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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

Fifth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 30
Electromagnetic Induction

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Chapter 30 Electromagnetic Induction

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn what electromagnetic

induction is and how it is used.

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Chapter 30 Preview (1 of 6)
What is an induced current?
A magnetic field can create a
current in a loop of wire, but only if
the amount of field through the
loop is changing.
• This is called an induced
current.
• The process is called
electromagnetic induction.

❮❮ LOOKING BACK Chapter 29

Magnetic fields

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Chapter 30 Preview (6 of 6)
How is electromagnetic induction used?
Electromagnetic induction is one of the most important
applications of electricity and magnetism. Generators use
electromagnetic induction to turn the mechanical energy of a
spinning turbine into electric energy. Inductors are important
circuit elements that rely on electromagnetic induction. All
forms of telecommunication are based on electromagnetic
induction. And, not least, electromagnetic induction is the
basis for light and other electromagnetic waves.

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Chapter 30 Reading Questions

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Chapter 30 Content, Examples,

and QuickCheck Questions

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Faraday’s Discovery of 1831 (1 of 3)

• When one coil is placed directly above another, there is no
current in the lower circuit while the switch is in the closed
position.
• A momentary current appears whenever the switch is
opened or closed.

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Faraday’s Discovery of 1831 (2 of 3)

• When a bar magnet is pushed into a coil of wire, it causes a
momentary deflection of the current-meter needle.
• Holding the magnet inside the coil has no effect.

• A quick withdrawal of the

magnet deflects the needle
in the other direction.

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Faraday’s Discovery of 1831 (3 of 3)

• A momentary current is produced by rapidly pulling a coil of
wire out of a magnetic field.
• Pushing the coil into the magnet causes the needle to
deflect in the opposite direction.

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Motional emf (1 of 4)

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Motional emf (2 of 4)

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Motional emf (3 of 4)

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Motional emf (4 of 4)
• The magnetic force on the
charge carriers in a moving
conductor creates an
electric field of strength E =
vB inside the conductor.

• For a conductor of length l,

the motional emf
perpendicular to the
magnetic field is:

  vlB

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QuickCheck 30.1
A metal bar moves through a
magnetic field. The induced
charges on the bar are

A. B. C. D. E.

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QuickCheck 30.1 Answer

A metal bar moves through a
magnetic field. The induced
charges on the bar are

A. B. C. D. E.

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QuickCheck 30.2
A metal bar moves through a
magnetic field. The induced
charges on the bar are

A. B. C. D. E.

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QuickCheck 30.2 Answer

A metal bar moves through a
magnetic field. The induced
charges on the bar are

A. B. C. D. E.

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Example 30.1 Measuring the Earth’s

Magnetic Field (1 of 2)
It is known that the earth’s magnetic field over northern
Canada points straight down. The crew of a Boeing 747
aircraft flying at 260 m/s over northern Canada finds a 0.95 V
potential difference between the wing tips. The wing span of
a Boeing 747 is 65 m. What is the magnetic field strength
there?
MODEL The wing is a conductor moving through a magnetic
field, so there is a motional emf.

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Example 30.1 Measuring the Earth’s

Magnetic Field (2 of 2)
SOLVE The magnetic field is perpendicular to the velocity, so
we can use Equation 30.3 to find

 0.95 V
B   5.6  105 T
vL (260 m/s)(65 m)

REVIEW Chapter 29 noted that the earth’s magnetic field is

roughly 5 ×10 -5 T. The field is somewhat stronger than this
s uper

near the magnetic poles, somewhat weaker near the equator.

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Induced Current (1 of 3)
• If we slide a conducting
wire along a U-shaped
conducting rail, we can
complete a circuit and drive
an electric current.

• If the total resistance of the

circuit is R, the induced
current is given by Ohm’s
law as

 vlB
I 
R R

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Induced Current (2 of 3)
• To keep the wire moving at a
constant speed v, we must
apply a pulling force F pull = vl sub super

2B 2/R.
super

• This pulling force does work

at a rate

v 2l 2 B 2
Pinput  Fpull v 
R

• All of this power is

dissipated by the resistance
of the circuit.
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Induced Current (3 of 3)
• The figure shows a
conducting wire sliding to the
left.
• In this case, a pushing force
is needed to keep the wire
moving at constant speed.
• Once again, this input power
is dissipated in the electric
circuit.
• A device that converts
mechanical energy to
electric energy is called a
generator.

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QuickCheck 30.3
An induced current flows
clockwise as the metal bar is
pushed to the right. The
magnetic field points

A. up.
B. down.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. to the right.

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QuickCheck 30.3 Answer

An induced current flows
clockwise as the metal bar is
pushed to the right. The
magnetic field points

A. up.
B. down.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. to the right.

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The Basic Definition of Flux (1 of 2)

• Imagine holding a rectangular wire loop of area A = ab in
front of a fan.
• The volume of air flowing through the loop each second
depends on the angle between the loop and the direction of
flow.
• No air goes through the same loop if it lies parallel to the
flow.
• The flow is maximum through a loop that is perpendicular
to the airflow.
• This occurs because the effective area is greatest at this
angle.
• The effective area (as seen facing the fan) is
Aeff  ab cos   A cos 
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The Basic Definition of Flux (2 of 2)

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Magnetic Flux Through a Loop

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The Area Vector

ur
• Let’s define an area vector A  Anˆ to be a vector in the
direction of, perpendicular to the surface, with a magnitude
A equal to the area of the surface.
ur 2
• Vector A has units of m .

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Magnetic Flux
• The magnetic flux
measures the amount
of magnetic field
passing through a loop
of area A if the loop is
tilted at an angle θ from
the field.
 m  Aeff B  AB cos 
• The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber:

1 weber = 1 Wb = 1 T m 2

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Example 30.4 A Circular Loop in a

Magnetic Field (1 of 2)
Figure 30.14 is an edge view of a 10-cm-diameter circular
loop in a uniform 0.050 T magnetic field. What is the
magnetic flux through the loop?

Figure 30.14 A circular loop in a magnetic field.

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Example 30.4 A Circular Loop in a

Magnetic Field (2 of 2)
SOLVE
ur
Angle θ is the angle between the loop’s area vector
A, which is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and the
ur
magnetic field B. In this case, θ = 60°, not the 30° angle
ur
shown in the figure. Vector A has magnitude
A = πr 2 = 7.85 ×10−3 m 2 . Thus the magnetic flux is
super super

ur ur
 m  A . B  AB cos   2.0  104 Wb

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QuickCheck 30.4
Which loop has the larger
magnetic flux through it?

A. Loop A
B. Loop B
C. The fluxes are the
same.
D. There is not enough
information to tell.

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QuickCheck 30.4 Answer

Which loop has the larger
magnetic flux through it?

A. Loop A
B. Loop B  m  L2 B
C. The fluxes are the
same.
D. There is not enough
information to tell.

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QuickCheck 30.5
The metal loop is being pulled
through a uniform magnetic
field. Is the magnetic flux
through the loop changing?
A. Yes
B. No

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QuickCheck 30.5 Answer

The metal loop is being pulled
through a uniform magnetic
field. Is the magnetic flux
through the loop changing?
A. Yes
B. No

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QuickCheck 30.6
The metal loop is rotating in a
uniform magnetic field. Is the
magnetic flux through the loop
changing?
A. Yes
B. No

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QuickCheck 30.6 Answer

The metal loop is rotating in a
uniform magnetic field. Is the
magnetic flux through the loop
changing?
A. Yes
B. No

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Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field

• The figure shows a loop
in a nonuniform magnetic
field.
• The total magnetic flux
through the loop is found
with an area integral:
r r
m  
area of loop
B  dA

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Lenz’s Law (1 of 3)

Lenz’s law There is an induced current in a closed,

conducting loop if and only if the magnetic flux through the
loop is changing. The direction of the induced current is such
that the induced magnetic field opposes the change in the
flux.
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Lenz’s Law (2 of 3)
• Pushing the bar magnet
into the loop causes the
magnetic flux to increase in
the downward direction.
• To oppose the change in
flux, which is what Lenz’s
law requires, the loop itself
needs to generate an
upward-pointing magnetic
field.
• The induced current ceases
as soon as the magnet
stops moving.

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Lenz’s Law (3 of 3)
• Pushing the bar magnet away from the loop causes the magnetic
flux to decrease in the downward direction.
• To oppose this decrease, a clockwise current is induced.

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QuickCheck 30.7
The bar magnet is pushed toward the
center of a wire loop. Which is true?
A. There is a clockwise induced
current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in
the loop.

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QuickCheck 30.7 Answer

The bar magnet is pushed toward the
center of a wire loop. Which is true?
A. There is a clockwise induced
current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in
the loop.
1. Upward flux from magnet is increasing.
2. To oppose the increase, the field of the induced
current points down.
3. From the right-hand rule, a downward field needs a
cw current.
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QuickCheck 30.8
The bar magnet is pushed toward the
center of a wire loop. Which is true?

A. There is a clockwise induced

current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in
the loop.

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QuickCheck 30.8 Answer

The bar magnet is pushed toward the
center of a wire loop. Which is true?

A. There is a clockwise induced

current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current
in the loop.

Magnetic flux is zero, so there’s no change of flux.

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (1 of 6)

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (2 of 6)

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (3 of 6)

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (4 of 6)

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (5 of 6)

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The Induced Current for Six Different

Situations (6 of 6)

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Tactics: Using Lenz’s Law

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QuickCheck 30.9
The current in the straight wire is
decreasing. Which is true?

A. There is a clockwise induced

current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in the
loop.

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QuickCheck 30.9 Answer

The current in the straight wire is
decreasing. Which is true?

A. There is a clockwise induced

current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in the
loop.

1. The flux from wire’s field is into the screen and

decreasing.
2. To oppose the decrease, the field of the induced
current must point into the screen.
3. From the right-hand rule, an inward field needs a
cw current.
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QuickCheck 30.10
The magnetic field is confined to the region inside the dashed lines;
it is zero outside. The metal loop is being pulled out of the
magnetic field. Which is true?
A. There is a clockwise induced
current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in the
loop.

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QuickCheck 30.10 Answer

The magnetic field is confined to the region inside the dashed lines;
it is zero outside. The metal loop is being pulled out of the
magnetic field. Which is true?
A. There is a clockwise induced
current in the loop.
B. There is a counterclockwise
induced current in the loop.
C. There is no induced current in the
loop.
1. The flux through the loop is into the screen and
decreasing.
2. To oppose the decrease, the field of the induced
current must point into the screen.
3. From the right-hand rule, an inward field needs a cw
current.
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Faraday’s Law
• An emf is induced in a conducting loop if the magnetic flux
through the loop changes.
• The magnitude of the emf is
d m

dt
• The direction of the emf is such as to drive an induced
current in the direction given by Lenz’s law.

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Using Faraday’s Law

• If we slide a conducting wire
along a U-shaped
conducting rail, we can
complete a circuit and drive
an electric current.

• We can find the induced emf

and current by using
Faraday’s law and Ohm’s
law:

d m d dx  vlB
  ( xlB )  lB  vlB I 
dt dt dt R R

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Problem-Solving Strategy:
Electromagnetic Induction

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QuickCheck 30.12
The induced emf around this
loop is

A. 200 V
B. 50 V
C. 2 V
D. 0.5 V
E. 0.02 V

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QuickCheck 30.12 Answer

The induced emf around this
loop is

A. 200 V
B. 50 V
C. 2 V
D. 0.5 V
E. 0.02 V
d m dB
 A  A  slope of graph
dt dt

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Induced Fields
• The figure shows a
conducting loop in an
increasing magnetic field.
• According to Lenz’s law,
there is an induced current
in the counterclockwise
direction.
• Something has to act on the
charge carriers to make
them move, so we infer that
there must be an induced
electric field tangent to the
loop at all points.

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The Induced Electric Field (1 of 2)

• When the magnetic field is
increasing in a region of
space, we may define a
closed loop which is
perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
• Faraday’s law specifies the
loop integral of the induced
electric field around this
loop:

dB
n E  d s  A dt

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Induced Electric Field in a Solenoid

(1 of 3)

• The current through the

solenoid creates an upward
pointing magnetic field.

• As the current is increasing,

B is increasing, so it must
induce an electric field.

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Induced Electric Field in a Solenoid

(2 of 3)

• We could use Lenz’s law to

determine that if there were
a conducting loop in the
solenoid, the induced
current would be clockwise.
• The induced electric field
must therefore be clockwise
around the magnetic field
lines.

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Induced Electric Field in a Solenoid

(3 of 3)

• To use Faraday’s law,

integrate around a clockwise
circle of radius r:
ur r
 E  d s  2 rE
Ñ
dB dB
A   r2
dt dt

• Thus the strength of the

induced electric field inside
the solenoid is
r dB
Einside 
2 dt
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Example 30.10 An Induced Electric

Field (1 of 4)
A 4.0-cm-diameter solenoid is wound with 2000 turns per
meter. The current through the solenoid oscillates at 60 Hz
with an amplitude of 2.0 A. What is the maximum strength of
the induced electric field inside the solenoid?
MODEL Assume that the magnetic field inside the solenoid is
uniform.

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Example 30.10 An Induced Electric

Field (2 of 4)
VISUALIZE The electric field lines are concentric circles
around the magnetic field lines, as was shown in Figure
30.32b. They reverse direction twice every period as the
current oscillates.

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Example 30.10 An Induced Electric

Field (3 of 4)
SOLVE You learned in Chapter 29 that the magnetic field
strength inside a solenoid with n turns per meter is B = μ 0nI. sub

In this case, the current through the solenoid is I = I 0 sin ωt, sub

where I 0 = 2.0 A is the peak current and ω = 2π(60 Hz) = 377

sub

rad/s. Thus the induced electric field strength at radius r is

r dB r d
E  ( 0 nI 0 sin t )  12 0 nr I 0 cos t
2 dt 2 dt
The field strength is maximum at maximum radius (r = R) and
at the instant when cos ωt = 1. That is,

Emax  12 0 nR I 0  0.019 V/m

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Example 30.10 An Induced Electric

Field (4 of 4)
REVIEW This field strength, although not large, is similar to
the field strength that the emf of a battery creates in a wire.
Hence this induced electric field can drive a substantial
induced current through a conducting loop if a loop is
present. But the induced electric field exists inside the
solenoid whether or not there is a conducting loop.

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QuickCheck 30.13
The magnetic field is decreasing.
Which is the induced electric field?

A. B. C. D.

E. There’s no induced field in this case.

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QuickCheck 30.13 Answer

The magnetic field is decreasing.
Which is the induced electric field?
The field is the same direction as
induced current would flow if there
were a loop in the field.

A. B. C. D.

E. There’s no induced field in this case.

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The Induced Electric Field (2 of 2)

• Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law
may be combined by noting that
the emf must oppose the
change in Φm.
• Mathematically, emf must have
the opposite sign of dB/dt.
• Faraday’s law may be written as

d m
  E d s   dt

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The Induced Magnetic Field

• As we know, changing the
magnetic field induces a
circular electric field.

• Symmetrically, changing the

electric field induces
a circular magnetic field.

• The induced magnetic

field was first suggested as
a possibility by James Clerk
Maxwell in 1855.

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Generators
• A generator is a device that transforms mechanical energy
into electric energy.

A generator inside a hydroelectric dam uses electromagnetic

induction to convert the mechanical energy of a spinning
turbine into electric energy.
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An Alternating-Current Generator

d m d
 coil   N   ABN (cos t )   ABN sin t
dt dt
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Example 30.11 An AC Generator (1 of 2)

A coil with area 2.0 m 2 rotates in a 0.010 T magnetic field at a
super

frequency of 60 Hz. How many turns are needed to generate

a peak voltage of 160 V?
SOLVE The coil’s maximum voltage is found from Equation
30.29:
 max   ABN  2 fABN

The number of turns needed to generate Ԑ max = 160 V is sub

 max 160 V
N   21 turns
2 fAB 2 (60 Hz)(2.0 m 2 )(0.010 T)

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Example 30.11 An AC Generator (2 of 2)

REVIEW A 0.010 T field is modest, so you can see that
generating large voltages is not difficult with large (2 m 2) super

coils. Commercial generators use water flowing through a

dam, rotating windmill blades, or turbines spun by expanding
steam to rotate the generator coils. Work is required to rotate
the coil, just as work was required to pull the slide wire in
Section 30.2, because the magnetic field exerts retarding
forces on the currents in the coil. Thus a generator is a
device that turns motion (mechanical energy) into a current
(electric energy). A generator is the opposite of a motor,
which turns a current into motion.

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Transformers (1 of 2)
• A transformer sends an
alternating emf V 1 through
sub

the primary coil.

• This causes an oscillating

magnetic flux through the
secondary coil and, hence,
an induced emf V 2. sub

• The induced emf of the

secondary coil is delivered
to the load:

N2
V2  V1
N1
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Transformers (2 of 2)
• A step-up transformer, with N sub

2 >> N 1, can boost the

sub

voltage of a generator up to
several hundred thousand
volts.
• Delivering power with smaller
currents at higher voltages
reduces losses due to the
resistance of the wires.
• High-voltage transmission
lines carry electric power to
urban areas, where step-
down transformers (N 2 << N sub sub

1) lower the voltage to 120 V.

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Inductors
• A coil of wire, or solenoid, can be used in a circuit to store
energy in the magnetic field.
• We define the inductance of a solenoid having N turns,
length l and cross-section area A as
 m 0 N 2 A
Lsolenoid  
I l
• The SI unit of inductance is the henry, defined as
1 henry  1H 1 Wb/A  1 T m 2 /A
• A coil of wire used in a circuit for the purpose of inductance
is called an inductor.
• The circuit symbol for an ideal inductor is .

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Example 30.12 The Length of an

Inductor (1 of 2)

An inductor is made by tightly wrapping 0.30-mm-diameter

wire around a 4.0-mm-diameter cylinder. What length cylinder
has an inductance of 10 µH?

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Example 30.12 The Length of an

Inductor (2 of 2)
SOLVE The cross-section area of the solenoid is A = πr 2 . If super

the wire diameter is d, the number of turns of wire on a

cylinder of length l is N = l/d. Thus the inductance is
0 N 2 A 0 (l /d ) 2  r 2 0 r 2l
L  
l l d2
The length needed to give inductance L = 1.0 × 10 5 H is super

d 2L (0.00030 m) 2 (1.0  10 5 H)
l 
0 r 2
(1.26  106 Tm/A) (0.0020 m) 2
 0.057 m  5.7 cm

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30 - 83

Potential Difference Across an

Inductor (1 of 4)

• The figure above shows a steady current into the left side
of an inductor.
• The solenoid’s magnetic field passes through the coils,
establishing a flux.
• The next slide shows what happens if the current
increases.
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Potential Difference Across an

Inductor (2 of 4)
• In the figure, the current into
the solenoid is increasing.
• This creates an increasing
flux to the left.
• Therefore the induced
magnetic field must point to
the right.
• The induced emf ΔVL must
be opposite to the current
into the solenoid:
dI
VL   L
dt
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30 - 85

Potential Difference Across an

Inductor (3 of 4)
• In the figure, the current into
the solenoid is decreasing.
• To oppose the decrease in
flux, the induced emf ΔVL is
in the same direction as the
input current.
• The potential difference
across an inductor,
measured along the
direction of the current, is
dI
VL   L
dt
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Potential Difference Across an

Inductor (4 of 4)

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QuickCheck 30.14
Which current is changing more rapidly?

A. Current I 1
sub

B. Current I 2
sub

C. They are changing at the same rate.

D. There is not enough information to tell.

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QuickCheck 30.14 Answer

Which current is changing more rapidly?

A. Current I 1
dI
sub

VL   L
B. Current I 2 sub

dt
C. They are changing at the same rate.
D. There is not enough information to tell.

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30 - 89

Example 30.13 Large Voltage Across

an Inductor (1 of 2)
A 1.0 A current passes through a 10 mH inductor coil. What
potential difference is induced across the coil if the current
drops to zero in 5.0 μs?

MODEL Assume this is an ideal inductor, with R = 0 Ω, and

that the current decrease is linear with time.

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Example 30.13 Large Voltage Across

an Inductor (2 of 2)
SOLVE The rate of current decrease is
dI I 1.0 A
   2.0  105 A/s
dt t 5.0  106 s

The induced voltage is

dI
VL   L  (0.010 H) (2.0  105 A/s)  2000 V
dt
REVIEW Inductors may be physically small, but they can
pack a punch if you try to change the current through them
too quickly.

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30 - 91

Energy in Inductors and Magnetic

Fields (1 of 2)
• As current passes through an inductor, the electric power
is
dI
Pelec  I VL   LI
dt
• P elec is negative because the current is losing energy.
sub

• That energy is being transferred to the inductor, which is

storing energy U L at the rate
sub

dU L dI
  LI
dt dt
• We can find the total energy stored in an inductor by
integrating:
I 1 2
U L  L  I dI  LI
0 2
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Energy in Inductors and Magnetic

Fields (2 of 2)
• Inside a solenoid, the magnetic field strength is B = μ 0NI/l. sub

• The inductor’s energy can be related to B:

1 2 0 N 2 A 2   NI 
2
1
UL  LI  I  Al  0 
2 2l 2 0  l 
1
UL  AlB 2
2 0

• But Al is the volume inside the solenoid.

• Dividing by Al, the magnetic field energy density (energy

per m 3) is super

1 2
uB  B
2 0
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30 - 93

Energy in Electric and Magnetic

Fields

Electric fields Magnetic fields

A capacitor stores energy An inductor stores energy

U sub C baseline equals 1 over 2 C left parenthesis delta V right parenthesis squared. U sub C baseline equals 1 over 2 L I squared.

1 1 2
U C  C (V ) 2 UL  LI
2 2

Energy density in the field is Energy density in the field is

ò0 2 1 2
uE 
u sub E baseline equals delta sub 0 baseline over 2 E squared. u sub B baseline equals 1 over 2 mu sub 0 baseline B squared.

E uB  B
2 2 0

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Example 30.14 Energy Stored in an

Inductor (1 of 2)

The 10 μH inductor of Example 30.12 was 5.7 cm long and

4.0 mm in diameter. Suppose it carries a 100 mA current.
What are the energy stored in the inductor, the magnetic
energy density, and the magnetic field strength?

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30 - 95

Example 30.14 Energy Stored in an

Inductor (2 of 2)
SOLVE The stored energy is
1 2 1
UL  LI  (1.0  105 H) (0.10 A) 2  5.0  10 8 J
2 2
The solenoid volume is (πr 2) l = 7.16 × 10 7 m 3 . Using this
super super super

gives the energy density of the magnetic field:

5.0  108 J
uB   0.070 J/m3
7.16  107 m3

From Equation 30.42, the magnetic field with this energy

density is
B  2 0uB  4.2  104 T

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LC Circuits (1 of 3)
• The figure shows a
capacitor with initial charge
Q 0, an inductor, and a
sub

switch.
• The switch has been open
for a long time, so there is
no current in the circuit.
• At t = 0, the switch is
closed.
• How does the circuit
respond?
• The charge and current oscillate in a way that is analogous
to a mass on a spring.
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LC Circuits: Step A

The capacitor discharges

until the current is a
maximum.

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LC Circuits: Step B

The current continues until the

capacitor is fully recharged with
opposite polarization.

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LC Circuits: Step C

Now the discharge goes

in the opposite direction.

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LC Circuits: Step D

The current continues until the

initial capacitor charge is restored.

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LC Circuits (2 of 3)
• An LC circuit is an electric
oscillator.

• The letters on the graph

correspond to the four steps
in the previous slides.

• The charge on the upper

plate is Q = Q 0cosωt and
sub

the current through the

inductor is I = I maxsinωt,
sub

where
1

LC
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QuickCheck 30.15
If the top circuit has an oscillation
frequency of 1000 Hz, the
frequency of the bottom circuit is

A. 500 Hz
B. 707 Hz
C. 1000 Hz
D. 1410 Hz
E. 2000 Hz

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30 - 103

QuickCheck 30.15 Answer

If the top circuit has an oscillation
frequency of 1000 Hz, the
frequency of the bottom circuit is

A. 500 Hz
B. 707 Hz
C. 1000 Hz
D. 1410 Hz
1

E. 2000 Hz LC

Series capacitors have equivalent C/2.

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LC Circuits (3 of 3)

• A cell phone is actually a very sophisticated two-way radio

that communicates with the nearest base station via high-
frequency radio waves—roughly 1000 MHz. As in any
radio or communications device, the transmission
frequency is established by the oscillating current in an LC
circuit.
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Example 30.15 An AM Radio Oscillator

You have a 1.0 mH inductor. What capacitor should you

choose to make an oscillator with a frequency of 920 kHz?
(This frequency is near the center of the AM radio band.)

SOLVE The angular frequency is ω = 2πf = 5.78 × 10 6 rad/s. super

Using Equation 30.51 for ω gives the required capacitor:

1
C  3.0  1011 F  30 pF
2L

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LR Circuits (1 of 2)
• The figure shows an
inductor and resistor in
series.
• Initially there is a steady
current I0 being driven
through the LR circuit by an
external battery.
• At t = 0, the switch is
closed.
• How does the circuit
respond?

• The current through the circuit decays exponentially, with

a time constant   L / R.
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LR Circuits (2 of 2)

I  I 0 e  t /( L /R )

L

R

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Chapter 30 Summary Slides

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30 - 109

General Principles (1 of 3)
Lenz’s Law
There is an induced current in a closed conducting loop if and
only if the magnetic flux through the loop is changing.
The direction of the induced current is such that the induced
magnetic field opposes the change in the flux.

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General Principles (2 of 3)
Faraday’s Law
An emf is induced around a closed loop
if the magnetic flux through the loop
changes.
d m
Magnitude:  
dt
Direction: As given by Lenz’s law

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General Principles (3 of 3)
Using Electromagnetic Induction
MODEL Make simplifying assumptions.
VISUALIZE Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of the
induced current.
SOLVE The induced emf is
d m

dt
Multiply by N for an N-turn coil.
The size of the induced current is I = Ԑ/R.
REVIEW Is the result reasonable?

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Important Concepts (1 of 3)
Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux measures the amount

of magnetic field passing through a
surface.
 m  A  B  AB cos 

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Important Concepts (2 of 3)
Three ways to change the flux
1. A loop moves into or out of a magnetic field.

2. The loop changes area or rotates.

3. The magnetic field through the
loop increases or decreases.

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Important Concepts (3 of 3)
Two ways to create an induced current

1. A motional emf is due to magnetic

forces on moving charge carriers.

  vlB

2. An induced electric field is due

to a changing magnetic field.

ur r d m
 E ds  
Ñ dt

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30 - 115

Applications (1 of 2)
Inductors
0 N 2 A
Solenoid inductance Lsolenoid 
l
dI
Potential difference VL   L
dt
1
Energy stored U L  LI 2
2

1 2
Magnetic energy density uB  B
2 0

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Applications (2 of 2)
LC circuit
1
Oscillates at  
LC

LR circuit
L
Exponential change with  
R

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