PLUMBING INSTALLATION

LEVEL - III
Based on October, 2023, Curriculum Version II

Module Title: Preparing working Drawing

Module code: EIS PLI3 01 1023
Nominal duration: 100 Hours

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

October, 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................................................................................. 3
Acronym ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction to the Module ......................................................................................................... 5
Unit One: Planning and Preparing for Work .......................................................................... 6
1.1 Drawings and Technical Documents ................................................................................... 7
1.2 Preliminary Drawings and Source of Drawing Information ............................................ 10
1.3. Drawing instrument ........................................................................................................... 11
Self-check-1 .............................................................................................................................. 14
Unit Two: Types of Drawings and Their Function .............................................................. 47
2.1 Dimensions and Components ............................................................................................ 45
2.2 Appropriate Drawing Symbols and Abbreviation. ........................................................... 51
2.3 Drawing specifications requriment ................................................................................... 63
Self-check-2 .............................................................................................................................. 15
Unit Three: Drafting and Sketching Working drawings.................................................. 16
3.1 Main Types of plans and drawings .................................................................................... 17
3.2. Quality requirements ......................................................................................................... 29
3.1. Issuing and filing drawing ................................................................................................. 31
3.2.1Issuing ............................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.2 Filing ................................................................................................................................ 31
Self-check-3 .............................................................................................................................. 33
Operation sheet-3 ...................................................................................................................... 34
Lap Test-3.................................................................................................................................. 35
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 49

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of TVET instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time
and expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM)

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Acronym
2D ............................................Two Dimensions
3D ............................................Three Dimensions
DWV........................................Drain Waste Vent
GDT .........................................Geometric Dimension and Tolerance
ISO ...........................................International Standard Organization
LAP-Test .................................Learning Activity Performance
PVC .........................................Polyevencloride

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Introduction to the Module
In construction filed; preparation of final working drawings developed from preliminary,
conceptual sketches, design and notes prior to the development of detail drawings with proper
graphic standards and presentation conventions for construction, prepare working drawing to
compile technical documents comprising drawings and reports in hard copies.
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the drafting technology
`occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency Preparing Working Drawing.
This module covers the following units:
 Planning and Preparing for work
 Types of drawings and their functions
 Drafting and sketching working drawings
Learning Objective of the Module
 Planning and Preparing for work
 Identify types of drawings and their functions
 Apply drafting and sketching working drawings
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module
instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the ―LAP test‖ giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

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Unit One: Planning and Preparing for Work
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 drawings and technical documents
 preliminary drawings and Source of drawing information
 Drawing instrument
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Collect drawings and technical documents
 Identify preliminary drawings and Source of drawing information
 Identify Drawing instrument

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1.1 Drawings and Technical Documents
Drawings are visual representations of an object, structure, or system created using lines,
shapes, and symbols. They can be used to convey information about dimensions, materials,
and construction methods.
Technical documents are written or visual materials that provide detailed information about a
product, process, or system. Technical drawings are just one type of technical document used
in the construction industry.
It includes specifications, calculations, schedules, shop drawings, and operation and
maintenance manuals.
Technical documents are used to ensure that products and systems are designed, installed,
and maintained properly.
Specifications: These documents provide detailed information about the materials,
equipment, and installation methods required for a plumbing project.
Calculations: These documents show the calculations used to determine pipe sizes,
flow rates, and other important plumbing parameters.
Schedules: These documents provide a detailed schedule of all plumbing fixtures, appliances,
and other components required for a project.
Shop drawings: These documents provide detailed drawings and specifications for custom-
made plumbing components, such as valves or fittings.
Operation and maintenance manuals: These documents provide instructions for operating
and maintaining plumbing systems after they have been installed.
1.1.1. Collecting drawings and technical documents
All drawings and technical documents are collected. Technical documents are included but
not limited to:-
 Document comprising drawings, bill of quantities, specifications and reports.
 Compressing reports in a soft or hard copies labeled accordingly.
Technical data
The design drawings and technical specifications should include
Design drawings – these set out design information and Procedures which are required to
be used on the works.
Bill of Quantities – this itemizes the quantity of materials to enable a tenderer to
accurately cost the work for which they are bidding.

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 Material specifications – such as diameter, type and grade of material for pipes (e.g.
Polyevencloride pipes or PVC), joining
Methods (e.g. Electro-fused or compression fittings etc.), or 28-day compressive strength
of concrete.
1.1.2. Source of drawing information
The source of drawing information can refer to any material or resource that provides
guidance or instructions on how to draw. This can include books, tutorials, online courses,
videos, and other forms of educational content that teach the fundamentals of drawing
techniques, such as sketching, shading, perspective, and composition. Additionally, source of
drawing information can also refer to reference images or models used by artists to create
realistic or accurate depictions of their subject matter.
For example a plumbing fixture component in a bathroom design drawing would provide
information about the type of fixture, its location, and how it is connected to the plumbing
system. This information is important for ensuring that the plumbing system functions
properly and efficiently.
Overall, drawing components play a critical role in communicating important information
about a design or project, and ensuring that it is constructed correctly and safely
1.1.3. Interpreting the information
The information that is to be interpreted to drawing shall be identified and read from free
hand preliminary drawing and notes.
When prepared the drawings first identifying the drawing information‘s and then collecting
the information to ours drawings (gathering information from similar project to your project).
The followings are gathering information to the other project or drawing:-
 How to work the drawings.
 The purposes of the drawings.
 What information‘s shows to observer.
 Advantages and disadvantages of the drawings.
 Where the drawings are mistake or incorrect (used to this information gather not
doing the problems to your drawings.) etc…
Generally solving the above questions and recording on your short not book (hand book).
Finally collecting the information‘s to the new projects for correct and smart work (project).
1.1.3. Planning scope of drawing including layout

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The planning scope of drawing refers to the process of defining the scope of a drawing
project, including the objectives, deliverables, timelines, resources, and stakeholders
involved. It involves identifying the purpose and requirements of the drawing project,
determining the scope of work, establishing the budget and schedule, and identifying the
roles and responsibilities of all parties involved. The planning scope of drawing is critical to
ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and meets the expectations of all
stakeholders.
The planning scope of drawing including layout refers to the process of determining the
overall design and arrangement of facilities and equipment in a specific area or space. This
involves identifying the purpose and function of the space, determining the size and shape of
the area, and selecting the appropriate equipment and materials to be used. The layou t
includes the placement of equipment, fixtures, and furniture within the space, as well as the
location of doors, windows, and other features. The planning scope also includes
considerations such as safety, accessibility, and efficiency in order to create a functional and
practical design.
1.1.4. Time schedule for specific work
Time schedule for specific works are basic necessary for drafts (architect) men b/c when
completed the work for specific time. At this time:-
 The clients are satisfied and increase of the no of clients.
 Satisfy for our work.
 Finished the work on time.
Increased working time (year) for employer‘s company
Bill of materials included material list and specification.
Drawing Lines
 The types and description of lines shall be in accordance with ISO 128, with the
addition of an extra-thick line.
 An extra-thick line shall be used to stress certain parts.
 The following thicknesses of lines shall be used:
 Thin line — relative thickness 1;
 Thick line — relative thickness 2;
 Extra-thick line — relative thickness 4.
 On an individual drawing, two or three different line thicknesses may be used.

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  Outlines of parts in section are generally drawn with thicker lines than those in view
In order to distinguish parts in section from each other or parts in section from parts in
view, different line thicknesses or hatching or shading of areas of parts in section may
be used.

Figure 1. 1 Line types

1.2 Preliminary Drawings and Source of Drawing Information
Preliminary Drawings
Preliminary drawings in civil construction terminology refer to the initial sketches or plans
created during the early stages of a construction project. These drawings are used to
communicate the basic design concept and layout of the project, including the location of
buildings, roads, utilities, and other infrastructure.
Preliminary drawings may also include rough estimates of materials and costs, as well as any
environmental or regulatory considerations that need to be taken into account.
The reason we use preliminary drawings
 During the design phase of a project, preliminary drawings serve to layout the
important issues, functionality, specifications, and preferences that are relevant to
all the parties involved.

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  Preliminary drawings precede the final construction drawings that are more costly
to produce because final drawings go into the details necessary for construction
contractors, architects, and engineers.
 The preliminary plans help visually establish a common understanding and convey
what will be built so a transaction or project moves forward efficiently and cost
effectively. The preliminary plans help establish the guidelines that serve to
produce cost estimates, feasibility studies, final construction plans, or other
analysis.
Drawing Standards
There are specific conventions for uniformity in conveying detailed technical information
related to a part‘s complexities or components. These conventions are known as drawing
standards. As per the facts, the most widely accepted set of engineering drawing standards in
the United States is mentioned in the American National Standards Engineering Drawing and
Related Documentation Practices
Tolerances
Sometimes it is not possible to produce parts exactly according to specifications. There is
always a variance between the intended dimensions and the delivered parts. According to the
industrial standard, tolerance is ―the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.
The variance between the maximum and the minimum limits is tolerance.
1.3. Drawing instrument
A drawing instrument is a tool used to create drawings, sketches, or technical illustrations.
These instruments can include pencils, pens, markers, charcoal, pastels, rulers, compasses,
protractors, and other specialized tools designed for specific drawing techniques. They are
used by artists, architects, engineers, and designers to create precise and accurate drawings
that communicate ideas and concepts visually.
1.3.1. Selecting proper materials, tools and equipment
Proper materials, tools and equipment are selected and will be ready for the task.
Material: The material used in part or component is vital information necessary for the
manufacturer. You can typically find it in the title block of the drawing.
Example
Sketching papers  Transparent flaxy
 Graph papers glasses
 Tracing paper

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  Leads in different  Markers in d/t colors
grades  Erasers etc…
 Fix pencil
 Template
 Masking tape
Tools and equipment’s
 Computer  Radiograph set
 Scanner  Set squares
 A3 & A4 printer  Dividers
 Plotter  Scientific calculator
 Flash disk  Scale etc
 Letter guide
Drawing sheet sizes & references
The drawing sheet‘s size varies depending on the type of product to be designed. The usually
accepted drawing sheet sizes are A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4. For your understanding, An A0
sheet has 1m² of drawing area available.
Next is the drawing sheet reference; many detailed designs require multiple sheets to define
their content adequately. Numerous views, auxiliary views, sections, extensive title blocks
and notes may require more space than is available on a single sheet. Therefore, multiple
sheets are needed, and all should have specific reference to each other.
In Table 1 are shown the most widely used A and B Series of the ISO drawing sheet sizes,
with A4 being the most popular size.
Table 1. 1 Drawing paper size

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 Fig. Paper size

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Self-check-1

Part I Say true or False

1. Document comprising drawings, bill of quantities, specifications and reports are technical
documents.
2. Time schedule is not necessary for drafts (architect) men.
3. Preliminary drawings are intended to be used for construction.
4. Technical drawings are just one type of technical document used in the construction
industry
Part II Choose the best answer
1. All are drawing materials except----------?
A. Sketching papers B. Fix pencil C. Flash disk D. Template
2. Which One of the following is drawing paper?
A. A4 B. A10 C. A2 D. A&C
Part III: Short answer writing
Direction: Give short answer to the following question. Time allotted for each item is 2mniut
and each question carry 4 point.
1. List at least three technical data
2. List types of drawing sheet sizes

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Self-check-2

Part I Say true or false

1. Drawings have a legend to indicate what the symbols used on the drawing mean.
2. Abbreviations are used when there is no space to show a symbol.
3. Symbols are used instead of words on drawings to save space.
Part II Matching

Abbreviation Full name

1. DP A. Face Brick
2. DW B .Floor Area
3. FA C. Finished Ceiling Level
4. FB D. Finished Floor Level
5. FCL E. Vent Pipe
6. FFL F .Window
7. VP G .Vinyl
8. W H. Downpipe

Part III Short answer

1. List at least five types of floor plan symbols
2. List at least 3 building stone requirement.
3. Identify the advantages of drawing specifications

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Unit Two: Types of Drawings and Their Functions
This unit to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage
and topics:
 Main Types of Plans and Drawings
 Quality Requirements
 Issuing and Filing Drawing
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify main types of plans and drawings
 Apply quality requirements
 Issue and fill drawing

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 2.1. Main Types of plans and drawings
Main types of plans and technical drawings used in the civil construction sector of the
industry are Include:-
 Architectural drawings (AR)
 Structural drawings (ST)
 Electrical drawings (EL)
 Sanitary drawings (SN)
 Mechanical drawings (ME)
Architectural drawings (AR): Architectural drawing is the special language of the architect,
which he uses to convey to his client impressions of how a contemplated building will appear
when completed. It is also used to convey to the contractors and workmen who perform the
work of erection the information regarding size, form, materials, dimensions, etc. necessary
to enable them to estimate the probable cost of the building, and to erect the building as the
architect conceives it in his own mind.
Structural drawings : Shows the details of concrete cross section and reinforcement are for
d/t RC members of the building; such drawings footings, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, shear
walls and others and draw the general structure of the building e.g. made wood structures and
steel structures such as wall, roof, etc.
Electrical drawing : Shows the electrical installation and power supply of the building
(socket, bell, TV, etc.) how to install and written the description for all materials.

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Sanitary drawing: Sanitary (plumbing) drawing is a technical overview of the system that
shows the piping for freshwater going into the building and waste coming out.
It should be noted here that a plumbing plan system is very advanced, and its elements
completely depend upon the environment and what kind of building you are currently
working on.
Typically, in every plumbing drawing, you will find some of the additional elements, like:
 A layout with dimensions, lines, and symbols representing all of the piping.
 Fixture schedules are properly marked, specifying the manufacturer and model for
each item.
 All piping sizes include the layouts for cold/hot water, sanitary, vent lines, and more.
 A detailed document is about information related to the water heater, building plan,
and requirements.
 One of the most important parts of a plumbing diagram is symbol legend, general
notes, and specific keynotes.
In addition to this, other important information can be included in your plumbing system, like
designs for special equipment, fire-protection notes, fire-sprinkler notes, drawings of water
heater and floor drains, natural gas lines, and more.

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3.1. 1 Types of Plumbing Plan
I. Water Supply Plumbing & Piping System
In a building's architecture, a plumbing system consists of an underground tank with supply
lines and a supplied water system. A well-defined water supply plumbing and piping system
are responsible for delivering the water to your bathroom (showers, toilets, basin, and
bathroom) other house appliances (water heater, washing machine, and gardening).

II. Drain-Waste-Vent Plumbing & Piping System

In any household design or a commercial property, the most important plumbing system is
the one that takes away the waste solid or liquid out of the building in the most effective way
possible. As you see, the Drain-Waste-Vent or DWV plumbing system's job is to carry
wastewater and sewage from sinks, toilets, showers, and other water-using appliances to the
public sewer or septic tank.
III. Kitchen Plumbing & Piping System
The kitchen plumbing and piping system are straightforward. it should include hot and cold
water supply lines to the basic faucets.
IV. Bathroom Plumbing & Piping System

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The bathroom is the primary area that uses most of the water in the house. In order to make
the bathroom plumbing and piping system work, you should have two different types of
plumbing installed one that will handle the water supply inside the bathroom area, and the
second one is dedicated to drain-waste-vent.
V. Sanitary layout
A sanitary layout is a design and arrangement of facilities and equipment that promotes
hygiene and cleanliness. It includes features such as separate handwashing stations, easily
cleanable surfaces, adequate ventilation, and proper waste management systems. In a
kitchen or food preparation area, a sanitary layout involves separating raw and cooked
foods and ensuring that all equipment is regularly cleaned and sanitized.

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VI. Mechanical drawing
Show the machinery used of the build such as lift shaft and other mechanical materials sizes
material types and how to install of the building.
VII. Architectural drawings
Architectural drawings categorized in to two broad divisions. Presentation drawing and
working drawing.
A. Presentation drawing
Communicate the form of the building interims of shape, color and texture.
Such drawing presented to:-
 Planning regulation offices for design approval.
 The client
 To help him in understanding of the program.
 To show to him the relationship of spaces and the general concept of the design.
 To illustrate to him the general appearance of the building. (The accommodation
provided. The effect of the overall scheme on the environmental.)
 To get approval from him.
 The public
 Produced for use in periodicals, magazines and other publications.
 Jury members in the evaluation of design computation award.
Presentation drawings are also classified in to two:
I. Schematic drawings
Concerned with the preliminary investigation process for a design. Provides, information
about: the site, immediate surrounding (adjoining structures, roads, services etc…)
 Development the entire site, like circulation pattern.
 Rough idea of the functional.
II. Design drawing
 Those concerned with the presentation of design solutions.
 Provide information about:
Basic room arrangement
 Exterior features
 Immediate surrounding etc…

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Such drawings more need to convey information about appearance because they presented
for less technically minded people. So the presentation should be easily understood and
preferably three dimensional (like- perspective),etc…
B. Working drawing
Drawing from which a design is constructed often called detail drawings because describes
and give the dimensions of the details building parts being presented.
It is a developed work from preliminary, conceptual sketches, design and notes prior to the
development of detail drawings with proper graphic standards and presentation conventions
for Construction, read and interpret plans and specifications, to compile technical documents
comprising drawings bill of quantities and reports.
Function provided by building (working) drawing during the realization of the project
 Communicate technical information  Establish use of materials.
though out the building team.  Provides for tendering.
 To show how to design is to  Indicate contractual committeemen.
materialize.  Indicate degree of supervision.
 Convey information‘s for peoples  Demonstrate constriction details.
concerned in erecting the building.  Assist in the measurement of progress.
 Give information‘s to specification  Forms parts of documentation in site
writer. meetings.
 For instructing the contractors and  Establish type and amount of labor
other members of building team. requirement.
 Means of obtaining official approval.  Basic for ordering materials and
 Helps in the analysis of cost factor. component
Contents of working drawing
The finished drawings made by the architect, which used by the contractor that working
drawings includes the following sheets.
 Title page and index  Typical details
 Floor plans  Reflected ceiling plan
 Elevations  Schedules
 Sections  Electrical requirement
 Roof plan  Plumbing (sanitarian plan)
 Site plan  Structural etc...

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As working drawing is actually the end result of the entire drafting and design effort let us
have basic information‘s which shall be included on the above listed drawings.
Floor plans
The most important architectural drawing is the floor plan. It contains more information than
all the other working drawings. The floor plan represents a tremendous amount of the project
designers‘ time spent in analyzing and meeting the needs of the client.
Basically, the floor plan is a horizontal sectional view of the building taken about 150 cm
above the floor line.
Floor plan helps the contractor to install the floor and to layout and construct walls and
partitions. Floor plans help the development of other working drawings. Because all other
architectural and engineering design is done.
Fully diminished, showing interior and exterior dimensions, wall thickness and room space
sized.
Indicate partitions locations, positions of built in cabinetry and plumbing fixtures, doors
swings etc…
Foundation plan
Foundation plan is a dimensional drawing showing the site and configuration of the floor
plan.
 it Is a drawing that shows the location of foundation wall concrete footings, concrete piers
etc
 Purpose:-
 Shows the entire foundation system at point just after the back filling is completed.
 Shows all components such as the foundation wall, footings, grade beams and any
substructures elements.
 Basic for the design of the structure frame working of the building.
 Foundation plan:-is drawn at level of the basement of subbasement floor. No first floor of
basement construction is shown in foundation plan the entire dimension in foundation
plan should coordinate with floor plan dimensions.
 Usually drawn with the same scale to the ―floor plan‖.

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Foundation plan should show
 Grid or modular planning lines.
 Datum level for excavation.
 Foundation of walls relative to foundations.
 Indication of existing foundation earth works to be removed.
 Position of walls relative to foundations.
 Dimensions of new foundations
 Levels of top and / or under side of foundations.
 Position of services of is installed below ground level.
 Location and size of holes left through foundation for service pipes,
 Drain and man hole foundation and levels.
 Typical details of foundation excavation.

Elevation plan

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An architectural elevation is a view of a building containing a height dimension. When
elevations show the inside of a building, they are called interior elevations, when they show
the outside, they are called simply elevations.
Exterior Elevation
The exterior elevations will:
 Describe the exterior materials found on the structure.
 Provide a location for horizontal and vertical dimension.
 Show the relationship of two elements such as height of the chimney in relationship to
the roof of structure.
 Incorporate reference bubbles for building, window or door.
 Show any exterior design elements.
 Necessary to the satisfactory appearance on a building as the floor plan is to its
satisfactory functioning.
Interior elevation
Needed to explain the appearance of the components of the interior wall, the wall of the
kitchens, bathrooms, and fireplace walls and other walls with permanently installed on the
walls such as bookshelves and openings.
Generally, elevations are particularly useful for construction purposes. They are drawn in
scale and all vertical and most horizontal lines are true length lines. The true relationship
between features appearing on any vertical plan that is parallel to the viewing plane is shown.
This is important to the builder.
Two methods are used to label elevation views
 Related to the main gate to the house
 Front elevation
 Rear elevation
 Right side elevation
 Left side elevation

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Section plan
Sections: -Are an orthographic projection that has been cut apart to show interior features.
(Vertical views Slicing the building or wall).
Purpose:-
 Describe the construction materials of the structure.
 Describe method of construction. (internal and external assembly of different parts)
 Show interior design elements.
 Clearly depict the structural conditions existing in the building.
Generally, section drawings describe constructions material and methods especially those
things hidden by wall or ceiling sheathing and are often the easiest way to describe a complex
detail to a contractor.

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Roof plans
Roof plan: - The top view of a building.
Purpose: - Explains the overall configuration of the roof plan elements that penetrate or rest
on, the roofing membrane.
Drawing: - A roof plan is usually one of the simplest drawings to do and is drawn at the same
scale as the floor plan.
Types of roofs
There are two mainly used roof types. These are
 Flat roof- a roof with a slope range from 2% up to 10%
 loping roof- a roof with a slope that ranges from to ( ).there are two
types of sloping roofs these are
 Low slope roofs from10% to 25%
 edium to high slope roofs to ( )
There are many types of sloping roofs (pitched roofs).some of them are
 Hip roof
 Gable roof
 Shed roof
 Mansard roof
 Gambrel roof
Reflected ceiling plans
Reflected ceiling plan is the plan produced with the reflection see in a mirror placed directly
below the ceiling. It contains all items in ceiling but nothing above the ceiling is included.
 A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is
generally not a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of
the floor or roof structure above.
 A reflected ceiling plan is the reflection that would be seen in a mirror placed directly
below the ceiling but noting above the ceiling is included. It is a reflection of ceiling
on a mirror that is put below it on the floor.

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3.1.2. Site plans
Definition: - site plan is the top view of a building which shows the location of the house on
the site to get her with information on terraces, walks, drive ways, contour, and elevations.
Check list: site plan show
 Properly lines –lengths each side, direction.
 Adjoining buildings streets, sidewalks, parking, curbs, and park ways.
 Existing structures and proposed structure.
 All utility lines (sewer, electric, telephone)
 Contours, existing and new contour elevations.
 Dimension

Fig. site plan

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 3.2. Quality Requirements
General aspects relating to building drawing
Working drawings should be:
 Clearly representative.
 Easily under stood.
 Comprehensive.
 Free from unnecessary notes
(repetitive details).
 Accurately drawn (proper also in
line work).
 Drawn with appropriate symbols
and proper convention.
 Dimensional well.
 Drawn by referring building code.
 Proper in graphical representation.
 Proper titled (information panel).
 Logically and rarely arranged to
give a balanced layout on the short
paper.
 Drawn in appropriate scale.

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 3.2.1 Issuing and Filing Drawing
Issuing
Issuing a drawing refers to the process of distributing the finalized drawing to relevant parties
such as manufacturing personnel, suppliers, or customers. This involves ensuring that the
drawing is properly labelled and that all necessary documentation is included. The purpose of
issuing a drawing is to ensure that all parties involved in the project have access to accurate
and up-to-date information regarding the design and specifications of the product.
 Assign a Unique Identifier: Each drawing document should be assigned a unique
identifier such as a number or code that can be used to easily identify and locate it.
 Review and Approve: Before issuing the drawing document, it should be reviewed and
approved by the relevant parties such as architects, engineers, or project managers to
ensure accuracy and completeness.
 Distribute: Once the drawing document is approved, it should be distributed to all
relevant parties such as contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers.
 Track Distribution: Keep track of who has received the drawing document and when it
was distributed to ensure that all parties have access to the latest version.
 Set a Deadline for Response: Set a deadline for response from the recipients to ensure
that they acknowledge receipt of the drawing document and understand its contents.
 Update the Index: Update the index or database of all the drawing documents and
related documents, including their unique identifiers, categories, and locations, to reflect
the issuance of the new document.
 Archive Old Versions: Archive old versions of the drawing document to ensure that
only the latest version is being used by all parties involved in the project.
Filing
Filing drawing document refers to the process of organizing and storing drawings and related
documents in a systematic manner for easy retrieval and reference. This involves assigning
unique identifiers to each drawing, categorizing them based on their type and purpose, and
storing them in a secure location. The purpose of filing drawing documents is to ensure that
they can be easily accessed and reviewed by relevant parties at any time during the project
lifecycle.

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Assign Unique Identifiers: Each drawing should be assigned a unique identifier such as a
number or code that can be used to easily identify and locate it.
Categorize Drawings: Categorize drawings based on their type and purpose. For example,
architectural drawings, structural drawings, electrical drawings, plumbing drawings, etc.
Store Drawings in a Secure Location: Store drawings in a secure location that is easily
accessible to relevant parties. This could be a physical location such as a filing cabinet or a
digital location such as a cloud-based storage system.
Label Drawings Clearly: Label each drawing clearly with its unique identifier and category
to ensure easy retrieval and reference.
Create an Index: Create an index or database of all the drawings and related documents,
including their unique identifiers, categories, and locations.
Establish Procedures for Adding and Removing Drawings: Establish procedures for
adding new drawings to the system and removing outdated or obsolete drawings.
Regularly Review and Update: Regularly review and update the filing system to ensure that
it remains organized and relevant to the project.

1. Separate documents by type

Sort your physical documents into categories such as reports, client documents or billing
invoices. You can further separate each category into levels of subtypes. For example, you
can sort client documents based on each client before organizing a single client's documents
into reports, correspondence and more. This layered sorting strategy can help you identify
what documents to keep and organize for easy access.
If you find documents that don't fit into a major category, make a miscellaneous stack along
with a pile of documents you intend to shred or recycle. It's also wise to make a stack of
documents that you want to convert into digital files. Starting with a simple survey and
categorization of your documents can help initiate the filing process.
2. Use chronological and alphabetical order
Some documents are time-stamped and dated to keep track of activities and decisions within
the organization. Once separated by type and subtype, consider sorting each document in
chronological order if applicable.

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Filing cabinets and drawers can offer customizable storage space. Use file folders to store
groups of documents based on their type and subtype. You can continue using chronological
or alphabetical order when placing folders into cabinets or drawers. For example, you can
sort alphabetically by client name or chronologically by the most recent client you acquired.
Storing paperwork away from your workspace helps keep your desk clear for you to complete
tasks more efficiently.
3. Colour-code your filing system
Visual markers, such as coloured tabs, can save you time when browsing for documents. You
can use different coloured folders for your various types and subtypes of documents
4. Label your filing system
Labelling your document categories can help you quickly identify your intended folder. Some
folders come with paper to make your own labels.
5. Dispose of unnecessary documents
Creating an organized filing system can help you reduce the amount of paperwork you store.
Recycle documents that are no longer relevant in order to reduce clutter, or shred them for
extra security.
6. Digitize files
1. Sort by type and subtype.
2. Use chronological and alphabetical order to organize files.
3. Colour-code by type and subtype using the file colour or flag feature on your operating
system.
4. Label documents clearly with type or subtype and document date, if applicable. An
efficient document titling system might look like this: ―Client.

Self-check-3

Test I choose the best answer for the following question

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 1. The type of drawing used to communicate the form of the building in terms of shape,
colors & texture is?
A. working drawing C. schematic drawing
B. design drawing D. none
2. The type of working draws in most important & contains more information than all
the other working drawing is ____________.
A. Site plan B. Floor plans C. Section D. Elevations
3. Which one is different from the anther?
A. sofa set B. bath tub C. water closet D. hand wash
4. The instrument used for drawing furniture on floor plans is _______________.
A. French curves B. Scale C. Tracing paper D. Template E. None
5. _______is the top view of a building.
A. Site plan B. floor plan C. roof plan D. ceiling plan E. None
6. _______is an architectural view of a building containing a height dimension?
A. Section B. Elevation C. Wall section D. None

Operation sheet-3

Operation Title: - Preparing working drawings

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Purpose: - To understand how prepare working drawings
Instruction:-Redraw the given drawing with in the given scale
 Floor plan in 1:50
 Elevation in 1:50
 Sanitary layout in1:50
 Site plan in 1:50
 Foundation plan in 1:50
Tools and equipment:
Pencils (soft and hard), Paper (A3), masking tape, eraser, eraser shield,
Drawing boards, donkey chairs, set-square, T-square, scale, Templates, compass, dust brush
Procedures
Step 1. Drawing floor plan
Step 2. Draw Elevation plan
Step 3 Sanitary layout
Step 4. Draw Site plan
Step 5. Draw foundation plan
Precautions:
 Keep oneself from sharpen things like cutter
 Be clean
Quality Criteria
The drawing must be neat
 Lines must be straight
 All requirements must be presents accurately

Lap Test-3

Task . Clean all drawing materials and equipment‘s

Task 2. Set the paper on the drawing table using masking tape

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 Task 3. Make a title block and a border line on a drawing paper
Task 4. Take the measurements from the given drawing
Task 5. Draw it with the required scale

Fig. Sanitary layout

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Unit Three: Drafting and Sketching Working drawings
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Dimensions and components. s
 Appropriate drawing symbols abbreviation.
 Amendments on specifications
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify dimensions and components.
 Apply appropriate drawing symbols.
 Amendments on specifications

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3.1. Dimensions and Components
Dimensions: Drawing dimension refers to the numerical values or measurements included in
a drawing that indicate the size, length, width, height, or distance of various components or
features. These dimensions are typically represented using lines, symbols, and text, and are
essential for ensuring that the design is accurate and can be properly constructed or
manufactured. Drawing dimensions may also include tolerances, which indicate the
acceptable range of variation for a particular measurement
Components of an Engineering Drawing
A drawing component refers to a specific part or element that is included in a drawing or
design. It can be anything from a structural beam or column to a plumbing fixture or
electrical outlet. Drawing components are typically represented by symbols or annotations on
the drawing, and they provide important information about the design and construction of the
project.
Every engineering drawing is different depending on its usability. But, owing to huge
industries such as Oil and Gas, there is a prevalent use of detailed drawings due to complex
equipment and processes.
A detailed engineering drawing consists of all the essential components of the object or part
relevant from the manufacturer understands point.
The essential components of drawing
Orthogonal views: There are different views (front, side, top) in an engineering drawing. In
a detailed drawing, one can expect a combination of views that accurately describes the
component.
Border line: Borderlines are very thick, continuous lines used to show the boundary of the
drawing or to separate different objects drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate
the title block form the rest of the drawing.

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Title Blocks: Title blocks are used to record all important information necessary for the
working drawings. They contain general as well as specific information.
The title block is normally located in the lower right corner of the drawing sheet.
Though the arrangement and size of the title block is optional, the following information is
considered mandatory:
 Drawing number;
 Title or description of the drawing (part name);
 Name of firm/organization (address, project affiliation – title or number, etc.)
 Original scale;
 General specifications and notes area (tolerances, finishes, etc.
 Drafter name area; signature, approval, etc.

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Revision Table
Drawings may carry a change or revision table, preferably on the right-hand side (vertical
revision table) or at the bottom of the drawing on the left from the title block (horizontal
revision table). In addition to a brief description of drawing changes, provision may be made
for recording a revision symbol, zone location, issue number, date, and approval of the
change.

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 Fig. Drawing
3.2. Appropriate Drawing Symbols and Abbreviation.
3.2.1. Construction symbols
Construction symbols are graphical representations used in construction plans and blueprints
to convey important information about the design and construction of a building or structure.
These symbols can include icons for different types of materials, dimensions, electrical and
plumbing systems, and other important features. They are to ensure clear communication
between architects, engineers, contractors, and other professionals involved in the
construction process.
Types of floor Plan Symbols
Like abbreviations, symbols are used instead of words on drawings to save space. There are a
lot of them, but they‘re standardized (drawn the same way) to avoid confusion, so don‘t
worry. Some of them look a lot like what they represent. For example, the symbol:

indicates a hotplate in the kitchen.

Others are more obscure. The symbol:

indicates that this is ‗window 8‘.

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Some cross-sections have a ‗filling‘ that symbolizes what material is to be used. In drafting
terms this is called ‗hatching‘. For example, this hatching:

indicates that it is a concrete member (perhaps a footing).

A client or a novice in the field of interior design, you may get lost in the sheer amount of
architectural symbols, texts and numbers you see on an architectural plan. It could appear
daunting to understand these symbols precisely. But it would help if you learned about them
so that no miscommunication arises between you and the people you work for and with.
It could also be beneficial to you, as a homeowner, are dealing directly with a contractor and
view construction drawings or a set of blueprints of your home design. Knowing how to read
a floor plan can help you understand what you need and how your idea would look in reality.
A standard floor plan will show you structural elements like doors, walls, windows and stairs.
The floor plan would also show other essentials like plumbing, electrical and HVAC systems.
The blueprint symbols used are general outlines of what the actual object is. So, for example,
you can observe signs of sinks, stairs and tubs that look like the accurate top view of the
actual item.
Levels
Our floor plans will show finished floor levels, changes in levels, and ceiling heights. These
can be demonstrated in a number of ways. An area of the plan that is clear to annotate, can
simply have the word FFL: 0 (finished floor level), or a symbol marker can be used, see
below.
If there is a small level change on the same floor plan, it is good practice to show the finished
floor level for both sides of that level change.

Level Symbol Elevation symbol

Fig B . Level Symbol in floor plan and vertical view

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Door Symbols
The doors are annotated by a large gap between the walls and a curved line that shows the
direction of the swing. In addition, the path traced by the swing is shown in a dotted line
showing the clear area the door would cover. However, there are different ways to show a
door depending on the type of door that is to be installed.
For typical triple hinge door swings, the curved line makes a quarter circle arc indicating the
extent of the swing (up to 90 degrees).
Double doors are indicated with a symbol like a letter M, with the two curved arcs meeting at
the center.
When a sliding door or pocket door is shown, it is mainly indicated with a rectangle
representing the door inserted into the wall and is attached to a dotted rectangle. The dotted
area shows where the position of the door would be when closed.
Window Symbols
Windows are shown as part of the walls. They are symbolized by an empty rectangle inserted
into wall with a solid hatch.
Sliding windows are symbolized by three parallel rectangles representing each sliding
window panel joined at the edges below the other.
Casement windows look like mini doors, with an arc showing how much they protrude from
the wall while they are open.
By windows are shown by breaking the straight line of the wall, and the face of the window
is pushed outside.

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 Fig . Window symbol
Stair Symbols
Like most symbols, staircases are seen parallel from the plan view. Simply put, they look like
a series of rectangles attached from side to side. The rectangles can change to other geometric
shapes depending on the design of the actual staircase.
Sometimes they are also indicated with a line running through the middle and an arrow at the
top. This shows the direction of the staircase. The arrowhead indicates going UP. Mid
landings are shown as large slabs of rectangles or squares as per design.
A curved staircase looks like a bicycle tire with all the sections attached to the central circle
or pole.

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 f
ig. Stair symbol
Wall Symbols
The most basic and typical element of the floor plan is the walls. They would have a much-
standardized representation worldwide unless something unique, e.g. a wall made up of glass
bottles.
The intensity of the lines indicates the location of the solid wall. Thicker lines indicate the
interior walls of the architectural plan, whereas exterior walls are shown by double lines or a
thin black outline.
The material of the wall also plays a massive role in their representation. Brick or concrete
walls are colored with hatches at 45-degree angles. Items like wood are shown in a brief
depiction of wood grains. Insulated walls are indicated in spring like a pattern infused in the
walls.

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 Fig .Wall Symbol
Plumbing Symbols
Plumbing fixtures are predominantly depicted as would be seen from the top in a parallel
perspective.
They include items like a bathtub, toilet, shower and sinks. The sink sizes can change
depending on what type it is, such as single vanity sink, cabinet sink, double sink, kitchen
sink, freestanding sink etc.
Uncommon fixtures include items like urinals. Sometimes bathroom features are also
depicted, such as towel racks.

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 Fig. sanitary symbol
Electrical Symbols
Electrical plans will carry a host of symbols that will signify the lighting points, locations of
wall jacks, thermostats, TV and switch outlets. They will also have markings of electrical
items like ceiling fans denoted by a circle and three lines originating from the center like a
propeller. The light point is represented by a small circle and crosshairs extending beyond the
circle‘s circumference.
Electrical floor plans always include a legend since there are a lot of symbols that you would
need to keep track of. Sometimes along with the item name, a small note on the feature is also
written if it requires further explanation, such as the wattage of a particular light.
Furniture Symbols
Furniture symbols are almost always self-explanatory. Depending on the draughtsman, they
can draw items like sofas and tables in simple rectangles or extensive details. Sometimes it

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becomes mandatory to consider the detailed furniture drawings of the couch and armchairs to
overlay them into the standard home plan.
Sometimes draughtsman also draws plants and props on top of the table for artistic effect.
This is mainly done when the floor plan is made for sale or marketing purposes.
Most commonly used symbols in the common areas like the living room and dining room
range from sofas, armchairs, and dining tables, dining chairs, sideboards, cupboards to
smaller items like tempos, puffs and side tables.
Hatching Symbol
Hatching is used to represent the material being sectioned. In many cases hatching is not
possible because the drawing is too small. It is time consuming, even when done using a
computer program, and should only be used when it assists in the understanding of the
drawing detail.

Fig. Hatching Symbol

Legend symbol
Some drawings have a legend to indicate what the symbols used on the drawing mean.
The legend shown in Figure 3.12 is from a site plan. Without this legend, the symbols on the
drawing could be misinterpreted.
Electrical, hydraulic and engineering drawings commonly have legends on them.

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 Architectural Electrical Plumbing

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3.2.2. Construction abbreviations
Construction abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase commonly used in the
construction industry to save time and space in written or verbal communication. Examples
include "HVAC" for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, "CMU" for concrete masonry
unit, and "OSB" for oriented strand board.
Drawing abbreviations
Apart from just symbols, floor plans also carry many characters in the form of abbreviations.
Abbreviations are used when there is no space to show a symbol, or there is a lack of space to
denote it, especially in the case of some technical drawings. Some of the commonly used
ones are listed below. It could be an abbreviation for either the item or a type of material as
well depending on the use:-
Table 2.1 Floor Plan Abbreviation
2. AL – Aluminum 3. HTR – Heater
4. AP – Acoustic Plaster 5. HW – Hot Water unit
6. ASPH – Asphalt 7. INSUL – Insulation
8. AT – Acoustic Tile 9. KIT – Kitchen
10. B – Basin 11. LIN – Linen Cupboard
12. BC – Bookcase 13. LVR – Louvers

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 14. BHD – Bulkhead over 15. M – Meter
16. B/I – Built-in 17. MSB – Master Switch Board
18. BK – Brick 19. O – Oven
20. BV – Brick Veneer 21. PBD – Plasterboard
22. BWK – Brickwork 23. R / REFRIG – Refrigerator
24. C – Cooker 25. RL – Reduced Level
26. CAB – Cabinet 27. RS – Roller Shutter
28. CBD / CPD – Cupboard 29. RWH – Rainwater Head
30. CD – Clothes Dryer 31. RWP – Rainwater Pipe
32. CF – Concrete Floor 33. RWT – Rainwater Tank
34. COL – Column 35. SC – Stop Cock
36. CORR – Corrugated 37. SD – Sewer Drain
38. CR – Cement Render 39. SD – Sliding Door
40. CT – Ceramic Tile 41. SHR/SH – Shower
42. CW – Cavity Wall 43. SS – Stainless Steel
44. D – Door 45. TC – Terra Cotta
46. DG – Double Glazing 47. TEL – Telephone
48. DH – Double Hung (windows) 49. TRZO – Terrazzo
50. DP – Downpipe 51. TV – Television
52. DW – Dish Washer 53. U/S – Underside
54. FA – Floor Area 55. V – Vinyl
56. FB – Face Brick 57. VENT – Ventilator
58. FCL – Finished Ceiling Level 59. VP – Vent Pipe
60. FFL – Finished Floor Level 61. W– Window
62. FL – Floor Level 63. WB – Weatherboard
64. FW – Floor Waste 65. WH – Water Heater
66. GM – Gas Meter 67. WC – Water Closet

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 3.1 Drawing specifications requirement
Drawing specification requirements are the specific details and criteria that must be met when
creating a drawing. These requirements may include the dimensions, proportions, materials
colours, and other technical specifications that are necessary to accurately represent the
subject matter. Drawing specification requirements may also outline any special techniques
or tools that must be used to create the drawing, as well as any quality control measures that
need to be implemented to ensure the final product is accurate and meets the intended
purpose. Overall, drawing specification requirements are essential for ensuring that the final
drawing is of high quality and meets the desired standards.
Specifications
• pecifications are agreed upon defined requirements for a product
• pecifications are a type of tandard defined by a governing body
• pecifications may have embedded drawings but may focus more on text
• There are effectively two types of specifications;
• . Design or Product pecifications (what is wanted)
• . Application pecifications (how something is to be done in order to achieve a specific
goal)
These specifications are detailed descriptions prepared by an architect or engineer for the
contractor, indicating all the requirements that cannot be represented or described clearly in
drawings.
 A project is only accepted if it meets design specifications. In other words, they are
mandatory for the corresponding project, even if their requirements exceed local
construction codes.
 The opposite does not apply: Architects and engineers cannot design a project that
falls below the minimum performance requirements in applicable building codes.
 Without specifications, client requirements cannot be communicated effectively to
contractors. In addition to being code compliant, design documents must also provide
clear instructions to complete the project as visualized by the owner. Make sure your
project design is well documented.

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  Project specifications are contract documents, which gives them legal character. They
are also useful after project completion: property managers use them as reference for
maintenance and building upgrades. Ideally, all building modifications should be
reflected in drawings and specifications so that they remain useful - outdated
documents are not very helpful in a building that has been modified extensively.
 Well-written specifications also improve project communication: misunderstandings
between the client and the contractor less likely if they have a clear reference
document.

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Reference
1. Architectural Drafting and Design ,Weidhass Ernest
2. A Division of Simon and Shuster(1989)
3. Learning Architectural Drafting, Dreamer publisher
4. Manual of Designs Practice &Procedure
5. Construction documents Cembs.com
6. QAP-17.1 - Quality Assurance Records
7. ISO 4069:1977, Building and civil engineering drawings — Representation of
areas on sections and views — General principles.

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TTLM developers profile

N Name Qualific Field of Study Organization/ Institution Mobile number E-mail

o ation
(Level)
1. Solomon Bsc Building construction General Wingate Poly technic 0921414347 [email protected]
Taddesse technology college m
2. Tariku Msc Construction technology Dila Poly technic college 0916512167 [email protected]
wondimagegn Mgt
3. Yetagesu Negsse Bsc Civil engineering Tegebareed Poly technic 0921132723 [email protected]
college
4. Solomon Fentaw Msc Water and sanitation W/ro shien Poly technic college 0921043646 [email protected]
5. Teketel sufebo Bsc Hydraulic and water Butajira Poly technic college 0936726026 [email protected]
resource eng.
6. Esmael Bsc Water work technology Kombolcha Poly technic 0915543225 [email protected]
Mohammed college
7. Abebe Endalew Bsc Civil engineering Misrak Poly technic college 0933007756 abebe [email protected]
8. Bamlaku Bsc Building Construction Adis Ketema Industrial college 0934971363 [email protected]
Endalamaw Technolosgy
9. Dawit Tefera Bsc Building Construction Harar Poly technic college 0912357591 dawit9575@gmail .com
Technology

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