Meters

• Positive displacement meters

• Turbine meters
• Coriolios
• Magnetic
• Vortex
• Ultra Sonic
• Thermal
• Differential pressure flow meters
 Repeatability

Repeatability is the ability of a

meter to indicate the same
reading each time the same flow
conditions exist
 Accuracy

Accuracy is a measure of how closely the

instrument indicates actual flow and is
generally expressed as a percent of true
volume for a specific flow range.
 Resolution

Resolution is a measure of the

smallest increment of total flow
that can be individually
recognized, normally defined by a
single pulse.
 Range

Range is the ratio of maximum flow to

minimum flow over which the
specified linearity will be maintained
 Linearity
Linearity is the measure of variation in signal
output across the nominal flow range of the
meter.
 PD meters
• The moving parts inside the flow body are
designed so that a finite amount of liquid is
allowed to fill a chamber and then is expelled.
• The volume per revolution of the internal
components is a known value per revolution
and is a true volumetric measurement
• . The precise motion of the rotating element
against the uniform measuring chamber
creates the direct volumetric measurement.
 Types of PD meters
• Oval Gear
• Helical Gear
• Spur Gear
• Screw Gear
• Reciprocating/Oscillating
Piston
• Multi-piston
• Nutating Disc/Wobble
Plate
• Rotary/Sliding Vane
• Bi-rotor and Tri-rotor
 Rotary Vane PD meter
• Consists of rotor , blades and fixed cam
• Blades are retracted and extended following
the cam profile
• Very small clearance between blades and
meter body
• Block separates the inlet from the outlet
• Fluid is divided in discrete volumes in the
measuring section
Rotary Vane PD meter
PD meter
 PD meter
• Mechanical counter
 PD meter
Mechanical calibrator

Provide changes in the

drive ratio between the
meter gear train and meter
driven accessories by
adjusting the amount of
eccentricity
 PD meter
• Pulse generation
Slotted disc Hall effect
 K-Factor
Meter K-Factor is defined as the number of
pulses per unit mass or volume at a particular
flow rate.
 Pulse security
• Two pulse streams are
generated with 90
degree shift
• The controller detects if
missing pulses from one
of the sensors and
generates alarm
 PD meter
Advantages Disadvantages
• No flow profiling needed • Requires maintenance
• Can work without electrical
supply
• High performance specially
with viscous product
Turbine meter
 Turbine meter
• A turbine flow meter is used for volumetric total flow and/or flow rate
measurement
• . As fluid flows through the turbine meter, it impinges upon turbine blades
that are free to rotate about an axis along the center line of the turbine
housing.
• The angular (rotational) velocity of the turbine rotor is directly
proportional to the fluid velocity flowing through the turbine.
• The resulting output is taken by an electrical pickoff(s) mounted on the
flow meter body.
 Pickoff coil
Turbine blades made of a paramagnetic
material rotate past the pickoff coil,
 Pre-amplifier

• The turbine pickoff coil has high impedance

and only offers low voltage output.
• Transmission of flow signals requires low
impedance and high voltage, requiring
amplification of the pickoff signal.
 Smart Pre-amplifier
• AccuLERT compares the current signature
values of the turbine meter against a set of
pre-defined signature values in an effort to
detect and alarm
• Problems such as damaged, broken, or
missing blades , damaged or worn bearings;
debris buildup affecting the rotation of the
rotor; poor hydraulic conditions; and flow
profile problems are detected
Flow conditioning
Flow conditioning
 Turbine meter
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple construction • Requires straight runs
• Turbine meters are viscosity
sensitive. As the metered
fluid increases in viscosity,
meter linearity declines.
 Coriolis

• When the process fluid enters the sensor, it is split.

• During operation, a drive coil stimulates the tubes to oscillate in

opposition at the natural resonant frequency.

• As the tubes oscillate, the voltage generated from each pickoff

creates a sine wave.

• The time delay between the two sine waves is called Delta-T, which
is directly proportional to the mass flow rate.

• Density is inversely proportional to squared frequency

Coriolis
 Coriolis meter
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple construction • No repair
• High linearity • High pressure drop
• Meter Verification option • Artificial pulses
• No profiling needed • Volume is indirectly
calculated.
 Electromagnetic
Principle of Operation

• Magnetic flow meters are

based on Faraday’s principle
of electromagnetic induction.
• Electromagnetic induction
(Faraday’s principle) occurs
when an electrical conductor
(anything that conducts
electricity such as water,
copper wire, etc.) passes
through a magnetic field
(typically generated by a
magnetic coil)
• Voltage is produced at right
angles to the magnetic field
and the conductor's path.
 Electromagnetic
Principle of Operation
 Electromagnetic
Magnetic flow meters
generally consist of four basic
components:

• a nonmagnetic stainless
steel flow tube;
• magnetic coils;
• sensing electrodes; and
• nonconductive insulating
flow tube liner.
Electromagnetic
 Excitation

Two types of excitations:

• Either AC or pulsed DC excitation

• With AC excitation measurement is
more subject to zero drift
• DC pulsed excitation is more used for
better noise immunity (self auto-
zero)
• DC excitation offers lower power
consumption
• AC system excels in noisy
applications that require high signal-
to-noise ratio and improved response
times.
 Flow /speed chart

Recommendations:

Min range speed

(0-0.25 m/sec)
Max range

(0-10 m/sec)

Nominal flow 1-3 m/sec

 Installation considerations
• Avoid strong vibration.
• Make sure that the sensor is always filled
• Install in vertical pipes when handling abrasive
or liquid with solid particles
• Straight pipe in inlet and outlet (10D & 5D)
• Potential equalization
• Grounding
• Avoid vaccum
• Ensure homogeneous flow.
 Grounding

• Proper installation and

grounding of magnetic
flowmeters is important for
accurate, reliable
measurement performance
• Grounding rings and
grounding electrodes are
used when needed
Typical installations
 Advantages
• No obstruction to the flow
• No Moving parts
• Suitable for water and abrasive acids according
to the used linear
• Wide range of sizes
• Insensitivity to viscosity, specific gravity,
temperature and pressure (within certain
limitations)
 Disadvantages/limitations
• Only for conductive liquids
• Limited accuracy.
• Can not measure high temperature and high
pressure flow
 Vortex Meter
• A bluff body is installed in
the path of the flowing
fluid
• If flow exceeds certain
velocity , vortices are
formed down stream the
bluff body
• Sensors are used to count
the formed vortices
• The frequency of the
vortices formed is
proportional to flow rate
Vortex Meter
 Vortex meter
Bluff body requirements

• The geometry of vortex

formation does not change
with the flow rate
• The Strouhal number
remains constant over a
wide Reynolds number
range.
• The vortex intensity be
strong.
• Pressure drop should not be
too large.
 Advantages
• Not effected by process conditions such as density
and temperature
• Can be used for measuring liquid , gas or steam
 Disadvantages/limitations
• vortices will not be shed under a Reynolds
number of approximately 2000
• Low linearity therefore not recommended in
batching application and low flow low
pressure applications
• Possibility of formation of coating on bluff bar.
• Won’t detect multiphasing
• Pressure drop
 Ultra sonic meter
• Two main Technologies
– Transient Time
– Doppler

Two Types

-Insertion
-Clamp-on
 Transient Time
• A sonic wave travelling
from point A to point B in
the direction of the flow
will take shorter time
than the wave travelling
from B to A against the
flow
• The time difference is
proportional to the flow
velocity
• Not effected by
temperature or density of
fluid.
 Doppler Effect
• Solid particles or air
bubbles reflect the
sonic wave
• A shift of frequency is
proportional to the flow
velocity.
• Variation in
temperature , medium
leads to shifts in
frequency and must be
compensated.
 Traverses
Single Travers Multiple Travers

• more accurate but weak

signal strength
• Preferred in small pipes
Correlation tag
• Two pair of transducers
are used
• Acoustic signals are
transmitted at the same
time
• Difference in transient
time is proportional to
the velocity
 Multi Path
• Multi paths are used to
compensate the non-
uniform velocity profile
• Increases the accuracy
and the reliability
• Minimize the required
straight runs
• Reflective paths are
used to monitor the
status of the pipe
 Clamp-on
• Used for different types
of pipes with different
materials and diameters
• No need to cut the
pipes.
• No pressure drop.
Typical installation
 Thermal flow meter
• Meter probe is inserted in the
flow stream
• Two RTD sensors are located
near the tip of the probe
• Temperature of one sensor is
controlled
• As the product flows sensor is
cooled
• The amount of energy needed
to maintain the probe
temperature is proportional to
the flow rate
• Widely used in gas
measurement applications
 DP meters

Bernoulli’s Equation
 DP flow meters
• Based on Bernoulli
equation
• Restriction in flow causes
a permanent pressure
drop
• Pressure drop is
proportional to Q square
• Consist of flow element
and differential pressure
transmitter
 DP flow meters
Types

• Orifice plate
• Venturi
• Flow nozzle
• Wedge
• Cone

• …….
 DP flow meters
Types of orifices

• Concentric
• Eccentric
• Segmental
Thank You