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 Most ULBs spend nearly 60%-70% of their total overall

budgetary allocation on collection, another 20%-30%
on transportation, and often less than 10% on the
treatment and final disposal of MSW.

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 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycle & Reuse

• Reduce- to buy less and use less. Examples;

• Reuse- elements of the discarded item are used again.
Examples;
• Recycle & Reuse: Discards are separated into materials
that may be incorporated into new products. Example;

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 Managing MSW in containers used for their storage before
collection.
 Separation of waste components
◦ waste paper, newsprints,
◦ aluminium cans,
◦ glass and
◦ plastic containers

◦ Very effective for recovery and reuse

 Storage within home and periodically resale to informal sectors

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S. Source of Storage
No. Waste
Generation
1. Households 1. Keep food waste/biodegradable waste
in a non corrosive container with a
cover/lid.
2. Keep, dry /recyclable waste in a
bin/bag.
3. Keep domestic hazardous waste if
and when generated separately for
disposal at specially notified locations

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 Source Storage
2. Multistoreyed Provide separate community bin/bins
buildings, large enough to hold
commercial food/biodegradable waste and
complexes, recyclable waste generated in the
private building /society.
societies etc., Direct the members of the
Shops, offices, association/society to deposit their
institutions waste in community bin on day to day
basis before the hour of clearance.

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0.027 m3 10-20

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Household Bins 20-30 L

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 The waste from the primary collection vehicle is to be transferred to secondary
containers
 The secondary storage is the secondary containers having a capacity of 0.027,
0.75 m3, 3 m3, 4.5 m3 and 7 m3.
 7 m3 containers are proposed for large cities only.
 On the basis of weight, the capacity of secondary containers are as follows:
 3 m3 :1.2 tons: 500 houses
 4.5 m3 : 1.8 tons: 750 houses
 The secondary containers of 3 m3 and 4.5 m3 are provided in the ratio of 40:60
from the convenience of transportation and storage.

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 Bin should be located maximum 250 m from the workplace of
sanitation worker. Hence distance between two bins should not
be more than 500 m.
 Narrow lanes 0.75 m3 bin @ 100 m
 There should be adequate space to place 3-10 m3 container
without hindrance to traffic.
 Based on local situation and special circumstances, additional
3 m3 and 4.5 m3 containers may be placed in commercial
zones, market areas and other places of bulk waste generators.

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 The roads need to be divided into three categories.
◦ Type A: Daily sweeping
◦ Type B: Four days in the week. (Sun, Tue, Thu, Sat)
◦ Type C: Three days in the week. (Mon, Wed, Fri)
 Same staff could be deployed for Type B & C roads.

 Normative standard for staff requirement (For 4 hr work):

 Average road width – 80 ft: One for every 350m length
 Average road width – 60 ft: One for every 500m length
 Average road width – 40 ft and below: One for every
750m length
 Street sweeping to include roadside drain cleaning.
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 Sweep Width
variable 1500-1850mm
 Productivity 22000 m2 /
hour
 Large 340cm x 207cm x
110cm
 Hopper Capacity 850L
 Diesel
 Industrial - Suction
Sweeper
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 Calculate the number of sweepers required for
road sweeping in NITJ.
 Calculate the number of 750 Liter Dry and wet
waste bins for the campus.

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 Collection includes not only the gathering or picking up of SW from
various sources, but also the hauling to the location where the
contents of the collection vehicles are emptied.
 The unloading of collection vehicle is also considered part of the
collection operation.
 Activities associated with hauling and unloading are similar for most
collection systems.

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S. No. Source of Collection
Waste
Generation

1. Households 1. Doorstep collection through

containerized handcarts and
tricycles. (PRIMARY COLLECTION)
2. Auto-tipper (1 m3): stop 3 min, 10
houses at every stop, time for 500
houses to secondary container 2.5-
3.0 h, total 1000 houses covered

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 Source Collection
2. Multistoreyed The local body should arrange to collect waste from these
buildings, commercial community bins/containers through handcarts, tricycles
complexes, private pick up vans on daily basis.
societies etc., 2. Large commercial complex could used 3.0 to 7.0 cum
containers and its transportation could be synchronized
by local bodies along with other containers kept in the
city.

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 S. No. Source of Storage Collection
Waste
Generation
1. Slums 1 to 4 above. Local bodies should collect waste from slums
5. Use community bins by bell ringing whistle system along their
provided by local body main access lane. Residents should bring
for deposition of food their waste from their houses to hand carts.
and biodegradable
waste.

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 (40 Liter (15 kg) bins, every 20 household, 100 people).
 One pushcart-3 bins, 20 minutes to secondary containers,
 6-h shift 54 bins to secondary conatiner, household cover:
1080)

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S. Source of Collection
No. Waste
Generation
4. Shops, offices, 1. First street sweeping in early
institutions morning, thereafter door-step
collection of waste after opening of
shops.
2. Ragpickers may be organized to
collect waste as soon as they open.
No payment basis.

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S. Source of Collection
No. Waste
Generation
5. Hotels and Make their own arrangement for collection
restaurants of waste through their association.
Local bodies may extend help by
deploying their manpower and
machinery and charges may be made
based on quantity of waste

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S. No. Source Collection

7. Meat and fish 1. Removed departmentally or

markets through contractors or part cost
recovery basis by local bodies.
2. The waste should be collected
through closed pickup van
service

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S. Source Collection of Waste
No.
6. Vegetable and 1. Removed departmentally or through
fruit markets contractors or part cost recovery basis
by local bodies.
2. Large containers to be removed
during night time or non-peak
hours.

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 Door to Door Collection:
◦ Used in Narrow street, where collection truck can’t be reached to
individual houses.
◦ Household place containers outside
 Curb side Collection: The waste collector collect the container from
the curb side and emptied it.
 Block Collection & Community Bins: Collection vehicle arrived at
particular place and people emptied their containers directly into
vehicles

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 In congested areas, the waste can be transferred by tricycles.
 Small cities: Tractor and trolleys
 100 % spare bins should be provided if collection is on alternate day
or twice a week
 A periodical inspection of bins, depots every 3 months for damage
to flooring.
 Annual painting inside and outside of bins
 Life of handcarts 5 years and large containers 8-12 years.

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• Transportation of waste stored at waste storage depots is essential
to ensure no garbage bins/containers overflow and waste is not
seen littered on streets.
• Hygienic conditions can be maintained in cities/towns only if
regular clearance of waste from temporary waste bins is ensured.
• Transportation system has to be so designed that it is efficient, yet
cost effective.
• The system should synchronize with the system of waste storage
depot and should be easily maintained.

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 Selection of proper number and size of trucks.
 Choosing the most efficient collection routes and
schedules,.
 locating transfer stations if they were to be used.

 Administration of the whole system.

COMPLEX SOLID WASTE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 With the growing importance of recycling and composting,
those basic operations have become more complicated.
 Now, a municipality may have separate trucks, routes,
schedules, and destinations for recyclables and
compostable materials—all of which need to be
coordinated with already existing refuse collection system .

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 Size and Compaction- volume 10-30 m3

 Rear-loaded or side-loaded.
◦ Rear-loaded trucks more readily accommodate large, bulky items,
and they tend to be able to provide greater refuse compaction.

◦ Side-loaded trucks tend to cost less and are often more

appropriate in densely populated areas where collection takes
place on only one side of the street at a time.

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 Municipal solid waste at the curb side has a density of around 100
to 200 kg/m3 in developed countries and 300-400 kg/m3 India.
 At those low densities, collection vehicles fill too fast, which means
multiple, time- wasting trips to the disposal site would be needed.
 Modern trucks, called packers, have hydraulic, compactors that can
compress that waste to as much as 750 kg/m3, Compaction Ratio 2-
4

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 Hauled Container System (HCS)
 Container is moved to disposal site
 Used for construction & demolition waste
 High generation rates (open markets)
 One driver and frequent trips

 Stationary Container System (SCS)

 Container remains at site (residential and commercial)
 May be manually or mechanically loaded
 Container size and utilization are important

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 Ideally suited for the removal of wastes from sources where the rate
of generation is high.
 The container is picked up and hauled off to the disposal area
where the container is emptied and returned to the original location.

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 Advantages:
 Useful when generation rate is high and containers are large
 May eliminate spillage associated with multiple smaller containers
 Flexible. Need more capacity, use a larger container

 Disadvantage:
 If the containers are not filled, low utilization rate.

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 SCS can be used for the collection of all types of wastes
 The waste container remains in the vicinity of where the waste is generated.
 The waste is unloaded into a bigger truck. A large container is an integral
part of the truck.
.

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 Types:
 Manually loaded: Small containers, residential pickup.
 Mechanically loaded: Larger containers, wheeled residential pickup
and commercial pickup
 Almost all vehicles contain internal compaction equipment

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 Advantages:
 Major advantage is that vehicle does not travel to disposal area until
it is full yielding higher utilization rates
 Disadvantages:
 System is not flexible in terms of picking up bulky goods

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 Gain a sense of how truck sizes and collection patterns might be
planned.
 Basic collection system consisting of;
◦ The garage: where collection vehicles are parked overnight,
◦ The collection route,
◦ Transfer station or disposal site where refuse is deposited.

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Tt = total time for one day of refuse collection
t1= time to drive from garage to beginning of collection route
t2 = time to drive between collection route and disposal site
t3 =time to drive from disposal site back to garage at end of day
tR =total time on route collecting refuse
td = time spent at the disposal site dropping one truck load
tb = time spent on breaks, and so on
n = number of runs from the collection route to the disposal site

Tt = t1 + (2n - l) t2+ t3 + tb + tR + ntd

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Tt = total time for one day of refuse collection
t1= time to drive from garage to beginning of collection route
t2 = time to drive between collection route and disposal site
t3 =time to drive from disposal site back to garage at end of day
tR =total time on route collecting refuse
td = time spent at the disposal site dropping one truck load
tb = time spent on breaks, and so on
n = number of runs from the collection route to the disposal site

Tt = t1 + (2n -1) t2+ t3 + tb + tR + ntd

tR = 8 - 0.4 - (2 x 1-1 )x 0.4 - 0.25 - 1- 1x 0.2 = 5.75 h

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1. Capital Costs i.e. costs for vehicles, garages, administrative
services.
2. Costs (vehicles parts, oil, tires) of repairing and maintaining
facil./equip.).
3. Employee salary benefits (pension, etc.).
4. Cost of temporary employees (short-term needs).
5. Overhead costs (executives, supporting staff).
6. Costs associated with budgeting, accounting, and report activities.
7. Costs associated with billing and collecting user charges.
8. Liability and damage claims.
9. Insurance premiums (personnel, facilities, and equipment).

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• As the distance from the collection system to the processing facility
or disposal site (collectively called destination point) increases, the
cost of hauling or transportation also increases.
• There will eventually be a certain transport distance, where
management must decide whether or not a transfer station is to be
built.
• A transfer station is a facility where the wastes collected may be
stored temporarily or transferred from the smaller collection vehicles
to bigger transport vehicles for transportations to the destination
point.

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- Near the collection area served (to minimize collection crew
time for haul to the transfer station).
- Accessible to major haul routes (public acceptance and
economics - lower transfer haul cost)).
- Suitable Zoning (commercial or industrial)

- Served by utilities (water, sanitary sewer, storm drainage,

electricity)

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 To manage a solid waste collection system effectively, the
community, industrial park and the like should be divided into
collection districts .
 Route should not overlap and should be continuous.
 On-the-job time, tnet, of all collection routes should be made equal as
possible.
 Congested area should not be collected during rush hours.
 As practicable as possible, collect a street on both sides.
 As practicable as possible, select a consistent collection pattern.
 For collection on steep streets, it is best for the vehicle to be
collecting while it is moving down slope rather than upslope. This is
safer and will save energy on gasoline.

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 Laying of collection routes is a four-step process.
 First a relatively large-scale map for the area to be serviced should
be prepared. On this map, indicate the collection point.
 Second, estimate the total volume of waste to be collected in the
entire collection area.
 Third, decide on the number of route to collected. This will
determine the size of the collection vehicle.
 Fourth, taking into consideration guidelines, layout the collection
routes by trail and error such that most import, each route should
have about the same number of collection points and about the
same on-the-job time.

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