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Memory Management Technique in Operating System

Conference Paper · November 2024

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MEMORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE IN

OPERATING SYSTEM

Ansh Gupta

Bachelor of Technology, Computer Science

Lovely Professional University, India

[email protected]

https://www.linkedin.com/in/techbire/
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ABSTRACT: Memory management is a critical function within operating systems, enabling efficient
allocation, protection, and utilization of system memory for optimal performance. This paper explores
various memory management techniques employed in modern operating systems, including paging,
segmentation, and virtual memory, and compares the efficacy of different page replacement algorithms.
Additionally, advanced topics such as dynamic memory allocation, memory fragmentation, and hybrid
memory models are examined to provide insights into recent developments in memory management. The
paper aims to identify both traditional and emerging solutions that address challenges related to memory
efficiency, security, and scalability. These findings have significant implications for improving the design
and functionality of contemporary operating systems.

KEYWORDS: Memory management, operating systems, paging, segmentation, virtual memory, page
replacement algorithms, memory allocation, fragmentation, hybrid memory, scalability.

1. INTRODUCTION
Context: Describe the critical role of memory management in computing, aiming to enable efficient
resource sharing among multiple processes.
Importance: Explain how effective memory management ensures stability, reduces latency, and increases
performance in operating systems.
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Objective: Present the objective of your paper — to analyze memory management techniques and identify
trends and challenges in the field.

Why Required:
 Allocate and de-allocate memory before and after process execution.
 To keep track of used memory space by processes.
 To minimize fragmentation issues.
 To proper utilization of main memory.
 To maintain data integrity while executing of process.

2. OVERVIEW OF MEMORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

2.1 Fixed and Dynamic Partitioning
 Fixed Partitioning: Early memory management technique where memory is divided into fixed-
sized sections.
 Dynamic Partitioning: Memory sections are allocated as per process size, which can lead to
fragmentation.
2.2 Paging
 Concept: Divides memory into fixed-size pages, allowing non-contiguous allocation to reduce
fragmentation.
 Page Tables: Describe the role of page tables in tracking page allocation.
 Advantages and Disadvantages: Efficient space usage vs. overhead from managing page tables.
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2.3 Segmentation
 Concept: Divides memory based on logical program structures (e.g., code, data), rather than fixed
sizes.
 Segmentation Faults: Explain segmentation faults due to unauthorized memory access.

2.4 Virtual Memory

 Definition: An abstraction that extends physical memory using disk space, enabling more
applications to run concurrently.
 Demand Paging: Load pages into memory only when they are needed.
 Advantages: Enables efficient memory use and multitasking but increases I/O overhead.

3. PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS

 FIFO (First In, First Out): Removes the oldest page; simple but may cause issues with frequently
accessed pages.
 LRU (Least Recently Used): Remove the page least recently accessed, balancing performance but
with added complexity.
 Optimal Page Replacement: Removes the page not needed for the longest time in the future
(theoretical best).
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Comparison of Algorithms

Algorithm Advantages Disadvantages

FIFO Simple to implement May remove frequently used pages

LRU Balances performance Complexity in tracking access history

Optimal Least page faults Theoretical, requires future knowledge

4. MEMORY ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES

4.1 First Fit, Best Fit, and Worst Fit
 First Fit: Allocates the first suitable memory block.
 Best Fit: Allocates the smallest suitable block, potentially causing external fragmentation.
 Worst Fit: Allocates the largest block, aiming to leave larger spaces but may increase
fragmentation.

4.2 Fragmentation
 Internal Fragmentation: Wasted space within allocated memory.
 External Fragmentation: Free memory is spread out in small, unusable blocks.
 Solutions: Explain techniques like compaction and defragmentation.
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5. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN MEMORY MANAGEMENT

 Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA): Memory access time varies depending on the memory
location relative to a processor, used to improve CPU-memory latency.
 Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC): A stacked memory model that improves performance and
efficiency in high-performance computing.
 Memory Swapping: Temporarily moves inactive processes to disk to free up RAM, useful for
multitasking on limited memory.

6. CONCLUSION
 Summary: Recap the key techniques, highlighting their importance and impact on system
performance.
 Final Insights: Emphasize the role of memory management as an evolving field, with potential
for innovative solutions that cater to the ever-growing demands of modern computing.

7. REFERENCE
 Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B., & Gagne, G. (2018). Operating System Concepts. John Wiley &
Sons.
 Tanenbaum, A. S., & Bos, H. (2014). Modern Operating Systems. Pearson.
 McKusick, M. K., & Neville-Neil, G. V. (2004). The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD
Operating System. Addison-Wesley.

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