Introduction

In electrical engineering, RC and RL circuits are fundamental components used to

understand the behavior of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. An RC circuit
combines a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C), which are vital for analyzing how
capacitors charge and discharge over time. An RL circuit includes a resistor (R) and
an inductor (L), essential for studying how inductors react to changes in current.
These circuits are crucial for designing and analyzing various electronic devices and
systems, offering insights into the dynamic response of electronic components.

Objective
  Measure Components: Accurately determine the resistance (R),
capacitance (C), and inductance (L) values.
 To determine the inductance and capacitance for series and parallel and
compare the experimental finding with the theoretical prediction.
 To understand and apply the KVL rule in analyzing the voltage of a circuit.
 Practical Applications: Understand the practical implications and
applications of RC and RL circuits in real-world scenarios.

Materials used
 Breed box
 Dc power supply
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Inductor
 Digital multimeter

Theory
RC Circuits: An RC circuit consists of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C).
Charging: When connected to a DC source, the capacitor charges through the
resistor, with voltage increasing exponentially based on the time constant τ=RC.
Series Measurement: In series, measure the voltage across the capacitor and
resistor to determine charging and discharging times.
Parallel Measurement: In parallel, measure the voltage across both components
and the current through each branch.
RL Circuits: An RL circuit consists of a resistor (R) and an inductor (L).
Inductive Response: When connected to a DC source, the inductor initially
opposes current change, causing the current to increase exponentially with the time
constant τ=L/R
Series Measurement: In series, measure the current through the circuit and the
voltage across the inductor to analyze the inductive response.
Parallel Measurement: In parallel, measure the current through each component
and the overall circuit voltage.
These measurements help analyze the transient and steady-state behaviors of RC
and RL circuits in different configurations.

Procedure
RC Circuit: for series Place a resistor in series with a capacitor. Connect one end of
the resistor to the positive power rail. Attach the other end of the capacitor to the
ground rail.
For parallel Place a resistor in parallel with a capacitor. Connect one end of the
resistor to the positive power rail. Attach the other end of the capacitor to the
ground rail.
RL Circuit: for series Place a resistor in series with an inductor. Connect one end of
the resistor to the positive power rail. Attach the other end of the inductor to the
ground rail.
for parallel Place a resistor in parallel with an inductor. Connect one end of the
resistor to the positive power rail. Attach the other end of the inductor to the ground
rail.
Multimeter Preparation: Set the multimeter to measure voltage, current, or
resistance as required. Ensure the probes are connected correctly to the multimeter.
Measurement: For RC Circuit: Measure the voltage across the capacitor and the
resistor, and the current through the circuit.
For RL Circuit: Measure the voltage across the inductor and the resistor, and the
current through the circuit.
Comparison: Compare the measured values with theoretical predictions. Note any
discrepancies and analyze potential reasons.
Repeat: Repeat the measurements for different component values and
configurations (series and parallel). Record all observations and results for
comprehensive analysis.

Observations
Observations for RC Circuits
Series Configuration:
Charging: Capacitor voltage rises exponentially to source voltage; resistor voltage
decreases.
Steady-State: Capacitor voltage equals source voltage; resistor voltage drops to
zero; current approaches zero.
Parallel Configuration:
Charging: Capacitor and resistor voltages match the source voltage immediately.
Steady-State: Both voltages remain equal to the source voltage; current stabilizes
after an initial surge.
These observations will help you understand the different behaviors of RC circuits in
series and parallel configurations.
Observations for RL Circuits
Series Configuration:
Initial Phase: High voltage across the inductor, current starts low and increases
gradually.
Steady-State: Voltage across the inductor drops to zero, current reaches maximum
and stabilizes.
Parallel Configuration:
Initial Phase: Voltage across the inductor and resistor matches the source voltage,
high initial current through the resistor.
Steady-State: Voltage across both components remains equal to the source
voltage, current through the inductor gradually increases and stabilizes.
These observations help you understand the different behaviors of RL and RC
circuits in series and parallel configurations.

Result
Resistance of each inductor and capacitor.
L1 = 1.27-ohm C1=0.145-ohm
L2 = 7- ohm C2=0.138-ohm
When the inductors and capacitors are connected in series and parallel the total
resistances is

Series parallel

Inductor capacitor inductor capacitor

Measured 8.52-ohm 0.303 1.22-ohm 0.12-ohm

Calculated 8.67-ohm 0.3 1.088-ohm 0.11-ohm

When the inductor and capacitor are measured individually.

L1 = 224.6 micro–H C1=0.98 mf
L2 = 4.337 m h C2=1.064 mf
When they are connected to a dc source of 12v

Series parallel
 Inductor capacitor inductor capacitor

Measured 4.465m-h 0.674m-f 207.4 micro-h 0.520m-f

Conclusion
In our lab experiments with RC and RL circuits, we explored their behavior
when configured in series and parallel setups, connected to a DC source.
The measurements of inductance and capacitance were conducted both
individually and in series and parallel configurations. The individual
measurements were:
 L1 = 224.6 μH
 L2 = 4.337 mH
 C1 = 0.98 mF
 C2 = 1.064 mF
When connected in series and parallel, the measured and calculated values
for resistance showed close consistency. This consistency demonstrates the
experimental setup's reliability and the components' accuracy. However,
minor differences between measured and calculated values could be
attributed to experimental errors or component tolerances.
Overall, the experiment confirmed that the inductance and capacitance
values change predictably according to the configuration (series or parallel),
aligning closely with theoretical calculations. This indicates a successful and
accurate measurement process. Minor discrepancies between theoretical and
measured values can be attributed to practical limitations and component
variations.