Department of Mathematics

Multiple Integrals
Topic Learning Objectives:

Upon Completion of this unit, student will be able to:

➢ Apply methods of evaluating multiple integrals by recognising the region of integration.

➢ Evaluate integrals by change of order of integration and by changing to polar coordinate
system.
➢ Apply the concepts for computing areas and volume etc., associated with engineering
problems.

𝑏
A definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is said to be proper (regular) integral if the limits of integration are
finite and the integrand 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous for every value of 𝑥 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. If at
least one of these conditions violated then the integral is known as an improper integral.
Certain mathematical functions which occur in various contexts have been designated as special
functions. Beta and Gamma functions are two such functions which are defined in the form of
integrals, these are more closely related to improper integrals.

Introduction:

• Let z = f(x,y) be defined in a closed and bounded region R of two dimensional space.
• By means of a grid of vertical and horizontal lines parallel to the coordinate axes, form a
partition P of R into n rectangular subregions Rk of areas Ak that lie entirely in R.

• Choose a sample point (x* ,y* ) in each subregion Rk .

• Form the sum ∑nk=1 f(x* ,y* )ΔAk .

Let f be a function of two variables defined on a closed region R of two dimensional space. Then
the double integral over R is given by
∬R f(x,y)dA= lim ∑nk=1 f(x*k ,y*k )ΔAk
||P||→0

If the above limit exists then f is integrable over R and that R is the region of integration. When
f is continuous on R, then f is necessarily integrable over R.

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Area: When f(x,y)=1 on 𝑅, then lim ∑nk=1 ΔAk simply gives the area A of the region, that is,
||P→0||
A= ∬R dA

Note: dA= dxdy is called as area element.

Volume: If f(x,y)≥0 on R, then as shown in figure, the product f(x* ,y* )ΔAk can be interpreted
as the volume of a rectangular prism of height f(x* ,y* ) and base of area ΔAk . The summation of
volumes ∑nk=1 f(x* ,y* )ΔAk is an approximation to the volume V of the solid above the region R
and below the surface z=f(x,y). The limit of this sum as ||P||→0, if it exists, gives the exact volume
of this solid; that is, if f is nonnegative on R, then

V= ∬ f(x,y) dA
R
Properties of Double Integrals:

Let f and g be functions of two variables that are integrable over a region R. Then

(i) ∬R kf(x,y) dA = k ∬R f(x,y) dA, where k is a constant

(ii) ∬R [f(x,y) ± g(x,y)] dA = ∬R f(x,y) dA ± ∬R g(x,y) dA
(iii) ∬R f(x,y) dA = ∬R1 f(x,y) dA+ ∬R2 f(x,y) dA,
where R1 and R2 are subregions of R that do not overlap and R=R1 ∪R2

Evaluation of double Integrals:

Regions of Type I and II

R:a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), where the boundary functions g1 and g2 are continuous, is called
a region of Type I.

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Figure 1: Type I
𝑔2 (𝑥)
Since the partial integral ∫𝑔1(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is a function of x alone, integrate the resulting
function with respect to x. If 𝑓 is continuous on a region of Type I, integral of f over the region
is
𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
∫𝑎 ∫𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 [∫𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑥.
1 1

The partial integral with respect to y gives a function of x, which is then integrated in the usual
manner from x=a to x=b. The end result of both integrations will be a real number.

R:c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y), where the boundary functions h1 and h2 are continuous, is
called a region of Type II.

Figure 2: Type II
ℎ2 (𝑦)
Since the partial integral ∫ℎ1(𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 is a function of 𝑦 alone, integrate the resulting
function with respect to 𝑦. If f is continuous on a region of Type II, we define an iterated integral
off over the region by
𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦) 𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
∫𝑐 ∫ℎ (𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 [∫ℎ (𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦.
1 1
The partial integral with respect to x gives a function of y, which is then integrated in the usual
manner from y=c to y=d. The end result of both integrations will be a real number.

Examples:
4 5
1. Evaluate ∫1 ∫3 x2 y dy dx
Solution: Here it is given that the order of integration is first w.r.t. to y and then w.r.t. x.
Therefore the limits for 𝑥 are 𝑥: 1 → 4 and that of 𝑦 are 𝑦: 3 → 5. As the limits for both x and
y are constants, they repressent straight lines parallel to cordinate axes and the region bounded
by them is a rectangle.

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4 5 4 5
∴ ∫1 ∫3 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥=1 𝑥 2 ( ∫𝑦=3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑦2
= ∫𝑥=1 𝑥 2 ( 2 ) |5𝑦=3 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥3 4
= ∫𝑥=1 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 | = 168.
3 1

1 √𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Here it is given that one of the limits are variables i.e., x→√x therefore the order
integration is first w.r.t. to y and then w.r.t. x. Limit of integration are given by y:x→√x and
x:0→1
𝑥
1 √𝑥 1 √𝑥 1 𝑦2 √ 1 1
∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥=0 ( ∫𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑥=0 𝑥 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝑥=0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1
1 𝑥3 𝑥4 1
= 2(3 − ) = 24 .
4 0

1 √1−𝑦 2
3. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by 𝑦 ∶ 0 → 1 and 𝑥: 0 → √1 − 𝑦 2

√1−𝑦2
1 √1−𝑦 2 1 √1−𝑦 2 1 𝑥4 1 1
∫0 ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑦 ( ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑦 ( 4 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫0 (𝑦 + 𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
1 𝑦2 𝑦6 𝑦4 1
= 4( 2 + −2 ) = 24 .
6 4 0

𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by 𝑟: 0 → cos 𝜃 and r: 0→π

cos 𝜃
𝜋 cos 𝜃 𝜋 cos 𝜃 𝜋 𝑟2
∫0 ∫0 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 sin 𝜃 ( ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 sin 𝜃 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝜃
0
1 𝜋
= 2 ∫0 sin 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
using the substitution 𝑡 = cos 𝜃 → 𝑑𝑡 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, we get
1 −1 1 𝑡3 1
= ∫1 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = − 1−1= .
2 2 3 3

−𝑥2
∞ ∞ 1
5. Show that ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by y:0→∞ and x:y→∞
−𝑥2 −𝑥2 −𝑥2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 𝑦 2𝑥 ∞ 𝑦
∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [ ∫𝑦 (− 2 𝑒 𝑦 (− )) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (− 2 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

∞ 𝑦 1 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 1 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ 1
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [2 ] − ∫0 − 𝑑𝑦 = [2 ] = 2.
2 −1 0 −1 −1 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
6. Evaluate ∬𝑅 over the space 𝑅: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 1.
𝑥+𝑦+1

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Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by 𝑦: 0 → 1 and 𝑥: 0 → 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑥 1
∬𝑅 𝑥+𝑦+1 = ∫0 ( ∫0 𝑥+𝑦+1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)10 𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫0 (𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦 + 2) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦 + 1)) 𝑑𝑦
= [(𝑦 + 2)𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦 + 2) − (𝑦 + 2) − (𝑦 + 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑦 + 1) + (𝑦 + 1)]10
27
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (16) .

7. Evaluate ∬𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where R is the triangle bounded by the lines y=0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 and

𝑥 = 1.
Solution:

Here the minimum value of 𝑥 is 0 and maximum value is 1. Therefore 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1,
and 𝑦 varies from the line 0 to the line y=x as shown in the figure. i.e. x:0→1 and y:0→x
1 𝑥
∬𝑅 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑥=0 ∫𝑦=0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑥 1 𝑦3
= ∫0 ( ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥
3 0
1
1 𝑥3 1 4𝑥 3 4 𝑥4 1
= ∫0 (𝑥 3 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [ 4 ] = 3 .
3 3 0

8. Evaluate ∬𝐴 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where A is area bounded by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the first

quadrant.
Solution:

Here the minimum value of 𝑥 is 0 and maximum value is a. Therefore 𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝑎,
and y varies from the line 0 to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 → 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 as shown in the figure.

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i.e. 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎 and 𝑦: 0 → √𝑎2 − 𝑥2.

√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑦2
∬𝐴 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 ( ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
1 𝑎 1 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑎4
= 2 ∫0 (𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑎2 − ] = .
2 4 0 8
Exercise:
Evaluate the following integral
𝑙𝑛8 𝑙𝑛𝑦
1. ∫1 ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫1 ∫0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
1 √1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫0 ∫0 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Answers:
1. 8 ln8 – 16 + e
π
2. 4 log 2
𝜋
3. log(1+√2)
4

Change of order of integration:

Reversing the Order of Integration: A problem may become easier when the order of integration
is changed or reversed. Also, some integrals that may be impossible to evaluate using one order of
integration can perhaps be evaluated using the reverse order of integration.

Examples:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
1. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 and hence evaluate.
Solution:

From the limits of integration , it is clear that the region of integration is bounded by x=y, x=a
y=0 and y=a. Thus the region of integration is ΔOAB and is divided into horizontal strips. For
changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration into verticle strips.
The new limits of integration becomes 𝑦: 0 → 𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 → 𝑎

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𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 1 𝑦 𝑥 𝑎 𝜋
∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑜 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 0 4
𝜋 𝑎 𝜋𝑎
= [ 4 𝑥] = .
0 4

𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥
2. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate.
Solution:

After changing the order of integration, limit of integration are given by

𝑦2
𝑦: 0 → 2𝑎 and 𝑥: 4𝑎 → 𝑎

𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
𝑥3 𝑎3 𝑦7
∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ ] 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ − ] 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑦 3 192𝑎3
0 0 0 𝑦2 0 4𝑎 0
4𝑎
3 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑦6 4
=[ 𝑦− 3
] = 𝑎4 .
3 192𝑎 × 7 0 7

∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
3. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate.
𝑦
Solution: After changing the order of integration, limit of integration are given by 𝑦: 0 → ∞ and
x:0→y

∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞
∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [𝑥]0𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [−𝑒 −𝑦 ]∞
0 = 1.
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
1 2-x x
4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫x y
dxdy
Solution: The region of integration is the shaded portion shown in the figure below

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Y
y=x
x=0

B
y=1 A
(1,1)
M
X
0 y=2-x

To get the limits for x first, we need to divide the shaded area into two parts AMB and AMO where x
values are 0 to 2-y and 0 to y respectively. The respective y values are 1 to 2 and 0 to 1.
The given integral is now
1 𝑦 2 2−𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦−0 𝑥−0 𝑦 𝑦−1 𝑥−0 𝑦

1 2
𝑦 2 𝑦
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ( + − 2) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦−0 2 𝑦−1 𝑦 2

= 2 𝑙𝑛 2 − 1.

Exercise:
Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration.
∞ 𝑥 𝑥 2⁄
1. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 √𝑥⁄
2. ∫0 ∫𝑥⁄ 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Answers:
1. ½
𝑎2 𝑎
2. + 20
28

Change of variables:
In some instances a double integral ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 that is difficult or even impossible to evaluate
using rectangular coordinates may be readily evaluated when a change of variables is used.
An approximation choice of coordinates quite often facilitates the evaluation of a double integral.
By changing the variables a given integral can be transformed into a simpler integral involving the
new variables.
1. 𝒖𝒗-plane: In a double integral, let the variables (𝑥, 𝑦) be changed to the new variables (𝑢, 𝑣)
by the transformation. 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝜓(𝑢, 𝑣) , where 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝜓(𝑢, 𝑣) are
continuous and have continuous first order derivatives in some region Ruv ' in the uv-plane which
corresponds to the region Rxy in the xy-plane. Then

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∬𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝜓(𝑢, 𝑣)) |𝐽| 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢𝑣 ′
∂(x,y)
where J= ∂(u,v) ,(≠0) is the Jacobian of the transformation from (x,y) to (u,v) coordinates.
2. In Polar coordinates: If 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 with 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 then
∬𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ′ 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟𝜃
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
where 𝐽 = 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) = 𝑟.

Examples:
∞ ∞ 2 2
1. Transform to polar coordinates and hence evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
Solution: In polar form, we have 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 and 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = |𝐽|𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
with |𝐽| = 𝑟.
Since 𝑥, 𝑦 varies from 0 to ∞, 𝑟 also varies from 0 to ∞. In the first quadrant θ varies form
0 to π/2.
∞ ∞ 2 2 𝜋/2 ∞ 2
∴ ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
put 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 2

−𝑡 𝜋/2
𝜋/2 ∞ −𝑟 2 𝜋/2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑒 𝜋/2 1 𝜋/2 1 𝜋
∴ ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑒 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑡=0 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 [−𝑒 −𝑡 ]∞
0 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 = [2 𝜃] = 4.
0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
2. Evaluate ∫−𝑎 ∫0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing to polar coordinates.
Solution: In polar form, x=rcosθ, y=rsinθ, x2 +y2 =r2
and dxdy=|J|drdθ with |J|=r.
𝑎
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝜋 𝑎 𝜋 𝑎 𝑟3
∴ ∫−𝑎 ∫0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜃=−𝜋 ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜃=−𝜋 𝑑𝜃 × ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = [𝜃]𝜋−𝜋 − 𝜋𝜋 × [ 3 ]
0
2𝜋𝑎3
= .
3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
3. Change to polar coordinates and hence evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution: The region of integration is as shown below
Y
x=y

y=a

X
0 y=0 x=a

We see that  ranges from 0 to /4 in the shaded region. R ranges from 0 to x = a i.e., a sec .
The given integral

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𝜋
𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
4
=∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
2 𝜋
4𝑎 𝑎2
=∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = [𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)]04
0 2 2
𝒂𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒍𝒏(√𝟐 + 𝟏).

Exercise:

Evaluate the following integrals by changing to polar coordinates.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2
1. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

4𝑎 𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2. ∫0 ∫𝑦2 𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
4𝑎

Answers:
𝑎3
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + √2)
3
𝜋 5
2. 8𝑎2 ( 2 − 3)

Area enclosed by plane curves:

Evaluation of area:
Note: 1. In the Cartesian system, area of the region 𝑅 = ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
2. In the polar coordinate system, area of the region 𝑅 = ∬𝑅 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
Examples:

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. Find the area bounded by one quadrant of the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
Solution:

In the given region x varies from 0 to a and for each x, y varies from 0 to a point on the
1/2
𝑥2
ellipse. i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑏 (1 − 𝑎2 ) .

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1/2
𝑥2
𝑏(1− 2 ) 1/2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑏 𝑎
∴𝐴 = ∫𝑥=0 ∫𝑦=0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑏 (1 − 𝑎2 ) ] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑎
= 𝑎[ + ] = 𝑎 [ 2 2 ] = 4 𝑎𝑏.
2 2
0
𝜋
Note: It follows that the whole area bounded by the ellipse is 4 × 4 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏.

2. Find the area between the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦.

Solution:
4𝑎 √4𝑎𝑦 4𝑎 𝑦2 4𝑎 𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫0 ∫𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑥 4𝑎 √4𝑎𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [√4𝑎𝑦 − 4𝑎] 𝑑𝑦
4𝑎
4𝑎
√4𝑎𝑦 3/2 𝑦3 16
=[ − ] 𝑎= 𝑎2 .
3/2 4𝑎(3) 0 3

3. Find the area bounded by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 in the first quadrant.
Solution: In the given region x varies from 0 to a and 𝑦 varies from 𝑥 + 𝑦 to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
𝑎2 .

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2 2 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫0 ∫𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑥]√𝑎
𝑎−𝑥
−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − (𝑎 − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑎2
= [2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) − 𝑎𝑥 + ] = (2𝜋 − 1).
2 2 0 4

4. Find the area between the parabola y = 4x - x2 and the line y = x, using double
integration.
Solution: The required area is ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(2,4) y=x

(3,3)

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3 4𝑥−𝑥 2 3
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥−0 𝑦−𝑥 𝑥−0

3 3
3 𝑥 9
= [ 𝑥2 − ] =
2 3 0 2

5. Find the area which is inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) and outside the circle r = 2.
Solution: Since r = 2 is a circle centred at the origin and of radius 2.
𝜋⁄ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴 = ∫−𝜋⁄2 ∫2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋⁄ 𝑟 2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 2 ∫0 2 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋⁄
= 4 ∫0 2(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ⁄2
= 4 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + + ]
2 4 0
=𝜋+8

Exercise:

1. Find the area enclosed by y2 = 2x and the line y = x, using double integration.
2. Find the area included by the Lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 by double integral.
3. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) and lying above the initial line

Answers:
1. 2/3

2. a2
3𝜋𝑎2
3. 4

Evaluation of triple integrals:

For the purpose of evaluating the ∭R f(x,y,z)dv over the region R can be expressed as an iterated
integral or repeated integral in the form
b h(x) ϕx,y
∭R f(x,y,z)dx dy dz= ∫a [∫g(x) {∫ψx,y f(x,y,z)dz} dy] dx
The above integral indicates three successive integrations to be performed in the following order
first w.r.t z keeping x and y as constants, then w.r.t y keeping x as constant and finally w.r.t to
x.

Note:

1. When an integration is performed w.r.t. a variable, that variable is eliminated completely

from the remaining integral.
2. If the limits are not constants then integration should be in the order in which dx, dy, dz is
given in the integral.
3. Evaluation of the integral may be performed in any order if all the limits are constants.
4. If f(x,y,z)=1 then the triple integral gives the volume of the region.
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One of the silmple application of triple integral is to find the volume of the solid. The volume
element is dV = dx dy dz (length× breadth× height), summation of all volume elements gives the
volume of a solid.
i,e V= ∭R dx dy dz

Examples:
1 1 1
1. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z)dx dy dz.
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z)dx dy dz = ∫0 ∫0 [∫0 (x+y+z)dx] dy dz
1 1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 [x2 /2+yx+zx]1z=0 dy dz= ∫0 ∫0 [1/2+y+z] dy dz
1 1
= ∫0 [1/2y+y2 /2+zy]1y=0 dz= ∫0 [1+z] dz
=[z+z2 /2]10 =3/2

1 1-x 1-x-y 1
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz dy dx.
Solution:
1 1-x 1-x-y 1 1 1-x 1-x-y 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz dy dx = ∫0 ∫0 [∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz] dy dx
1 1 1 1-x-y
= ∫0 ∫0 [−2(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)2 ] dy dx
z=0
1 1 1-x 1 1
= -2 ∫0 ∫0 [4 - (x+y+1)2] dy dx
1 1 𝑦 1 1-x
= -2 ∫0 [ 4 + 𝑥+𝑦+1] dx
y=0
1 1 1-x 1 1
= -2 ∫0 [ 4 + 2 - 1+x] dx
1
1 (1-x)2 x
= -2 [- + 2 -log(1+x)]
8 x=0
1 5 log2 5
= -2 [8 -log2] = - 16 .
2
a π/2 π/2
3. Evaluate ∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r2 sinθ dϕ dθ dr
Solution:
a π/2 π/2 2 a π/2 π/2 2
∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dϕ dθ dr = ∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dϕ dθ dr
a π/2 π/2
= ∫r=0 r2 dr ∫θ=0 sinθ dθ ∫ϕ=0 dϕ ∵ all the limits of integration are constant
a
r3 πa3
= [ 3 ] ×[-cosθ]π/2 π/2
0 ×[ϕ]0 = .
0 6

Exercise:
Evaluate the following integral
a a-x a-x-y
1. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x2 + y2 + z2 )dz dy dx.

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a x x+y x+y+z
2. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 e dz dy dx

e logy 𝑒𝑥
3. ∫1 ∫1 ∫1 logz dz dy dx

Answers:
a5
1. 20
𝑒 4𝑎 3𝑒 2𝑎 3
2. − + 𝑒𝑎 − 8
8 4
1
3. 2 (𝑒 2 − 8𝑒 + 13)

Volume of solids
Volume using triple integrals:
The volume V of the region R is given by
V= ∭R dx dy dz Cartesian form

Examples:
x2 y2 z2
1. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + 2 + =1.
a2 b c2
Solution: Required volume V= ∭R dx dy dz
x2 y2 z2
Since the ellipsoid a2 + 2 + c2 =1 is symmetrical about each of the co-ordinate planes, required
b
volume V = 8V1 where V1 is the volume bounded by the ellipsoid in all positive octant.
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑏√1− 2 𝑐 √1− 2 − 2
a 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑉= ∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx
0 0 0
𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑦2 2
a 𝑏√1− 2 𝑐 √1− 2 − 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
= ∫0 ∫0 [z]z=0 dy dx
𝑥2
a 𝑏√1− 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑐 √1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 dy dx
𝑥2
a 𝑏√1− 2 1 𝑥2
𝑎
=𝑐 ∫0∫0 √𝑏 2 (1 − 2 ) − 𝑦 2 dy dx
𝑏 𝑎
𝑦 𝑘2 𝑦
By using formula [∫(√𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑘 )]
𝑥2
𝑏√1− 2
𝑎
𝑐 a 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑏2 𝑥2 𝑦
= ∫ [ 2 √𝑏 2 (1 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑦 2 + (1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )] dx
𝑏 0 2 𝑥2
𝑏√1− 2
𝑎
0
{ }
𝑐 a 𝑏2 𝑥2 𝜋
= 𝑏 ∫0 2 (1 − 𝑎2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑏𝑐 a 𝑥2
= 4
∫0 (1 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝜋𝑏𝑐 a 𝑥3
= 4
∫0 [𝑥 − 3𝑎2 ]
0
𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 6

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𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐 4 𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐
∴ 𝑉 = 8( )=
6 3

x y z
2. Find the volume of the tetrahedron 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0, a + b + c ≤1
Solution: Required volume V= ∭R dx dy dz

𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
𝑏(1− ) 𝑐(1− − )
a 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

𝑉= ∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx
0 0 0
𝑥
𝑏(1− )
a 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
𝑐(1− − )
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ [z]z=0 dy dx
0 0
𝑥
𝑏(1− )
a 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
= ∫ ∫ 𝑐 (1 − − ) dy dx
𝑎 𝑏
0 0
a 𝑥
𝑏(1− )
𝑥 𝑦2 𝑎
= 𝑐 ∫ {[(1 − ) y - ] } dx
𝑎 2𝑏 0
0
a 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 𝑏 (1 − 𝑎)
= 𝑐 ∫ {𝑏 (1 − ) − } dx
𝑎 2
0
a
𝑏𝑐 𝑥 2
= ∫ (1 − ) dx
2 𝑎
0
a
𝑏𝑐 2𝑥 𝑥 2
= ∫ (1 − + ) dx
2 𝑎 𝑎2
0
𝑎
𝑏𝑐 𝑥2 𝑥3
= [𝑥 − + 2 ]
2 𝑎 3𝑎 0
𝑎𝑏𝑐
=
6

Exercise:
1. Using triple integration, find the volume of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 .
2. Find the volume bounded by cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0.

Answers:
4πa3
1. 3
2. 16π

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Center of gravity

The total weight of the object concentrated in a single point called the object’s centre of gravity or
it is a point on which object is in balance.
Let f(x,y) be the density (ρ, mass per unit area) of a distribution of mass in the xy-plane
Then the total mass M in the region R is given by
M= ∬R f(x,y)dxdy
The center of gravity of a mass in 𝑅 has the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦), where
1
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
and
1
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

For a solid if the density at the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) then total mass of the solid is given
by
𝑀 = ∭𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

The center of gravity of a mass in 𝑅 has the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), where
1
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧,

1
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
and
1
𝑧= ∭𝑅 𝑧𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑀

Examples:

1. Find the center of gravity (𝑥, 𝑦) of a mass of density 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 in the region 𝑅 the
semidisk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑎2 , 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Solution: Given region a circle with centered at origin and radius equal to 𝑎. It is easy to evaluate
if we make use of polar coordinates, using the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 and |𝐽| = 𝑟. Here 𝑟: 0 → 𝑎 and 𝜃: 0 → 𝜋
Mass is given by
𝜋 𝑎 1 𝜋 𝑎2
𝑀 = ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫0 𝑎2 𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝜋
The center of gravity (𝑥, 𝑦) is given by
1 1 𝜋 𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎2𝜋/2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟cos𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫0 cos𝜃𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑎
2 𝑟3
= 𝑎2 𝜋 × [sin𝜃]𝜋0 × [ 3 ] = 0
0
and
1 1 𝜋 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝜋/2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫0 sin𝜃𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑎
2 𝑟3 2 𝑎3 4𝑎
= × [−cos𝜃]𝜋0 × [ ] = − (−1 − 1) =
𝑎2 𝜋 3 0 𝑎2 𝜋 3 3𝜋

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4𝑎
∴ Center of gravity (𝑥, 𝑦) is given by (0, 3𝜋)

2. Find the center of gravity in a volume of solid, which is in the form of positive octant in the
sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, the density 𝜌 at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) is given by 𝜌 = 𝜇𝑥𝑦𝑧, where 𝜇 is a
constant.
Solution: This gives the region of the positive octant of the unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.
The mass is given by
M = ∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑉

1 √1−𝑥2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑀= ∫ ∫ ∫ μ xyz dz dy dx
0 0 0
√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 √1−𝑥 2 z2
=μ ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 [2 ] dy dx
z=0
𝜇 1 √1−𝑥 2
=2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) dy dx
1 √1−𝑥 2
𝜇
= ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 − x𝑦 3 ) dy dx
2
0 0
√1−𝑥 2
𝜇1 √1−𝑥2 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥3𝑦2 x𝑦 4
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 [ 2 − 2 − 4 ] dx
z=0
𝜇 1 𝑥(1−𝑥 ) 2 3
𝑥 (1−𝑥 ) 2 x(1−𝑥 ) 2 2
= 2 ∫0 [ 2 − − ] dx
2 4
𝜇 1 𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 5
= 2 ∫0 [4 − 2 + 4 ] dx
1
𝜇 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝜇
= [8 − + 24] = 48.
2 8 z=0

Center of gravity is given by

√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 1 2 𝜇 1 √1−𝑥2 2 z2
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝜇 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑦 [2 ] dy dx
( ) z=0
48
1 √1−𝑥2
= 24 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) dy dx
1 √1−𝑥2
= 24 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 ) dy dx
√1−𝑥 2
1 √1−𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥4𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦4
= 24 ∫0 ∫0 [ 2 − 2 − 4 ] dx
z=0
1 𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 4 (1−𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 2 )2
= 24 ∫0 [ 2 − − ] dx
2 4
1 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7
= 24 ∫0 [12 − 10 + 28] dx
16
= 35.
1 1 16
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀 ∭𝑅 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 35.

Fundamentals of Linear Algebra, Calculus and Statistics (21MA11C) 17

 Department of Mathematics
1 1 16
𝑧 = ∭ 𝑧𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑀 𝑀 35
𝑅 𝑅
16 16 16
∴ Center of gravity is given by (35 , 35 , 35).

Exercise:
1. Find the Center of gravity of the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in the I quadrant.
2. Find the Centroid of the region in the cube 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 with density at
any point given by xyz

Answers:
4a 4a
1. ( , )
3π 3π
1 1 1
2. (12 , 12 , 12)

Video Links:
1. Double integrals and Polar integrals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHBMiscPE-g

2. Change of order of integration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkvwEkM5RVo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcG5gvRwYdY

Disclaimer: The content provided is prepared by department of Mathematics for the specified syllabus
by using reference books mentioned in the syllabus. This material is specifically for the use of RVCE
students and for education purpose only.

Fundamentals of Linear Algebra, Calculus and Statistics (21MA11C) 18