7/19/2021

C HAPTER 1 :
DR. SY TIEN DO
FOR MWOR K, SUPPORTIN G POS T

DR. SY TIEN DO 1

CONTENTS

1 Formwork – supporting post

2 Formwork design

3 Formwork form

4 Execution

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1. FORMWORK

Requirements for formwork:

• Correct shape and size of structure;
• Must be capable of bearing;
• Easy to remove and install;
• Tighten so as not to cause loss of cement;
• Easy to transport and install on site;
• Reuse many times;

1. FORMWORK

Requirements for shore:

• Ability to carry loads of formwork, reinforced
concrete and construction loads on it;
• Ensuring space stability and stability;
• Easy to assemble, easy to install and transport;
• Ability to use in many types of construction and
many different structures, easily increase, reduce
height when construction;
• Reuse many times.

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1. FORMWORK
Sorting by manufacturing materials:
Wood formwork:
Made of wood in groups VII, VIII, 2 - 5cm thick, 3 - 5m long,
pruned to prevent concrete sticking
Advantages:
• Can use to all types of concrete structures, can create different
shapes and sizes;
• Easily linked by sawing, chiseling, nailing
Disadvantages
• absorb fresh concrete water;
• The rotation of the board is low;
• High material loss

1. FORMWORK
Plywood formwork
Plywood and plywood are manufactured in factories with
dimensions of 1.2x2.4m, thickness of 1.0-2.5cm. Plywood and
plywood are combined with wooden ribs or metal ribs to form a
hardened formwork

Advantages:
• Reduce processing costs on construction sites;
• The number of rotation is so high that the price is not high;
• No warping, smooth surface.
Disadvantages:
• The project is large in size and number of floors;

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1. FORMWORK
Metal formwork:
Including 1-2mm thick steel plate and flat steel ribs
with cross section size of 2x5mm, welded together on
the back. The panels are linked together by locks
through bores along the ribs on its circumference.

1. FORMWORK
Advantages:
• The number of uses of circulation is quite large;
• High shape immutability;
• Great durability, long use time if it is good for rust protection;
• Flat, smooth concrete surface.

Disadvantages
• Investment costs are 2-3 times
higher than wood formwork.
Therefore, the number of uses
over 50 times is beneficial;
• Heavy cause for storage.

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1. FORMWORK
Plastic formwork:
Shaped formwork panels are linked
together by wedge lock, pin. All are made
of plastic.

Advantages:
• The large number of use
• High shape immutability.
• Great durability, impact resistance
and sunshine.
• Flat, smooth concrete surface.
• Lightweight, safe when operating
especially at high altitudes.
Disadvantages:
• High investment costs

1. FORMWORK

Reinforced concrete formwork:

both made formwork and part of the
structure
Combined steel wood formwork:
Steel wood formwork has steel ribs and
plywood panels or plywood. The
advantage is that it is easy to replace
the face plate, the number of rotation a)Maët baèng truï caàu; b)Maët caét
times is more than the plywood taám coáp pha oáp maët; c)Coáp pha
saøn; d)Coáp pha daàm
formwork, the price is low.
Rubber formwork:
Made from sealed bags with valves.
When pumping, the inlet air causes
them to swell with the shape of the
concrete to be cast. Want to dismantle
only to remove the valve to escape the
gas inside.

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1. FORMWORK
Classification by method of use:
Fixed formwork:
• Used once, when removing it is difficult to use for other parts
• The downside is the cost of manufacturing materials and re-
machining
• Apply when executing special shaped and sized components.
Revolve form:
• Used many times, made into standard panels, put together at the
construction site
• Used for construction of modular designs
Facing faced formwork:
• These are reinforced concrete slabs used both as molds and in
the structure to make external cladding without having to plaster.

1. FORMWORK
Mobile formwork:
A form of formwork that can be moved to a horizontal
or high level according to the level of concrete casting.
Formwork moves vertically:
Sliding formwork: sliding in the vertical direction
based on the jacking system, used for works with less
changing cross sections such as chimneys, silos,
fountain ... above 15m high;
Climbing formwork: the whole formwork system can
be raised in each cycle, used for construction with
large blocks such as dams, retaining walls, silos, ...;
Hanging formwork: the entire formwork system is
hang into the reinforcement without using an anti-
tree.
Formwork moves horizontally:
Constructed by molds linked to support frames. The
support frame is mounted on the wheel system
running on the rail along the construction length.
Used for construction of car roofs, tunnels, culverts,
water channels,

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1. SUPPORTING POST
Wood supporting:
• Groups IV, V, VI. If it is sawn timber with cross section 6x8cm,
5x10cm, 10x10cm long L = 3-4m. round wood D = 80-150mm;
• Under the foot of the column, there must be wedges to adjust;
• When the supports are 3-6m high, they should be connected by
braces in both vertical and horizontal directions;

1. SUPPORTING
Steel pipe support:
Single pipe:
Including two interlocking pipe sections, to change
height;
After pulling the tube to an approximate height, install
the lock on one of the drill holes on the column body
(80 - 120mm apart), then screw the screw thread with
the crank to precisely adjust the height of the support
( This precise adjustment distance is 150mm);
The allowable load depends on the height and usage of
the column (force placed in the center or off-center).

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1. SUPPORTING

Standard triangles (PAL):

• Including foot size, head jack,
base plate, horizontal and
cross bracing, standard
triangle frame, coupling;
• Can install square or triangle;
• This is a multitude of resistant
plants that are able to
withstand large loads and
resist structures of different
heights.

1. SUPPORTING

Link ear support columns:

1.OÁng coät; 2.Tai lieân keát; • Including column tube,

3.Kích chaân vaø ñaàu; 4.Thanh
giaèng; 5.OÁng noái connecting ear, foot jack, head
jack, tie bar and connecting tube;
• Large load capacity, easy to
disassemble and store.

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1. SUPPORTING

Supporting with the link

lock:
• Including loose tubes
linked together by
specialized keys;
• The advantage of this
type of resistance is the
ability to create different
mixed structures,
1.OÁng giaùo ñöùng; 2.Keïp oáng; convenient and easy to
3.Buloâng laät; 4.Oáng giaùo
ngang; 5.Khôùp quay; 6.Keïp oáng
shape.
coù khôùp laät

1. SUPPORTING

Wooden stringer:
Using sawn timber of Group IV, V, VI with cross section 6x8cm,
5x10cm, 8x12cm, 10x10cm long L = 3-5m.
Box steel stringer:
Steel support box with rectangular section (4x8cm, 5x10cm,
6x12cm) or square (4x4cm, 5x5cm). Aluminum alloy supports with
I-section are being used in many works.

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1. SUPPORTING

 Changing stringer

• Overcoming
large and small
apertures with
high bearing
capacity, saving
shore

1. SUPPORTING
Working platform:
• There are many types: simple type of bamboo or wood, steel
shape;
• Steel pipe scaffolding consists of vertical frame, bracing frame
and operation floor

• Stand frame is made of steel tube

D32 or D40mm. Under the feet
are installed to adjust height;
• Bracing frames are usually made
of small round or angle steel. In
the middle of the bar, each pair of
joints is connected, L = 2200-
2400mm
• Working platform made of small
plates 500x1800mm.

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2. FORMWORK DESIGN

CHANGE THE UNIT

• 1kG = 1daN = 10N
• 1kN = 100kG
• 1T = 1000kG = 10kN
• 1kN/m2 = 100kG/m2 = 1000 Pa
• 1kG/m2 = 10Pa
• 1Pa = 0.1kG/m2
• 1MPa = 1N/mm2 = 10 daN/cm2
• 1MPa = 100 T/m2 = 10kG/cm2 = 100,000kG/mm2

2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Principles:
• Calculation ensures the requirements of durability
and stability during construction;
• Basis of calculation based on TCVN 4453-1995; ACI
347-04
Loads

Vertical load:
• Including loads of self-formwork, stringer, joist;
• Load of concrete mixture is about 2500kg / m3;
• Reinforced load according to the design or 100kg /
m3;
• Loads of people and construction machines and tools
are about 250kg / m2;
• Load by impact vibrator is equal to 200kg / m2

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2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Horizontal load:
• Get 50% of the wind load taken according to TCVN 2737-1995;
• Horizontal pressure due to newly poured concrete;
• The dynamic load acting on the formwork must include the
impulse force due to the method of pouring concrete;
• Load due to vibration.

Horizontal pressure of the newly poured concrete mixture

Viberation Formula to calculate maximum Limit using the formula
method horizontal pressure (kg/m2)
interior P = g.H H<=R
vibrating
P = g.(0.27V+0.78)k1.k2 V>=0.5 khi H>=4
exterior P = g.H H<=2R1
vibrating P = g.(0.27V+0.78)k1.k2 V>=4.5 khi H>=2m

2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Horizontal load:

Dynamic loading when pouring concrete into formwork

Method of pouring Horizontal load affect

on formwork (kg/m2)

Pour with a pump and elephant hose or 400

pour directly by pipeline from the concrete
machine
Pour directly from the boxes with:
- Capacity smaller than 0,2 m3 200
- Capacity is less than 0,2-0,8 m3 400
- Capacity is greater than 0,8 m3 600

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2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Load factor:
When calculating the parts of formwork according to
bearing capacity, the standard loads mentioned above
must be multiplied by the following load factor:
Caùc taûi troïng tieâu chuaån/Standard Loads Heä soá vöôït taûi/
Load factors
Troïng löôïng baûn thaân cuûa coáp pha, ñaø giaùo / Self-load of 1.1
Formwork
Troïng löôïng beâ toâng vaø coát theùp / Self-load of RC 1.2
Taûi troïng do ngöôøi vaø phöông tieän vaän chuyeån / Loads of 1.3
workers & construction equipment
Taûi troïng do ñaàm chaán ñoäng / Load by vibrating 1.3
AÙp löïc ngang cuûa beâ toâng / Lateral pressure of concrete 1.3
Taûi troïng do chaán ñoäng khi ñoå beâ toâng vaøo coáp pha / Load by 1.3
impact of concrete pouring into formwork

2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Deformation of formwork, stringer, joist:
Deflection: must not be larger than the following values:
• For exposed surface formwork of structures: 1/400 of the
formwork part;
• For surface formwork obstructed the structure: 1/250 spans of
the formwork part;
• The elastic deflection of the anti-formwork wood or the wood
formwork against the formwork is equal to 1/1000 of the free
span of the corresponding reinforced concrete structures.
Stability stability:
• Considering the simultaneous impact of wind load and self
weight. If the formwork is attached to the reinforcement, the
weight of reinforcement must be included;
• The overload factor for wind loads is 1.2 and 0.8 for anti-roll
loads;
• The anti-roll safety factor is not less than 1.25

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2. FORMWORK DESIGN

Calculation of formwork, shore:

Calculation of vertical formwork:

Loads:

Standard load: qtc  g H   qñ

Calculated load: qtt  n.g H   nñ .qñ

Load evenly distributed over long meters: qtt  ( n.g H   nñ .qñ ).b

The formwork stands at an altitude of more than 10m and must

calculate the wind load

2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Calculation of vertical formwork:
Consider the ribs are supports, formwork panels that work as a
continuous beam.

Strength and deflection:

Mc
   
W
f  f 

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2. FORMWORK DESIGN
Calculation of horizontal formwork:

Loads:

Standard load: qtc   qbt   qñ

Calculated load: qtt   n.qbt   nñ .qñ

qtt  ( n.qbt   nñ .qñ ).b
Load evenly distributed over long meters

The sheathing works like a continuous beam based on the supports

as joists

Strength and deflection:

Mc
    f  f 
W

2. Formwork of column, wall - TCVN

b. Load effect Formwork of column, wall

According to TCVN 4453-1995, horizontal loads include::

1 / Wind load p1.

2 / Horizontal pressure of poured concrete into formwork p2.

3 / Load capacity caused by vibration when pouring concrete into

formwork p3.

 Total horizontal load: p = p2 + p3

Note: load factor is equal to 1.3

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2. Formwork of column, wall - TCVN

b. Load effect p = p2 + p3 TCVN 4453-1995
p1 p2 p3
Wind load is Viberation
Maximum horizontal
Limit using the Pour with the
pressure of concrete mix,
calculated method
daN/m2
formula machine and
according to interior P = g. H H≤R the elephant
TCVN 2737: vibrating P = g.(0,27V + 0,78)k1.k2 V ≥ 0,5 khi H ≤ 4 hose or pour
exterior P = g. H V ≥ 4,5 khi H ≤ 2R1
1995 and vibrating P = g.(0,27V + 0,78)k1.k2 V ≥ 4,5 khi H ≤ 2m
it directly by
distributed pipeline from
Notation:
to shore P – Maximum horizontal pressure of concrete mix daN/m2; the concrete
g - Unit weight of concrete daN/m3; machine:
H - Height of concrete layer (m);
V - Velocity of concrete pouring, measured by m/h; 400 daN/m2
R và R1 – effective radius of vibrating. R = 0,7 and R1 = 1,0m;
k1 - Coefficient reflecting the slump impact of the concrete mixture.
- For rigid concrete and low flexibility of slump 0,2cm - 4cm; k1=0,8;
- slump 4cm – 6cm; k1 = 1,0.
- slump 8cm – 12cm; k1 = 1,2;
k2 - Coefficient reflecting the temperature of the concrete mixture.
- At 80C, k2 = 1,15;
- At 80C – 110C, k2 = 1,1;
- At 120C – 170C, k2 = 1,0;
- At 180C – 270C, k2 = 0,95;
- At 280C – 320C, k2 = 0,9;
- At 330C, k2 = 0,85
p1 P=g.(0.27V+0.78).k1.k2 400 daN/m2

2. Formwork of column, wall - ACI

b. Load effect ACI 347-04
ACI 347-04
- Formula for wall:
785 × 𝑅
• With (R  2.1 m/h & H  4.2 m): 𝑃 = 𝐶 × 𝐶 × 7.2 +
(𝑇 + 17.8)
• With (R  2.1 m/h & H > 4.2 m) or (2.1 m/h  R  4.5 m/h):
1156 244𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐶 × 𝐶 × 7.2 + +
(𝑇 + 17.8) (𝑇 + 17.8)
• A minimum of 30Cw but in no case greater than ρgh

• Otherwise: p = ρgh (kPa).

• p: lateral pressure
• ρ: unit weight of concrete (kg/m3)
• g: gravitational constant, 9,81N/kg.
• h: depth of fluid or plastic concrete from top of placement to
point of consideration in form, m.
• If velocity 4.5 m/h, lateral pressure Pmax = g x H

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2. Formwork of column, wall - ACI

b. Load effect ACI 347-04
According to ACI 347-04, the calculated horizontal load is as follows:
785 × 𝑅
- For column: pm𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶 × 𝐶 × 7.2 +
(𝑇 + 17.8)
– pmax: maximum lateral pressure, kPa
– R: rate of placement, m/h
– T: temperature of concrete during placing, oC
– Cw, Cc: unit weight coefficient and chemistry coefficient

Density of concrete ρ Cw Note:

Less than 2240 kg/m3 0,5[1 + (ρ/2320)] > 0,8 - Pmin = 30 (kN/m2)
2240 to 2400 kg/m3 1,0 - Pmax = g x H (kN/m2)
More than 2400 kg/m3 ρ/2320

Cement type or blend Cc

Types I, II, and III without retarders 1,0
Types I, II, and III with a retarder 1,2

2. Formwork of column, wall - ACI

• Bao của áp lực lên vk nếu
b. Load effect bêtông không ở dạng lỏng

𝑃
𝑀ậ𝑡 độ

• Thực tế và thiết
• Chiều
kế bao của áp
cao đổ
lực lên vk nếu
bê tông
bêtông ở dạng
h(m) • Thiết kế bao
lỏng
nếu bêtông
không ở dạng
lỏng

• Áp lực

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2. Formwork design
c. Design

Force

TẤM ĐÀ PHỤ ĐÀ TY
PHỦ (joist) CHÍNH GIẰNG
(coppha) (stringer) (wedge)

LOAD SELF-BALANCE

2. Formwork design

Type Span Nhịp

Loại 1 Span 2 Spans ≥ 3 Spans
Bending moment (Nm)
Mô ment

Shear (N)
Lực cắt

Deflection (m)
Độ võng

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2. Formwork design
Calculation of horizontal formwork

Calculation diagram

2. Formwork design
Check the stability of the support shore: Compression components

P   P
If using metal shore:

If it is a wood shore:
P
   
 .F
N - Vertical Compressive Loads
F - Area of component section
[] - Allowable compressive stress
 - Stress reduction factor, depending on slenderness
radio 3100 .L
 2 
 r

L - the length of the component

 - coefficient related to linking types  = 1
r - inertia radius
bh3
J - inertia moment, J 
12

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3. Formwork structure

Foundation formwork:
 Single:

3. Formwork structure
 Strap footing:

Hình.Coáp pha moùng baêng, giaèng moùng Hình.Coáp pha moùng baêng coù tieát dieän
phöùc taïp
1.Maûng coáp pha; 2.Söôøn; 3.Choáng
1.Heä khung chòu löïc; 2. Taám coáp pha;
cheùo; 4. Choáng chaân; 5.Coïc choáng;
3.Buloâng hoaëc khoùa lieân keát
6.Vaêng mieäng; 7.Beâtoâng loùt

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3. Formwork structure

 Strap footing:

3. Formwork structure

Wall formwork
 Wood formwork

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3. Formwork structure

 In-form Formwork

3. Formwork structure

 Combined steel wood formwork:

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3. Formwork structure
 Combined steel wood formwork:

3. Formwork structure

Wall formwork:
 Detail link

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3. Formwork structure
 Plastic formwork

3. Formwork structure
Column formwork:
Structure of column formwork:
• Pre-assembled into each array with one column face;
• Break is under the horizontal pressure and ensures the rigidity of the
walls;
• Supporting, fixing pillars with trees and braces.

 Wood formwork

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3. Formwork structure
 Steel formwork

3. Formwork structure

 Plastic formwork

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3. Formwork structure

 Others

3. Formwork structure
Beam, slab, staircase formwork:
Beam formwork, floor using single shore:
• Formwork beams are composed of 3 panels: bottom plate and
two walls. For beams with a height greater than 60cm, there
must be anti-bulge bolts for the wall;
• Slab formwork is supported by the momentum, support the
momentum is the support system.

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3. Formwork structure
Beam, slab, staircase formwork:

3. Formwork structure
Beam, slab, staircase formwork:

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3. Formwork structure

Beam, slab formwork using combination shores:

• Combining shores have the basic advantages of high
stability, high bearing capacity and ease of support
for structures at high altitudes.

3. Formwork structure

 Beam, slab formwork using combination shores

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3. Formwork structure

 Beam, slab formwork using combination shores

3. Formwork structure

 Beam, slab formwork using combination shores

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3. Formwork structure

 Beam, slab formwork using the support shores and dynamic

beam

3. Formwork structure
Staircase formwork: Including flat and concrete
structure
Hình -Coáp pha caàu thang baäc
BTCT

1.Ñaø ñôõ; 2.Vaùn thaønh beân;

3.Vaùn thaønh baäc thang; 4.
Vaùn ñaùy thang; 5.Thanh coá
ñònh vaùn thaønh baäc

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3. Formwork structure

Hang formwork:
If beams are used with hard core, it is recommended to
use hang formwork to save trees and create easy travel
space under floor beams.

Theùp hình Bulon treo

Neïp ñöùng

Vaùn thaønh
Vaùn ñaùy

Thanh ñaø

3. Formwork structure

Sliding formwork:
• Sliding formwork is a type of
mobile formwork that stands
up continuously during
concrete pouring;
• Used in construction of silo,
reinforced concrete
chimneys, hard-core multi-
storey houses

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3. Formwork structure
Mobile formwork:
Climbing formwork:
Climbing formwork is a type of formwork that is removed and re-
installed for concrete concreting;
Used in construction of silos, reinforced concrete chimneys, dams,
....

1.Saøn thao taùc 1.Saøn thao taùc

treân; 2.Saøn treân; 2.Saøn thao
thao taùc döôùi; taùc döôùi; 3.Söôøn
3.Giaù treo; 4. ñöùng coáp pha; 4.
Buloâng ñieàu Buloâng neo;
chænh; 5.Khôùp 5.Buloâng ñieàu
xoay; 6.Giaù chænh; 6.Töôøng
treo; 7.Buloâng beâtoâng
neo; 8.Töôøng
beâtoâng

Hình.Coáp pha leo coù chieàu cao nhoû Hình.Coáp pha leo coù chieàu cao lôùn

3. Formwork structure
Horizontal mobile formwork:
• The entire formwork system is placed on the rail and wheel
system, moving the whole system with winches;
• Used in construction of tunnels, tunnels, market roofs ...

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3. Formwork structure

Horizontal mobile formwork:

4. Install the formwork

Chống dính cho côppha

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4. Install the formwork

Acceptance of formwork:
• Check the axis heart, position, formwork elevation;
• Check form and size of formwork;
• Check the flatness, tightness of formwork;
• Checking the details;
• Check for sticking formwork
• Check the clean inside the formwork;
• Check the moisture content of wood formwork;
• Checking the stability and stability of the formwork system and
working floor

Contact
Email: [email protected]
Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, HCMUT

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