UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

KURUKSHETRA
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PRACTICAL

FILE

SUBMITTED TO : - SUBMITTED BY : -
DR. MONISH GUPTA Akshit Kumar
Asst. Prof. ECE (5TH Sem.)
ECE Dept. 25220105
 INDEX
S.No. Experiments Signature
& Remarks

1. Introduction to HFSS simulation

software for Electromagnetics.

2. To design a Coaxial Line using

HFSS.

3. To design a Microstrip Line

using HFSS.

4. To design a rectangular
waveguide using HFSS.

5. To design an Dipole Antenna

using HFSS.

6. To design a Microstrip Patch

Antenna using HFSS
 EXPERIMENT- 1

AIM: Introduction to HFSS simulation software for electromagnetic.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0

THEORY: Ansys HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for designing

and simulating high-frequency electronic products such as antennas, antenna arrays, RF
or microwave components, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages
and printed circuit boards. Engineers worldwide use Ansys HFSS to design high-
frequency, high-speed electronics found in communications systems, radar systems,
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), satellites, internet-of-things (IoT) products
and other high-speed RF and digital devices.

• HOW TO CREATE A SIMPLE SOLID STRUCTURE IN HFSS: Here we are

going design 2-rectangular boxes for which we need to follow these steps:

• Create a new project then we get screen consist of x-, y- & z- axis.
• Choose a rectangular solid shape from the above solid shape section.
• Now move your pointer (w.r.t x, y, z-axes) from where you want to start drawing
your shape then expand your drawn shape as much it is required.
• Now, instead adjust its measurement manually go on to create box (box1 >>
create box) option and adjust sizes of the shape.
• Again, repeat the above 3 procedures.
• Again, try to adjust box2 size as per your ease. • Finally, we get an output
consists of 2layered-rectangular boxes. Now, we will see the drawn shape which
looks as:
• HOWTO CREATE COMPLEX STRUCTURE & ASSIGNING MATERIALS IN HFSS:
In continuing the above project, we will draw a circular on the top of these boxes.

• Select a cylindrical shape and draw it on the top of the upper box.
• Now, adjust its size as per requirement.
• Now, move to cylindrical box1 >> Edit >> copy & paste the same cylindrical box1 then it
yields cylindrical box2.

• Now, select both cylindrical box1 and cylindrical box2 then move to Edit >> Boolean >>
Subtract. This will result in a circular ring. Its figure is given as:
 • HOW TO ASSIGNING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, EXCITATION & CHECK
VALIDATION:
To assign boundary conditions make right-click and go to Select Faces. In this one face should
be a master and the other should be a slave and follow the following steps:

• Make a rectangular box of greater size than the previous one as shown in the figure.
• Select faces (making right click) of that in such a way that one is the master and the other
is the slave.
• After selecting a face make right-click and go to the option Assign Boundary called Master
and define the U-vector. Similarly, make a slave face (just opposite to master face) and also
define their directions.
• In the same way select faces for rest of the two vertical faces.
• Now, for top and bottom faces Assign Excitation. Assign Excitation >> Floquet Port >>
define direction.
• Now make the setup by defining desired frequency and their starting & stopping points too.

Check it if all setup is correct then it will indicate all green ticks. Its figure is shown here:
After implementing all setup correctly, then for the selection of mode and result plotting, we need to
follow these steps:

• HFSS >> Results >> Create Modal Solution Data Report >> Rectangular Plot >> Analyses
all.
On analysis, we get the desired result plot

LUMPED PORT:
Lumped port is located internally to the solution space and 2D-port rectangle touches the signal
with one edge also little above & below for good feeding to transmission line and the opposite
edge touches the ground plane.
 EXPERIMENT - 2

AIM: To design a Coaxial line using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0 Software.

THEORY: Coaxial cable is defined as two concentric wires, cylindrical

in shape, separated by an insulating dielectric of some type. One wire is the
center conductor and the other is the outer conductor (usually called a
shield). The dielectric maintains a constant capacitance between the two
conductors, which is very important in radio transmission. The dielectric is
soft and deforms easily if tied too tightly or with the wrong type of tape.
The conductors are covered by a protective jacket. The protective jacket is
then covered by an outer protective armor. Coaxial cable is used as
transmission lines and are constructed to provide protection against outside
signal interference.

 There are two types of coaxial lines, flexible (solid) and rigid(air)
coaxial line. The physical construction of both types is basically the
same; that is each contains two concentric conductors .

 Flexible coaxial line is made with an inner conductor that consists of

flexible wire insulated from the outer conductor by a solid,continuous
insulating material. The outer conductor is made of metal braid, which
gives the line flexibility.

 The Rigid coaxial line consists of a central, insulated wire (inner

conductor) mounted inside a tabular outer conductor. The inner
conductor is insulated from the outer conductor by insulating spacers or
beads at regular intervals. The spacers are made of Pyrex, polystyrene,
or some other material that has good insulatingability and low dielectric
losses.
Excitation :-

Fields Radiation :-
Graphs :-
 EXPERIMENT - 3

AIM: To design a Microstrip line using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0 Software.

THEORY: A microstrip is a type of transmission line that consists of a

conductor fabricated on dielectric substrate with a grounded plane by a
dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microstrip lines are used to convey
microwave-frequency signals. It is easily miniaturized and integrated with
microwave devices making it a popular choice of transmission line. A
microstrip line consists of a conductor of width W, a dielectric substrate of
thickness d and permittivity εr. The presence of the dielectric (commonly
thin with d << λ) concentrates the field lines in the region between the
between the conductor and the ground plane, with some fraction being in
the air region above the conductor, leading to
quasi-TEM modes of propagation in which dispersion occurs as a function
of wavelength as shown in Fig.1.

The phase velocity and propagation constant is given by:

With the effective dielectric constant, εe of the microstrip line

satisfying the relation:
Excitation :-
Boundaries :-
Graphs :-
 EXPERIMENT - 4
AIM: To design a rectangular waveguide using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0

THEORY:
A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with a rectangular
crosssection. The conducting walls of the waveguide confine the
electromagnetic fields and thereby guide the electromagnetic wave.
The rectangular waveguide is basically characterized by its
dimensions i.e., length a and breadth b.

HOW TO DESIGN A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE:

To design a rectangular waveguide, we need to follow some steps which are

given as:
• Create a new project (named as Project2) >> Open 3D area >> Draw ab
rectangular box.
• Adjust its dimensions as per ease.
• Select two faces respectively and assign them an excitation i.e., Assign
Excitation>> Wave Port and define its vectorial direction.
• Assign boundaries to the rest of the faces such that Assign
Boundaries >>Perfect E...
• Now go to Analysis and create Setup of the schematic (Analysis >> Setup).
• Now go to, Setup1 >> Add Frequency Sweep.
• Analyses the Setup for detecting errors (if any) (Analyses All).
• Now, for visualizing the behavior of the electric field in a rectangular
waveguide:
Select Object and select entire object (rectangular waveguide) the Plot
Fields >> E >> Vector_E >> Done. If wants to animate then just go to Field
Overlay >> Vector_E >> Animate.
• Similarly, select face i.e., Select Faces >> Plot Fields >> E >> Mag_E.
We can animate
this also as following same above procedure.
• For Results, go to Results >> Model Data Report >> Rectangular
Plot >>select
S (x, y) >>New report. Got the result. Here are some experimental diagrams
is shown
Excitation :-
Boundaries :-

Fields Radiation in ( TE10-MODE ) :- Vector E

Field :-
Graphs ( S-Parameter ) :-
 EXPERIMENT - 5
AIM: To design an Dipole Antenna using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0

THEORY:
A dipole antenna is a type of RF antenna consisting of two identical
conductive elements. It operates effectively at half the wavelength of
its frequency. The antenna's simple structure, with two rods connected
in the middle, makes it a fundamental model for many other types of
antennas. Dipole antennas are widely used in multiple technologies due
to their omnidirectional signal coverage.

Dipole antennas can be designed to operate across various bands—HF (high frequency),
VHF (very high frequency), and UHF (ultra-high frequency)—of the radio frequency
spectrum.

Let’s design a 1 GHZ dipole antenna.

 Dipole Antenna in HFss

Excitation :-
Boundaries :-

Graphs ( S-Parameter ) :-
 EXPERIMENT - 6

AIM: To design a Microstrip Patch Antenna using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0

THEORY:-

The microstrip patch antenna is a popular printed resonant antenna for narrowband
microwave wireless links that require semi-hemispherical coverage. Due to its planar
configuration and ease of integration with microstrip technology, the microstrip patch
antenna has been heavily studied and is often used as elements for an array. In this
tutorial, a 2.4 GHz microstrip patch antenna fed by a microstrip line on a 2.2
permittivity substrate is studied.

 Microstrip Patch Antenna in HFss

Excitation :-
Boundaries :-
 Graphs ( S-Parameter ) :-

Three-dimensional far-field patterns :-