19.5 CONSTRUCTION OF THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES | / Similar to other rotating machines, an alternator consists of two main parts nam stator and the rotor. The stator is the stationary part of the machine. It carries the an”? winding in which the voltage is generated. The output of the machine is taken fro m The rotor is the rotating part of the machine. The rotor produces the main field eon lux, 19.6 STATOR CONSTRUCTION The various parts of the stator include the frame, stator core, stator windings and cooli arrangement. The frame may be of cast iron for small-size machines and of welded steel large size machines. In order to reduce hysteresis and eddy-current losses, the stator core assembled with high grade silicon content steel laminations. A 3-phase winding is put in the sho cut on the inner periphery of the stator as shown in Fig. 19.1. The winding is star connected. winding of each phase is distributed over several slots. When current flows in a distributed wi it produces an essentially sinusoidal space distribution of emf. stator slots Stator frame \ stator core Fig. 19.1. Alternator stator. 19.7 ROTOR CONSTRUCTION ‘There are two types of rotor constructions namely, the salient-pole type and the cylinriet rotor type. 19.7.1 Salient-Pole Rotor sts of pole’ e term salient means ‘protruding’ or ‘projecting’. Thus, a salient-pole rotor consists 0 F pjecting out from the surface of the rotor core. Figure 19.2 shows the end view of a typical ent-pole rotor. Salient-pole rotors are normally used for rotors with four or more poles- i Since the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is made of this steel Jamin! duce eddy current losses. Poles of identical dimensions are assembled by stacking lami, required length and then riveted together. After placing the field coil around each pole 7, poles are fitted by a dove-tail joint to a steel spider keyed to the shaft. Salient-pole oncentrated winding on the poles. Damper bars are usually inserted in the pole fact. it the rotor oscillations during sudden change in load conditions. A salient-pole synchro"a spe has a non-uniform air gap. The air gap is minimum under the pole centres and it is ‘n between the poles. The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases tre to the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal. This chine to generate sinusoidal emf. nur i wa the pole ce se help the ma <7 Damper bars aE Pole Fig. 19.2. Si ‘The individual field-pole windings are connected in series to give alternate north and south polarities. The ends of the field windings are connected to a de source (a de generator or a rectifier) through the burshes on the slip rings. The slip rings are metal rings mounted on the shaft and insulated from it, They are used to carry current to or from the rotating part of the machine (usually ac machine) via carbon brushes. Salient-pole generators have a large number of poles, and operate at lower speeds. A salient-pole generator has comparatively a large diameter and a short axial length. The large diameter accomodates a large number of poles. Selient-pole alternators driven by water turbines are called hydro-alternators or hydrogenerators. Hydrogenerators with relatively higher speeds are used with impulse turbines and have horizontal configuration. Hydrogenerators with lower speeds are used with reaction and Kaplan turbines and have vertical configuration. 19.7.2 Cylindrical Rotor n-salient pole rotor machine. It has its ‘The construction is such that there are no tion. Cylindrical rotors are made from solid rotor J ulindrical-rotor machine is also called a no) aa Sonstruciad that it forms a emaoth eylioder, ae e salient-pole construct ne Ig ale cane naleteanD steel. In about two-third of the rotor periphery, ‘ks are cut at regular intervals and parallel to the shaft. The de field windings are accomodated in these slots, ‘The winding ie of distributed type. The unslotted portion of the rotor forms two (or pe Pole faces. A sylindrical Se asevachine has a comparatively small diameter and long axial HORA. Such @ cone timits the centrifugal forces. Thus, cylindrical rotors are particularly high-speed machines. The cylindrical rotor type alternator has two or four poles on the dyn, Such a construction provides a greater mechanical strength and permits more accurat enanie balancing. The smooth rotor of the machine makes less windage losses and the operation less : Rolsy because of uniform air g4P-Figure 19.3 shows end views of 2-pole and 4-pole cylindrical rotors. Cylindrical-rotor ma- chines are driven by steam or gas turbines. Cylindrical-rotor synchronous generators are called turboalternators or turbogenerators. Such machines have always horizontal configuration installation, The machines are built in a number of ratings from 10 MVA to over 1500 MVA. The biggest size used ir, India has a rating of 500 MVA installed in super thermal power plants. Fig. 19.3. End views of two-pole and four pole cylindrical rotors.Three-phase Synchronous Motors 21.1 INTRODUCTION. ~ Like most rotating machines a synchronous machine can also operate as both a generator an motor. A synchronous motor is a machine that converts ac electric power to mechanical power constant speed called synchronous speed. A synchronous motor is a doubly-excited machi Its rotor poles are excited by direct current (dc) and its stator windings are connected to the supply. The air gap flux is, therefore, the resultant of the fluxes due to both rotor current and st current. An important feature of a synchronous motor is that it can draw either lagging orl reactive current from the ac supply system. 21.2 CONSTRUCTION The construction of a 3-phase synchronous motor is essentially the same as that of a s generator. The three-phase armature winding is on the stator and is wound for the same num End connection to short circuit damper bars Damper winding bars laminated pole shoe \ S Field winding Rotor forging solid pole Fig. 21.1. Pole of a synchronous motor showing damper windings. 592res pf ‘The rotor of a synchronous motor can be of the salient-pole or cylindrical-pole as the rotor: lly, it is of salient YI fe h speed machines. arpoles St euction. Generally, 11% lient-pole type, exce; gly high spe i ener , except for exceedingly hi feo of windings, called the damper winding, is mounted on the Ota This winding 1yPP 9 tional set dition’ i ain slotS located in the pole oss and parallel to the shaft as shown in Fig. 21.1. The ends =e — circuited in sa manner asthe cage rotor ofan induction motor. ‘wind n e syncl ; pam aty ‘of the motor during load transients. ynchronous motor. They also serve to increase Bes : ; ' ronous motor is a doubly excited machine, its armature winding is energized from Asyneh ae gnc, SOUFCE and its field winding from a d.c. source. 213 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ~~ + the 2-pole synchronous motor shown in Fig. 21.2. When a three-phase ac. voltage is consider ae : od to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is prod i sk oan end produced in the air gap. The stator field oS + 3-phase D.C. rotor excitation supply supply Salient-pole rotor Fig. 21.2. A 2-pole synchronous moter. i i tate magnetic field. Therefore, there are magnetic fields present in the machine. The rotor will tend to align with the stator field just ‘each other. Since the stator magnetic field is The field current of the motor produces a steady-s 88 two be jor wi "ar magnets will tend to align if placed near Tota 4 ting, the rotor magnetic field and the rotor will tend t , the two fields tates at syne! “chases” the stator mag! g” the rotor along, as if north pol ‘0 rotate with the rotating field of the must be stationary with respect to vee hronous speed. The basic principle the aoe motor operation is that the rotor netic field. In other words, 4 rotating magnetic field tends to “draj le on the stator locks in” wi, Sin” with a south pole of the rotor. oles sweep across 4, the stator poles will tend to rotate the rotor in one ve of the rotor inertia, the stator field iy, the rotor does not move and we Sa tor is not self-starting- the g ding OY rotor poles at synchronous spee Slides by and then in the other direction. However, becaut that gh? £2 fast that the rotor cannot follow it ‘Consequent! starting torque is zero. In other words, a synchronous "0 ting at synchronous speed. Let us now assume that the rotor is also rota21.4 FEATURES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR te Some characteristic features of synchronous motor are as follows : 1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all. That is, while running it maintains a constant speed. The speed is independent of load. 2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run upto synchronous speed by some means before it can be synchronized to the supply. 3. It can be operated under wide range of power factors both lagging and leading. 4. It will stall if, while running, the counter torque is increased beyond the maximum torque that the machine can develop.Shen surgi t A 4 short ortuit chon — Teenie = = — tor va nan Retor ee Stet 3 LE Bie Id Lio rowasedl tn : arr 7% Yrs tonm cao! 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Starting with the help of damper windings.21.10.1 MOTOR STARTING WITH AN EXTERNAL PRIME MOVER In this method an external motor drives the synchronous motor and brings it to synchronous s: The synchronous machine is then synchronized with the bus-bar as a synchronous generator. prime mover is then disconnected. Once in parallel, the synchronous machine will work as a m Now the load can be connected to the synchronous motor. Since load is not connected to synchronous motor before synchronising, the starting motor has to overcome the inertia of synchronous motor at no load. Therefore the rating of the starting motor is much smaller than rating of the synchronous motor. At present most large synchronous motors are provided with brushless excitation syst mounted on their shafts. These exciters are used as starting motors.~ loeLlel opexartian q Allinmaliew (Generst - ea, eee poe ove Onkincomedtid a of oe "yom ——opwroke cn ea oe station21.17 APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS Synchronous motors were mainly used in constant speed applications. The developmei conductor variable frequency sources, such as inverters and cycloconverters, has allowed in variable speed applications such as high power and high speed compressors, blowe: and forced draft fans, mainline traction, servo drives, etc.Since a synchronous condenser behaves like a variables inductor or a variable capacitor, it in power transmission systems to regulate line voltage. In industry, synchronous motors used with induction motors and operated with over excitation to draw leading current from the ly. Thus, they compensate the lagging current drawn by the induction motors to improve the 1 power factor of the plant.