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Unit 3

Uploaded by

yash.ishwar.shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 3: INDUSTRIAL IoT

• Role of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ,


• Difference between IoT and IIoT,
• Business Models,
• IoT-based real-time control systems and Human-
Machine Interface,
• Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA),
• Case studies on Smart Factories with IIoT.

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Protocols for IOT

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Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity

 It is a technology that permits an electronic


device to transfer data using radio waves (type of
electromagnetic radiation) over a computer
network, including high-speed Internet
connections.
 With more distance between your
computer/laptop and the access point, the speed
and the quality falter tremendously.
What is hotspot?
 Wi-Fi is widely used in many businesses,
agencies, schools, and homes as an alternative
to a wired LAN. Many airports, hotels, and
fast-food amenities offer communal access to
Wi-Fi networks.

 These locations are known as hotspots. Many


Wi-Fi providers charge a daily or hourly rate
for access, but some are free.
 An interconnected area of hot spots and
network access points is known as a hot zone.
Li-Fi – Light Fidelity
Light is used as a medium to transfer
/ transport the data.
 we need any special equipment to
generate this Light.
 use of Modified LED Bulbs/lights
which could transmit data.
Data to Light at the transmitter end and
Light to Data at the receiver end.
Advantages
• Secured.
• Efficient
• Fast
• Is an effective alternate to RF.

Disadvantages.
• Required line of sight and point to point
link.
• Infra set up could take a bit more time to
make it practically viable.
Protocols for IoT – Addressing and
Identification
IP V4
• An IP address is a unique identification for a node
which is connected on a network.
• Networks using TCP/IP protocol route messages based
on this unique IP address only. Typically IP address
will look like 10.10.127.220.
• This is called as IP-Version 4 and IP Version6 is also
being used globally these days.
• IP addresses are 4 bytes or 32 bits long.
• They can be represented as binary or decimal format.
• Since decimal formats are much easier to remember
many stay with decimal way of writing IP.
IP Addressing
IP V6

• It has come to overcome the difficulties faced with


IPV4.
• IP V6 - version 6, is also named as the next generation
protocol for the internet
• It also works in Layer 3 (No different from the V4)
• Has more addresses
• As conveyed a little earlier, IP addresses are the main
problem with IPV4. It is just 4 bytes wide and it
provides room for 2^32 unique IP addresses which are
getting exhausted now due to extensive usage of
them.
Comparison (IPv4 vs IPv6)
• IPv4 addresses are simple which are composed of 32 bits, and
represented as 133.78.21.56 where decimal representation is used
and period (.) is used as a separator.
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, written in hexadecimal, and
separated by colons. An example would be:
3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf
• Colons separate 16-bit fields. Leading zeros can be omitted in each
field as can be seen above where the field :0003: is written :3:.
• In addition, a double colon (::) can be used once in an address to
replace multiple fields of zeros.
• For example:
• fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf can be written as
fe80::200:f8ff:fe21:67cf
MQTT: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol

• MQTT was co-invented by IBM and Arcom Systems over 13


years ago in nearly in 1999.
• Their use case was to create a protocol for minimal battery loss
and minimal bandwidth connecting oil pipelines over satellite
connection.
MQTT Architecture

A Publish Subscribe messaging protocol allowing a message to be published once


and multiple consumers (applications / devices) to receive the message providing
decoupling between the producer and consumer(s)

A producer sends (publishes) a message (publication) on a topic (subject)


A consumer subscribes (makes a subscription) for messages on a topic (subject)
Advantages and Disadvantages of MQTT Protocol

Advantages/ Characteristics/ Features of MQTT protocol:


• Push based: no need to continuously look for updates
• Useful for one-to-many, many-to-many applications
• Small memory footprint protocol, with reduced use of battery
• Built-in function useful for reliable behavior in an unreliable or
intermittently connected wireless environments.
• MQTT control packet headers are kept as small as possible.

Disadvantages:
Does not define a standard client API
Not much sense of history
CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol

• The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a


specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained
nodes and constrained (e.g., low-power) networks.
• The nodes often have 8-bit microcontrollers with small
amounts of ROM and RAM, while constrained networks
such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area
Networks (6LoWPANs) often have high packet error
rates.
• The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine (M2M)
applications such as smart energy and building
automation.
Advantages of CoAP Protocol
• System performance depends on communication between
components in web and other distributed network applications
due to REST web based applications could scale from
100,000 requests per day to 600,000,000 requests per day.
• Modern web applications could be designed and deployed in a
standardized way.
• Robustness of the system is also enhanced.

Why CoAP protocol


• CoRE - Constrained RESTful Environments like 6LoWPAN.
• Required due to complex HTTP headers.
• TCP performance issues.
• Sensor do not work on pull model.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
• IIoT is a system of connected devices, sensors, and applications
that collect, analyze, and act on data from industrial operations.
• IIoT uses machine learning, cloud computing, and other
technologies to monitor and optimize operations in manufacturing,
logistics, and other industries.

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Role of Industrial IOT
• IIoT malfunctions can have a major impact on operations, ranging from
production downtime to compromising worker safety or damaging the
environment.
• IIoT installations benefit from rigorous IT processes, tools, and best practices.
IT can scale and secure IIoT deployments to help ensure success.

1. A reliable network
• Organizations rely on the quantity and quality of data they get from their
operations.
• IT must ensure reliable network with sufficient bandwidth capacity is in place
so time-sensitive data can be transmitted without delay to applications in
data centres or the cloud.
• The network that connects IIoT devices and sensors needs to support diverse
physical channels.
• For example, although Ethernet cables may connect devices commonly
found on the factory floor, wireless technologies such as 5G, 4G LTE, NFC,
RFID, Bluetooth, NB-IOT, LoRaWAN, and Wi-SUN may also be required for
connectivity.

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Role of Industrial IOT
2. Intelligent network control
• The network for IIoT must be kept highly available.
• IIoT devices may be spread across a large geographical area,
but a network controller can automate networking
equipment deployment and keep configurations consistent,
and firmware updated.
• It can also help ensure that devices are performing to
expectations—and guide administrators to take corrective
actions if not.
3. Security for critical resources
• As IT and IIoT networks converge, security practices must
also convered.
• Protecting IIoT is best done with a comprehensive,
integrated security solution. The same proven security tools
that IT has deployed over the years can benefit IIoT.

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Difference between IoT & IIoT
S.No. IIOT IOT

It focuses on industrial applications such as It focuses on general applications ranging from


1.
manufacturing, power plants, oil & gas, etc. wearables to robots & machines.

It uses critical equipment & devices connected over a


Its implementation starts with small scale level so
network which will cause a life-threatening or other
2. there is no need to worry about life-threatening
emergency situations on failure therefore uses more
situations.
sensitive and precise sensors.

3. It deals with large scale networks. It deals with small scale networks.

It can be programmed remotely i.e., offers remote on-


4. It offers easy off-site programming.
site programming.

5. It handles data ranging from medium to high. It handles very high volume of data.

6. It requires robust security to protect the data. It requires identity and privacy.

7. It needs stringent requirements. It needs moderate requirements.

8. It having very long life cycle. It having short product life cycle.

9. It has high- reliability. It is less reliable.

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Business Models
• There are several business models for Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT), including:
• Product-based : Companies sell IoT devices and offer
after-sales services like maintenance and repairs. This
model allows companies to create customized devices
for different markets, but they must constantly innovate
to keep up with customer needs.
• Outcome-based: Customers pay for the outcome of the
IoT product, not the product itself. For example, a
pump manufacturer might charge a variable fee per
month for the amount of water the pump sources.

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Business Models
• Subscription: Businesses can use the always-on
connectivity of IoT devices to develop a recurring
revenue business.
• Data-driven : This model uses the data generated by
devices to create value and generate revenue.
• Service-adjacent: Businesses offer a service that
enhances the use of the IoT device but don't
necessarily sell the device itself.

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Advantages of Industrial Internet of Things

• Improved accuracy
• Product and process optimization
• Predictive maintenance and analysis
• Higher efficiency
• Remote accessibility and monitoring
• Enhanced security
• Scalability of network
• Reduced downtime for machines and process
• Power savings
• Cost-effectiveness

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