in the direction of
force. Consider a body moving on a horizontal Plane under
the influence of force P which is inclined at an angle θ to the
surface. As shown in fig
R P

Where
w = weight of the body
P = applied force
α = Angle of Repose
F = friction
θ = angle of inclination of the plane the
horizontal
Resolve the applied force P into its component that is
Horizontal component = P Cos θ Vertical
component = P Sin θ
Now consider the horizontal & vertical equilibrium condition
of the body then
F = P Cos θ 1
And w = R + P Sin θ 2
The value of P can be determined by following formula
P = w Sin α.
Cos (θ – α)
For minimum force P
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

P= W Sin α

MOTION OF BODY ON INCLINED PLANE IN

UPWARD DIRECTION
Let
W = weight of the body P = applied
force
α = Angle of Repose θ = angle of inclination
of the plane the horizontal
Now consider the following two cases
Case 1) When angle of inclination of the force to plane is β

R P

w Sine θ θ w Cos θ
F w
θ

Consider the forces acting on body which are parallel to the

plane also consider the equilibrium of body
P cosine β = w sin θ + F
P cosine β = w sin θ + µR
1
Similarly the forces acting on body normal to the plane and
consider the equilibrium condition
R + P sin β = w cosine θ
2
The magnitude of the force P can be calculated by the
following formula
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

P= W Sin (θ + α)
Cosine (β – α)

Case 2) When the force is parallel to the plane

R
P

w Sine θ w Cos θ
F
θ w

By considering the equilibrium of the forces parallel and

normal to the plane we have
P = w Sine θ + F
P = w Sine θ + µR 1
And R = w Cosine θ 2
The force P can be calculated by the following formula
P = .W Sin (θ + α)
Cos α
Motion of body on Inclined plane in downward direction
Let
W = weight of the body P = applied
force
θ = angle of inclination of the plane the
horizontal
α = Angle of Repose β = angle of force P
Now consider the following two cases
Case 1 When angle of inclination of the force to plane is β
P
R
β

w Sine θ θ w Cos θ

θ w

Now consider the forces acting parallel to the plane also the
equilibrium of forces
P cosine β + F = w sin θ
P cosine β +µR = w sin θ 1
Similarly consider the force normal to the plane
R + P sin β = w cos θ 2
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

The magnitude of the force P can be calculated by the

following formula
P = .W Sin (θ - α)
Cos (β – α)

Case 2 when the force is parallel to the plane

R P

θ w Cos θ
w Sine θ
θ w
From diagram we have
P + F = w Sine θ
P + µR = w Sine θ 1
Similarly R = w Cos θ 2
The force P can be calculated by following formula
P = .W Sin (θ - α)
Cos α

EQUILIBRIUM OF LADDER
A ladder is a device which is used to climb up or down
to the roof or walls. It consists of two long uprights and number
of rungs which makes the steps of the ladder.
Consider a ladder which is resting on ground and leaning
against walls as shown in the fig. Let
L = Length of ladder
w1 = Weight of ladder acts at middle of the ladder
w2= Weight of man climbing up acts at the distance x
from the lower end
μf = co efficient of friction between floor and ladder
μw = co efficient of friction between ladder and wall
Let us suppose ladder slips down wards
Ff = friction produce between floor and ladder towards
wall as ladder moves away from the wall.
Fw = friction produce between wall and ladder upwards
as ladder moves down wards
Fw
B Rw

L2
w2 w1
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
A θ C
Ff L4
L3
L1
For the sake of convince we consider that the friction at
B is zero i.e. the wall is perfectly smooth. Now take the
moment about B.
Rf x L1 = Ff x L2 + w2 x L3 + w1x L4
Where Ff = μf x Rf
Rf x L1 = (μf x Rf x L2) + w2 x L3 + w1x L4
A
Similarly consider the friction at A is zero i.e. the floor is
perfectly smooth as shown in figure.
Fw
B Rw

w2 w1
A θ C
L4

L3
L1
Therefore Rw x L2 = Fw x L1 + w1 x L3 + w2x
L4Where Fw = μw x Rw
Rw x L2 = (μw x Rw x L1) + w1 x L3 + w2x L4
A
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

EXAMPLE 1
A horse exerts a pull of 3 KN just to move a carriage
having a mass of 800 kg. Determine the co efficient of friction
between the wheel and the ground
Take g = 10 m/sec²
Given P = 3 KN Mass = m = 800 Kg g = 10 m/sec²
Required co efficient of friction = µ =?
Working formula F = µ R
Solution we know that W = mg
W = 800 x 10 = 8000 N
A little consideration will show that the weight of the
carriage is equal to the normal reaction because that the body
is horizontal to the plane as shown in fig
Therefore W = R and P=F
R
Put the values in working formula we get
300 = µ 8000
µ = 0375
P
Result co efficient of friction = 0.375

F
w = mg
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
EXAMPLE 3
A body of mass 100 Kg rests on horizontal plane the
co efficient of friction between body and the plane 0.40. Find
the work done in moving the body through a distance of 20 m
along the plane.

Given m = 100 Kg µ = 0.40 d = 20 m

Required work done =?
Working formula 1 W = F x d
2 Fs = µ R
Solution we know that R = W = mg
R = W = 10 x 9.81 = 98.1 N
Put the values in 2nd working formula we get
Fs = 0.40 x 98.1
Fs = 39.24 N
Now put the values in 1st working formula
W = 39.24 x 20
W = 748.8 N
Resultant weight = 748.8 N

EXAMPLE 4
A weight of 50 N is resting on the horizontal table and
can be moved by a horizontal force of 20 N. Find the co
efficient of friction, the direction and magnitude of the
resultant between normal reaction and frictional force

Given W = 50 N P = 20 N
Required co efficient of friction = µ =?
Direction = θ =?
Resultant = S =?
Working formula 1 F=µR
w = 50 N
2 S= R² + Fs²
3 Tan θ = µ
Solution put the value in 1st working for mula
P = 20 N
Fs = µ R
20 = µ x 50
F
µ = 0.4
R
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
put the value in the 2nd working formula
S
S = 50² + 20²
S = 53.85 N
Put the value in the 3rd working formula
Tan θ = µ

Tan θ = 0.4
θ =21.801º
Result Co efficient of friction = µ = 0.4
Direction = θ = 21.801º
Resultant = S = 53.85 N

EXAMPLE 5
A ladder 5 m long rests on a horizontal ground and
leans against a smooth vertical wall at an angle 70º with the
horizontal. The weight of the ladder is 900 N and acts at its
middle. The ladder is at the point of sliding, when a man
weighing 750 N stands on a rung 1.5 m from the bottom of the
ladder. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the ladder
and the floor.
2.5 m B
20º
L4
x
1.5 m L3
L2
w2 w1
70º
Ff A L1 C
Rf

Given Length of leader = L = 5 m weight of leader

= w1 = 900 N
Weight of man = w2 = 750 N inclination of
leader = θ = 70º
Distance covered by man from bottom = 1.5 m
Required coefficient of frication between ladder and
floor = μf =?
Working formula Rf x L1 = (μf x Rf x L2) + w2 x L3 + w1x
L4
Solution we know that
Rf = w1 + w2
Rf = 900 + 750
Rf = 1650 N
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
We can calculate L1, L2, by considering the geometry of the
figure. Now consider the triangle ABC
Cos 70 = L1/L = L1/5 L1 = 1.7101 m
And Sin 70 = L2/L = L2/5 L2 = 4.698 m
Similarly we can calculate the L3 & L4 by considering the
geometry of the figure
Sin 20 = L4/2.5 L4 = 0.85 m
And Sin 20 = L3/5-1.5 L3 = 1.197 m
Put the values in the working formula to calculate the
coefficient of friction between the floor and ladder
Rf x L1 = (μf x Rf x L2) + w2 x L3 + w1x L4
1650 x 1.7101 = μf x 1650 x 4.698 + 750 x
1.197 + 900 x 0.85

μf = 0.149
Resultant Coefficient of friction = μf = 0.15
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Questions opt1 opt2 opt3 opt4 answer
Force of friction always acts in the
direction -------------- to the direction equal same opposite normal opposite
of motion.
The max value of frictional force
acting on a body, when the body is on limiting force of limiting force
moment mass resistance
the point of motion is called ----------- friction of friction
----
The force of friction acting on a body
dynamic
when the body is moving is called ---- static friction dynamic friction force moment
friction
-----------
The ratio of limiting force of friction
coefficient of coefficient of
to the normal reaction between two friction dynamic friction force
friction friction
bodies is known as ----------------
The angle made by the resultant of the
normal reaction & the limiting force coefficient of angle of
friction force angle of friction
of friction with the normal reaction is friction friction
known as --------------------
The relation between angle of friction
& coefficient of friction is expressed tan φ=μ tan μ = φ tan -1φ=μ φ=μ tan φ=μ
as -----------
If a ladder is leaniing against a
smooth vertical wall, the force of
tan φ cosφ cosθ 0 0
friction between ladder & vertical
wall will be --------------
if a body is placed on a rough inclined
plane & the angle of inclination of the
plane is gradually increased, till the plane normal end vertical plane
body just starts sliding down the ------
-------
The angle of the inclined plane at
which the body just begins to slide angle of
plane angle normal angle of repose
down the plane, is called --------------- repose
-
Angle of repose is equal to ------------- angle of
angle of friction angle normal angle column angle
------- friction
If the inclination of the plane, with the
horizontal is less than angle of
friction, the body placed on the normal move friction equilibrium equilibrium
inclined plane will be always in -------
------ without any external force
The min. force required to drag a
body of weight 'W' placed on a rough
horizontal plane, when the force is Wcosθ Wsinθ W Wtanθ Wsinθ
applied at an angle 'θ' with the
horizontal is equal to -------------
The angle 'θ' will be equal to ---------- angle of
friction angle of repose angle angle of friction
--- for the least force. friction
When the body is on the point of W. sin (α+φ)/ W. sin (α+φ)/
Wsinφ Wsin(φ+α) W
moving up the plane, P = --------------- cos (θ-φ) cos (θ-φ)
For the body is on the point of W. sin (α+φ)/ W. sin (α-φ)/ cos W. sin (α-φ)/
sin(θ+φ) cos(θ-φ)
moving down the plane, P=------------- cos (θ+φ) (θ+φ) cos (θ+φ)
Wedge is a piece of metal or wood
trapezoidal rectangular square triangular trapezoidal
which is usually of triangular ----------
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
-- in cross section

Wedge is used either lifting loads for

slight adjustments in the position of a
wedge screw shafts keys shafts
body for tighting fits or keys for ------
---------
A screw jack is a device used for
lifting heavy weights/loads with the
handle screw wedge keys handle
help of a small effort applied at its ----
------------
The angle of screw in terms of pitch
of the screw & mean diameter of the P.π P/π.d P.d π.d P/π.d
screw is given by tanα= ---------------
The effort applied horizontally at the
mean radius of the screw jack to lift a W.tanφ-α) W.tanφ W.tan(φ+α) .tanφ-α) W.tan(φ+α)
load 'W' is given by P=----------------
The effort applied at the end of the
wd
handle of a screw jack is given by =--- wd tan(α+φ)/2L tan μ = φ Wd/2L 2L/Wd
tan(α+φ)/2L
-------------
Torque required to work the jack for
lifting a load 'W' is given by ----------- Wd tan α/2 Wd/2 Wd tanφ/2 Wd tan (α+φ)/2 Wd tan (α+φ)/2
------
Efficiency of a screw jack for raising
tanα .tan(φ+α) tanα/tanφ tanα / tan (α+φ) tanα / tan (α+φ)
a load 'W' is given by ---------------
The efficiency of the screw jack is ----
independent normal dependent force independent
--------- of the weight lifted applied
The efficiency of the screw jack will
45° φ/2 45°-φ/2 45°- θ/2 45°-φ/2
be max if α= ---------------------
The max efficiency of a screw jack is 1-sinφ / 1-sinφ /
1-sinφ 1+sinφ 1-sinφ / sinφ
given by ---------------- (1+sinφ) (1+sinφ)
Ideal
The efficiency of a machine in terms Ideal effort X Ideal effort/actual
Ideal effort Actual effort effort/actual
of ideal & actual effort ---------- actual effort effort
effort
Torque = ------------------- P'Xd/2 P'Xd P'Xd/3 P'Xd/4 P'Xd/2
The simple screw jack, which consists
of a nut, a screw with square threads
Keys screw Jack threads screw
& a handle fitted to the load of the ----
-------------
When the handle is rotated through
one complete turn, ------------------ is Keys Jack threads screw screw
also rotated through one turn.
The forces normal to the inclined
plane R* = -------------------------------- W.cosα Wsinα W.tanα W(1-sinθ) W(1-sinθ)
--
Friction acts -------------- to the
surface of contact & depends upon the Perpendicular parallel normal vertical parallel
nature of surface of contact.
Study of geometry of motion of Projectile
Kinematics Kinetics Statics Kinematics
bodies without considering forces is motion
Motion of a particle along a straight Curvilinear Projectile Rectilinear
Rectilinear motion Kinematics
line is called motion motion motion
Study of geometry of motion of Projectile
Kinematics Kinetics Statics Kinetics
bodies considering forces is motion
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The difference in the position of a
Intantaneous
particle in a given time interval is Acceleration Velocity Displacement Displacement
velocity
known as
SI unit of average velocity is s/m m/s2 m.s m/s m/s
SI unit for average acceleration is s/m2 m/s2 m.s2 m/s m/s2
Rate of change of velocity is known Average Intantaneous
Acceleration Average velocity Acceleration
as acceleration velocity
Average Average Intantaneous
Acceleration is a derivative of Velocity Velocity
velocity acceleration velocity
In rectilinear motion, when the Uniform Uniform
Curvilinear uniform
velocity of the particle is constant, the uniform velocity rectilinear rectilinear
motion acceleration
motion is called as an motion motion
The motion of a particle is s = 2t3-
6t2+10. Acceleration of the particle 12 m/s2 13m/s2 14m/s2 15m/s2 12 m/s2
when v =0 is
uniformly
In rectilinear motion, when the uniformly Uniform
Curvilinear uniform accelerated
acceleration of the particle is constant, accelerated rectilinear
motion acceleration rectilinear
the motion is called as an rectilinear motion motion
motion
When the body starts from rest, its
3m/s 2 m/s 0 3 m/s 0
initial velocity is
half of none of the
In retardation, the acceleration is negative positive negative
acceleration above
When the body comes to rest, its
3 m/s 2 m/s 0 1 m/s 0
initial velocity is
Initial velocity 40 kmph is equal to 22.22 m/s 11.11 m/s 33.33 m/s 5.5 m/s 11.11 m/s
An athlete covers a distance of 100m
1.883 m/s2 1.983 m/s2 1.783 m/s2 0 1.783 m/s2
in 10.59s. The acceleration is
A stone is dropped from the top of a
tower 200m high. Time required to 6.38sec 6.48 sec 6.58 sec 6.68 sec 6.38sec
strike the ground is
The path of the projectile is a curve parabola hyperbola Ellipse parabola
Time taken by the projectile to
Velocity of
complete the projectile motion is Trajectory Projectile Time of flight Time of flight
projection
called as
Time of flight is given by usinα / g 3usinα / g 2usinα / g 4usinα / g 2usinα / g
Horizontal range of the projectile is
u2sin2α/g 3usinα / g 2usinα / g 4usinα / g u2sin2α/g
given by
Projection angle for maximum range
30° 45° 60° 10° 45°
is
Maximum height reached by the
usinα / g 3usinα / g 2usinα / g u2sin2α / 2g u2sin2α / 2g
projectile is
Linear momentum is given by m.a m.a2 m.v m.v2 m.v
SI unit for workdone is Newtons Joules N/m Kg.m Joules
SI unit for spring constant is Newtons Joules N/m Kg.m N/m
Impulse is given by F.d F.t F/d F/t F.t
SI unit for momentum is Kg.m/s Kg/s m/s m/Kg Kg.m/s

2 MARKS
1. State coulomb’s laws of dry friction.
2. A car accelerates uniformly from a speed of 30 km/h to a speed of 75 km/h in 5 s. Determine the acceleration of the
car and also the distance travelled during 5 s.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS
3. How do you find out the resultant force for coplanar non-concurrent parallel force system?
4. Find the unit vector of AB, coordinates A (1, 2, 3) and B (5, 8, 12).
5. The equation of motion of a particle moving in a straight line is given by S = 18t +3t2 –2t3, where S is in meters
and t in seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration at starts. Also find time when particle reaches its maximum
velocity.
6. Define coefficient of static friction.
7. Define work.
8. Write work energy equation of rigid body. Mention the meaning for all parameters used in the equation.
9. Define cone of friction.
10. A car runs with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and uniform acceleration of 3 m/s2. Find its velocity after 5 seconds.
11. A car starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 4m/sec2. Determine the distance traveled in the 7th second.
12. A body is moving with velocity of 4 m/s. After five seconds the velocity of the body becomes 14m/s. find the
acceleration of the body.
13. Define Co-efficient of friction and angle of friction

14 MARKS

1. Two weights 80N and 20N are connected by a thread and move along a plane under the action of force 40N applied
to the first weight of 80N as shown in figure. The co-efficient of friction between sliding surfaces of the weights
and the plane is 0.3. Determine the acceleration of the weights and the tension in the thread.

2. A man can pull horizontally with a force of 450N. A mass of 350 kg is resting on a horizontal surface for which the
co-efficient of friction is 0.20. The vertical cable of a crane is attached to the top of the block as shown in fig. What
will be the tension in the cable if the man is just able to start the block to the right?

3. A ladder of weight 1000 N and length 4 m rests as shown in figure.

If a 750 N weight is applied at a distance of 3 m from the top of ladder, it is at the point of sliding. Determine the
coeffcient of friction between ladder and the floor.
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

4. Determine the total work done on a 5 kg body, which is pulled 6m up on a rough inclined plane as shown in fig. Take co-
efficient of kinetic friction between the body and the plane is 0.2.

5. The figure shows a body of weight 300N on a smooth horizontal plane is attached by a string to a 30N weight, which hangs
vertically. Find the acceleration of the system and the tension in the string.

6. A uniform ladder of weight 1000KN and of length 4m rest on a smooth vertical wall. The ladder makes an angle of
60° with horizontal. When a man of weight 750 N stands on a ladder at a distance 3m from the top of the ladder is
at the point of sliding. Determine the co-efficient of friction between the ladder and the floor.

7. Two blocks A and B of weight 80N and 60N are connected by a string passing through a smooth pulley as shown in
fig. Calculate the acceleration of the body and the tension in the string. Use Newton’s laws of motion.

8. A block overlying a 10° wedge on a horizontal floor and leaning against a vertical wall and weighing 1500N is to
be raised by applying a horizontal force to the wedge. Assuming the coefficient of friction to be 0.3, determine the
minimum horizontal force to be applied to raise the block. As shown in the Figure.

9. A 7m long ladder rests against a vertical wall, which it makes an angle of 45° and on a floor. If a man whose weight
is one half that of the ladder climbs it, at what distance along the ladder will he be, when the ladder is about to slip?
Take coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 0.33 and that between the ladder and the floor is 0.5.