OBJECTIVE

In this world Mobile Phones and the related technologies are becoming more and more
prevalent. Various technical arenas in the field of Telecommunication and Embedded Systems
are becoming omnipresent in the people. The use of cell phones has rapidly increased over the
last decade and a half Upgradation in networking technologies has encouraged the development
and growth of very dense networks

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Notice boards are one of the widely used ones ranging from primary schools to major
organizations to convey messages at large. A lot of paper is been used and which is later wasted
by the organizations

ABSTARCT

This document deals with an innovative rather an interesting manner of intimating the message
to the people using a wireless electronic display board which is synchronized using the Bluetooth
technology. This will help us in passing any message almost immediately without any delay just
by sending a SMS which is better and more reliable than the old traditional way of passing the
message on notice board. This proposed technology can be used in colleges many public places,
malls or big buildings to enhance the security system and also make awareness of the emergency
situations and avoid many dangers. Using Bluetooth module display the message onto the
display board.
INTRODUCTION

Living in a digital era, we find the use of stereotype of information display a bit troublesome.
Therefore, through the development of this project we intend to display, control and operate the
information on a digital platform. Hence the information which is to be displayed is controlled
and given only through an authoritative user. Given such an idea, led us to develop a cheapest
possible digital display screen that functions on high-end wireless technology. The information
to be updated is simply controlled either from a mobile based app or through a flash memory.
The notice board includes the LED display board which uses a controller card (HD W 60) and
the accessories such as SMPS and sensors. The controller card consists of an inbuilt Wi-Fi
module which enables the wireless communication between the controller card and the mobile
phone. This process ensures the deduction of paperwork and manually posting the information
on the notice board. One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile
phone, also known as a cellular phone. These wireless phones use radio waves from
signaltransmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations
worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the
equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.

A. EARLIER METHODS AND DRAWBACKS: In GSM method of service we use mobile as

a client. It is easy to get started with and not much programming knowledge is needed, but
connecting to the internet for sharing the information is slightly difficult. Bluetooth is a wireless
means of communication and is developed for the replacement of cable. It has a frequency band
width of 2.4 GHz with a speed of 1MB/sec. Its range is about 10 meters only. Transferring speed
is slow and large amount of data cannot be transmitted. Zig-bee is an IEEE 802. 15. U - based
specification used for high level communication protocols used to create personal area network
with small and low power digital radios. It has a frequency bandwidth of 2.4 GHz. Its main use is
to monitor & control data. It has speed of 250 kbps. Transmission speed is very low and is about
250 kbps. Range of communication is very low and it does not connect to the internet. Ignoring
the above techniques employees a new technique in which we use “Wi-Fi”, Wireless Fidelity.
We use this method to overcome the drawbacks such as: Use of internet connection. Number of
complex connections from interfacing devices. Low range of communication. Low speed of
communication. High cost of wireless equipment.
LITERATURE REVIEW

IN “PRASAD P KULKARNI AND SHUBHAM V PATIL., “WIRELESS DIGITAL

ELECTRONIC NOTICE BOARD USING WI-FI”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 5 (APR
2018)” Now a day’s the notice board is used widely in extreme way. These notice boards can be
used in many places like educational institutions, stations etc to display notices or some
information to the people who need it. As the technology was increasing day by day, the use of it
was also increasing. So, traditional notice board can be replaced with digital notice board that
means the conversion of analog to digital systems including Wi-Fi systems. Since the whole
world is running out through internet, our project is mainly based on Wi-Fi module. By using a
website we can pass a message to a digital notice board in a wireless communication. To avoid
the use of manual work done by a separate person we are attempting to digitalize the
information. The main objective of our project is by sitting anywhere we can add or remove the
message that is to be displayed on the LED screen. In earlier days people used the paper as the
medium to convey any message and printed paper is used to display on a notice board. These
conventional notice boards are not so connected for the changes in the message which is to be
displayed. Also needs huge amount of time, resources and manpower. Notice boards are one
amongst the mainly used ones, which are ranging from primary schools to major organizations to
convey information. Individuals using these notice boards through wireless communication can
interconnect with people easily and it requires less amount of time. Wi-Fi network has been used
to give a wide area network that permits to transfer the information into text message through
LED display that acts as a notice board. The main purpose of this project is to develop a wireless
notice board that display message or the information sent from the user through a simple
interface and which displays it on LED screen. To originate a Wi-Fi driven automatic display
Board which can replace the presently used paper based notice board and conventional notice
boards. So this document gives us clear idea of how to change the contents of Digital display
using Wi-Fi. So for that we use some Embedded as well as communication idea and using
Arduino board we try to implement our system. 2. EXISTING SYSTEM In the current situation
the notice boards are being managed manually through a keyboard or any other devices. This is a
time taking task to put up notices on the notice board. This wastes a lot of resources like paper,
printer ink, man power and also time. The existing system is based on GSM technology so it
requires SIM card to send the messages on notice board. In the existing system is also holds
international roaming capability of GSM, so we can send message to receiver from anywhere of
the world and requires extra charges. The drawbacks of this type of systems are: as there is no
password any one can send the message to display and also when there is a network problem the
GSM doesn’t work.

IN “P.PREM KUMAR, A MEENACHI AND S KOWSALYA., “WIRELESS E-NOTICE

BOARD USING WI-FI AND BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY”, JOURNAL OF
NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, VOL 6 (APR
2016), ISSN: 2395-5317” This document deals with an innovative rather an interesting manner
of intimating the message to the people using a wireless electronic display board which is
synchronized using the WI-FI technology. This will help us in passing any message almost
immediately without any delay just by sending a SMS which is better and more reliable than the
old traditional way of passing the message on notice board. This proposed technology can be
used in colleges,many public places, malls or big buildings to enhance the security system and
also make awareness of the emergency situations and avoid many dangers. Using WI-FI module
and Bluetooth module display the message onto the display board In this world Mobile Phones
and the related technologies are becoming more and more prevalent. Various technical arenas in
the field of Telecommunication and Embedded Systems are becoming omnipresent in the people.
The use of cell phones has rapidly increased over the last decade and a half. Upgradation in
networking technologies has encouraged the development and growth of very dense networks.
Now-a-days the general mass prefer communicating while on the move therefore landlines usage
has been drastically reduced. Notice boards are one of the widely used ones ranging from
primary schools to major organizations to convey messages at large. A lot of paper is been used
and which is later wasted by the organizations. This in turn leads to a lot of deforestation thus
leading to global warming. Small innovative steps in making use of technology for regular
purposes would have an adverse effect on the environment issues which we are presently
concerned about. The main aim of this paper is to design a SMS driven automatic display Board
which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display and conventional notice
boards. It is proposed to design to receive message in display toolkit which can be used from an
authorized mobile phone. The whole process can be described from the transmitter and receiver
section. The WIFI/BLUETOOTH module receives a message from the authorized mobile phone
and the message is extracted by the microcontroller from the WIFI/BLUETOOTH module and is
displayed on the MATRIX display board. Serial to parallel communication is used for the entire
process from WIFI module to Microcontroller and from microcontroller to the matrix display.
And for the acknowledgement LCD display is used. This proposed system in this paper has many
upcoming applications in educational institutions and organizations, crime prevention, traffic
management, railways, advertisements etc. Been user friendly, long range and faster means of
conveying information are major bolsters for this application. By using this proposed
methodology we can enhance the security system and also make awareness of the emergency
situations and avoid many dangers. Intimating the message to the people using a wireless
electronic display board which is synchronized using the GSM technology. This will help us in
passing any message almost immediately without any delay just by sending a SMS which is
better and more reliable than the old traditional way of pasting the message on notice board. This
proposed technology can be used in many public places, malls or big buildings to enhance the
security system and also make awareness of the emergency situations and avoid many dangers.
Using various AT commands is used to display the message onto the display board. GSM
technology is used to control the display board and for conveying the information through a
message sent from authenticated user.

IN “S ARULMURUGAN, S ANITHA AND A PRIYANGA., “SMART ELECTRONIC

NOTICE BOARD USING WI-FI”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE
SCIENCE ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, VOL 3 (MAR 2016), ISSN 2348 – 7968.”
Notice boards are commonly used in variety of institutions which we come across in a daily
basis.In the present generation the advertisement notice boards are being managed manually.
This process is dificult to involved in order to put a notices on the notice board. This waste a lot
of things like paper printerink, manpower and also brings the loss of time.In this paper we have
proposed a system through wireless transmit notices on a notice board using Wi-fi.Wi-fi can pass
information for about 100meter distance Wi-fi data rate has 1 or 2 Mbps.It access numerous
point and to support network interfaces.It also makes the system compatable with more than one
wirelass technology.This paper describes the Wi-fi based LCD display In past years, the WI-FI
transceiver system has used from a many areas in terms of mobile phones ,personal
computers ,laptops are to be commonly used by the rich to something so it can be major used.it
already owns by many area networks are available. This is amazing when we look at the fact that
our country in a developing one with almost half our population living below the poverty line.
This continuously growing popularity of the WI-FI Connection has been used to the growth of
the country‟s area network infrastructure has dvelopped much more. The LCD used as to 20*4
the information are to be displayed.it specifies the characters and to display it whenever type to
show the text in to the user language. All major urban areas are currently covered by both WI-FI
network providers, and soon every single corner of the peoples has used in mobiles in a very
poor villages to call away. The method to need for constant communication with family and
friends, coupled with the relatively cheap method of sending short text messages to them, has
information a WI-FI revolution in the country. In fact, rarely will a used this method use his cell
phone to make a phone call, Preferring to anything and everything. All mobile phones has
available in WI-FI network. then WI-FI network has been used to provide wide area network
allows as to communicate with the information into text message through LCD display to move
the notice board .information can passing through for a specific service provide as chatting and
to transmit and receive the information .News/traffic reports, and downloading of ring tones for
their phones. These services all themselves with one or more network ranges providers will give
them a special code number that can receive and monitor the informations that their notice board
send to them.This many-to-one network of information transmission has become quite popular
and many a business has entered into this model with mixed results. However, as of this writing,
the vast majority of businesses that revolve around the WI-FI system have been targeted to
consumers. This paper aims to propose industrial applications that will utilize the distinct
advantages of the WI-FI.This system over other possible technologies in the industrial process.

IN “SMART NOTICE BOARD USING NODEMCU ESP8266” – Notices are very important
for any organization to sell their products. But we know that manual changing the notices day by
day is also a difficult task. We have seen digital notice boards in the airport, buses, railway
stations, etc. But with the Internet of things (IoT), we can revolutionize notice boards by making
them wireless Notice boards can be used anywhere and are very useful in hotels, malls, colleges,
offices to display messages, alerts, offers, etc. But it is a very tedious task to change the notice
every day by using IoT based notice board using NodeMCU we can remotely change the notice
using the web browser
IN “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN E-NOTICE BOARD USING A
NODEMCU” Wireless electronic notice boards are a faster alter-native to conventional pin-up
type notice boards. In this paper, the development of simple and low-cost Android based wireless
notice board is presented. A prism shaped device, having a portable circuit inside and an LCD
display outside, is a solution for displaying any messages or notices immediately. A user can
type a message in the app and the message will be displayed in the notice board instantly. It is a
convenient substitute for traditional noticeboard where written papers are pinned in a board.
Other than institutional purposes, the same technology can be used in traffic signals, railway
stations, bus stands, shopping malls and in every public place where people can get messages or
emergency alert. The wireless notice board display is configured using NodeMCU, 16x02 LCD
Display, I2C Adapter for 16x02 LCD Display, Buzzer, Mini Breadboard, Jumper Wires and
PVC Boards. As the electronic notice board is wireless so it minimizes the hassles of wires as
well as it is very easy to operate and consumes less power. Over the past few years, wireless
technology has a tremendous progress in every sector. As a means of communication, notice
board can be widely used in schools, colleges, universities, hospitals to major organizations [1].
Wireless notice boards tackle the global problem of deforestation by conveying messages at
large without the use of paper. The notice boards we usually see are fixed and to convey a
message it needs involvement of some additional people to do tasks like printing it in paper,
distributing those papers and attaching them in the board. So, it requires more effort as well as in
case of emergency manual notice board is time consuming and it also takes more space where we
hang the notice. To minimize the complexity, a wireless notice board display is proposed which
can instantly display any message or alert sent by a user without having assist of any additional
people [2]. The main objective of this system is to make it as simple and convenient as possible
for the user to access and update notice from anywhere and also save paper. In this paper,
wireless display technology is used to make the notice board portable and this important task is
getting done by I2C Adapter. The NodeMCU is programmed to receive the message coming
from the app and display it. And the buzzer is connected so that the user gets the confirmation
when the NodeMCU receives a message. All the components are assembled together in such a
way that the code make them work as a smart board. Notice boards are one of the widely used
ones ranging from primary schools to major organizations to convey messages at large. If we
want to share some information or emergency alert to people in that case notice board is very
effective but for that notice a lot of paper is being used and which is later wasted by the
organizations [12]. The process leads to a lot of deforestation thus leading to global warming [3].
The elderly system conveying important message in the notice board needs burdensome number
of attempts to transport information if the school, college, universities and other institutions are
distance-separated. Moreover, this method is defined as the dependable responsibility for myriad
staff to deliver the notice system which is determining as conversed to the one centralized
heading system. Adhering different notices every day is a troublesome procedure. In order to
keep away from a large portion of these disadvantages of this regular strategy, a great deal of
ways to deal with digitize the techniques have just been proposed and actualized such as Liquid
Crystal Displays (LCD) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) screens spreading over a specific area.
A couple of the pre-existing techniques incorporate the utilization of Global system for Mobile
Communication (GSM) network [4] systems with smaller scale microcontrollers for example
ATmega32 [4], GSM modem [9] with Short Messaging Service (SMS) for notice information [9]
and microcontrollers for example ARM-LPC2148 attached with visual representations[11]. The
structure proposed by Darshankumar C. Dalwadi.et al [4] and Yash Teckchandani.et al [9] either
figure out how to show a solitary notification message at a given time or just fit for sees which
are just textual in nature with a 160- character limit requirement forced by Short Messaging
Service (SMS) technique utilized for notice generation. As referenced in Yash Teckchandani.et
al [9], the technique utilized by Nivetha S. R.et al [11] utilizes a 16x2-character LCD which has
a perceivability disservice as the viewers required to close to the screen so as to peruse the
notification data being shown on the screen. All the above suggested and actualized systems
have some pivotal disadvantages or are not totally attainable in application with regards to
genuine execution. In that case, the implementation of this project can bring enormous change on
the environment issues as well as improving by utilizing technology. To implement this project
NodeMCU and an android application are must require connected via web server [7]. Various
types of notice boards are used in various institutes to display notices and these boards are
managed manually. It is a long process to put up notices on the notice board. This wastes a lot of
resources like paper, printer ink, man power and also loss of time [8]. Other notice boards are
LED indicator used at railway stations for displaying the information of arriving trains. But
LED’s are currently more expensive and requires heat sinking for long life. Some other types of
notice boards are notice displayed in buses and malls using LCD screen. These notices are
previously feed in the memory of the displaying unit and the notice cannot be change easily and
it is time consuming process [10]. To overcome the limitations of the state of art models, in this
project LCD display is used which is cheaper than LED indicator as well as it saves our valuable
time because it can also be changed anytime when the important message is needed to show in
the display.

EXISTING SYSTEM

We know the importance of notice boards in public places like railway stations, bus stations and
airports. But changing notices day-to-day is a difficult task. This article explains you how to
design a Wireless Electronic Notice Board using RF technology. The project displays the data on
LCD whatever we sent from the System.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Intimating the message to the people using a wireless electronic display board This in turn leads
to a lot of deforestation thus leading to global warming. Small innovative steps in making use of
technology for regular purposes would have an adverse effect on the environment issues which
we are presently concerned about. The main aim of this paper is to design a SMS driven
automatic display Board which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display
and conventional notice boards. It is proposed to design to receive message in display toolkit
which can be used from an authorized mobile phone. The whole process can be described from
the transmitter and receiver section

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Many embedded systems have substantially different design constraints than desktop
computing applications. No single characterization applies to the diverse spectrum of embedded
systems. However, some combination of cost pressure, long life-cycle, real-time requirements,
reliability requirements, and design culture dysfunction can make it difficult to be successful
applying traditional computer design methodologies and tools to embedded applications.
Embedded systems in many cases must be optimized for life-cycle and business-driven factors
rather than for maximum computing throughput. There is currently little tool support for
expanding embedded computer design to the scope of holistic embedded system design.
However, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches can set expectations
appropriately, identify risk areas to tool adopters, and suggest ways in which tool builders can
meet industrial needs. If we look around us, today we see numerous appliances which we use
daily, be it our refrigerator, the microwave oven, cars, PDAs etc. Most appliances today are
powered by something beneath the sheath that makes them do what they do. These are tiny
microprocessors, which respond to various keystrokes or inputs. These tiny microprocessors,
working on basic assembly languages, are the heart of the appliances. We call them embedded
systems. Of all the semiconductor industries, the embedded systems market place is the most
conservative, and engineering decisions here usually lean towards established, low risk solutions.
Welcome to the world of embedded systems, of computers that will not look like computers and
won’t function like anything we are familiar with.

2.1 CLASSIFICATION

Embedded systems are divided into autonomous, realtime, networked & mobile
categories.

Autonomous systems

They function in standalone mode. Many embedded systems used for process control in

manufacturing units& automobiles fall under this category.

Real-time embedded systems

These are required to carry out specific tasks in a specified amount of time. These systems

are extensively used to carry out time critical tasks in process control.

Networked embedded systems

 They monitor plant parameters such as temperature, pressure and humidity and send the

data over the network to a centralized system for on line monitoring.

Mobile gadgets

Mobile gadgets need to store databases locally in their memory. These gadgets imbibe

powerful computing & communication capabilities to perform realtime as well as nonrealtime

tasks and handle multimedia applications. The embedded system is a combination of computer

hardware, software, firmware and perhaps additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a

specific function. A good example is an automatic washing machine or a microwave oven. Such

a system is in direct contrast to a personal computer, which is not designed to do only a specific

task. But an embedded system is designed to do a specific task with in a given timeframe,

repeatedly, endlessly, with or without human interaction.

Hardware
 Good software design in embedded systems stems from a good understanding of the

hardware behind it. All embedded systems need a microprocessor, and the kinds of

microprocessors used in them are quite varied. A list of some of the common microprocessors

families are: ARM family, The Zilog Z8 family, Intel 8051/X86 family, Motorola 68K family

and the power PC family. For processing of information and execution of programs, embedded

system incorporates microprocessor or micro- controller. In an embedded system the

microprocessor is a part of final product and is not available for reprogramming to the end user.

An embedded system also needs memory for two purposes, to store its program and to store its

data. Unlike normal desktops in which data and programs are stored at the same place, embedded

systems store data and programs in different memories. This is simply because the embedded

system does not have a hard drive and the program must be stored in memory even when the

power is turned off. This type of memory is called ROM. Embedded applications commonly
employ a special type of ROM that can be programmed or reprogrammed with the help of

special devices.

2.2 OTHER COMMON PARTS FOUND ON MANY EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS
 UART& RS232
 PLD
 ASIC’s& FPGA’s
 Watch dog timer etc.

2.3 DESIGN PROCESS

Embedded system design is a quantitative job. The pillars of the system design
methodology are the separation between function and architecture, is an essential step from
conception to implementation. In recent past, the search and industrial community has paid
significant attention to the topic of hardware-software (HW/SW) codesign and has tackled the
problem of coordinating the design of the parts to be implemented as software and the parts to be
implemented as hardware avoiding the HW/SW integration problem marred the electronics
system industry so long. In any large scale embedded systems design methodology, concurrency
must be considered as a first class citizen at all levels of abstraction and in both hardware and
software. Formal models & transformations in system design are used so that verification and
synthesis can be applied to advantage in the design methodology. Simulation tools are used for
exploring the design space for validating the functional and timing behaviors of embedded
systems. Hardware can be simulated at different levels such as electrical circuits, logic gates,
RTL e.t.c. using VHDL description. In some environments software development tools can be
coupled with hardware simulators, while in others the software is executed on the simulated
hardware. The later approach is feasible only for small parts of embedded systems. Design of an
embedded system using Intel’s 80C188EB chip is shown in the figure. Inorder to reduce
complexity, the design process is divided in four major steps: specification, system synthesis,
implementation synthesis and performance evaluation of the prototype.
2.3.1 SPECIFICATION
During this part of the design process, the informal requirements of the analysis are
transformed to formal specification using SDL.

2.3.2 SYSTEM-SYNTHESIS
For performing an automatic HW/SW partitioning, the system synthesis step translates
the SDL specification to an internal system model switch contains problem graph& architecture
graph. After system synthesis, the resulting system model is translated back to SDL.

2.3.3 IMPLEMENTATION-SYNTHESIS
SDL specification is then translated into conventional implementation languages such as
VHDL for hardware modules and C for software parts of the system.

2.3.4 PROTOTYPING
On a prototyping platform, the implementation of the system under development is
executed with the software parts running on multiprocessor unit and the hardware part running
on a FPGA board known as phoenix, prototype hardware for Embedded Network Interconnect
Accelerators.

2.3.5 APPLICATIONS
Embedded systems are finding their way into robotic toys and electronic pets, intelligent
cars and remote controllable home appliances. All the major toy makers across the world have
been coming out with advanced interactive toys that can become our friends for life. ‘Furby’ and
‘AIBO’ are good examples at this kind. Furbies have a distinct life cycle just like human beings,
starting from being a baby and growing to an adult one. In AIBO first two letters stands for
Artificial Intelligence. Next two letters represents robot. The AIBO is robotic dog. Embedded
systems in cars also known as Telematic Systems are used to provide navigational security
communication & entertinment services using GPS, satellite. Home appliances are going the
embedded way. LG electronics digital DIOS refrigerator can be used for surfing the net,
checking e-mail, making video phone calls and watching TV.IBM is developing an air
conditioner that we can control over the net. Embedded systems cover such a broad range of
products that generalization is difficult. Here are some broad categories.
 Requirement
analysis

Specification

System
architecture

H/w design S/w design

H/w S/w
implementation implementation

H/w testing S/w testing

System integration

System validation

Operation
Maintenance
Evolution

Fig 2.1: Embedded Development Life Cycle

 Aerospace and defence electronics: Fire control, radar, robotics/sensors, sonar.

 Automotive: Autobody electronics, auto power train, auto safety, car information
systems.
 Broadcast & entertainment: Analog and digital sound products, camaras, DVDs, Set
top boxes, virtual reality systems, graphic products.
 Consumer/internet appliances: Business handheld computers, business network
computers/terminals, electronic books, internet smart handheld devices, PDAs.
 Data communications: Analog modems, ATM switches, cable modems, XDSL
modems, Ethernet switches, concentrators.
 Digital imaging: Copiers, digital still cameras, Fax machines, printers, scanners.
 Industrial measurement and control: Hydro electric utility research & management
traffic management systems, train marine vessel management systems.
 Medical electronics: Diagnostic devices, real time medical imaging systems, surgical
devices, critical care systems.
 Server I/O: Embedded servers, enterprise PC servers, PCI LAN/NIC controllers, RAID
devices, SCSI devices.
 Telecommunications: ATM communication products, base stations, networking
switches, SONET/SDH cross connect, multiplexer.
 Mobile data infrastructures: Mobile data terminals, pagers, VSATs, Wireless LANs,
Wireless phones.

CHAPTER 3
NODE-MCU
NODE MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module.[6]
[7] Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added

OVERVIEW:

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available.
The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit).[8]. The term "NodeMCU"
strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.[citation needed]

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson[10] and
SPIFFS.[11] Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their project and
build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP)
which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and
antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was
initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a
Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications

HISTORY:

NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systems[6] began production of the ESP8266.[12] NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong
committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub.[13] Two months later, the project expanded to
include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266
board, named devkit v0.9.[14] Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the
ESP8266 SoC platform,[15] and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to support
the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was made on
30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib[16] to the NodeMCU project,[17] enabling NodeMCU to
easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays. In the summer of 2015 the original creators
abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent contributors took over. By the summer of
2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40 different modules.

INTRODUCTION TO NODEMCU:

NodeMCU is an open source LUA based firmware developed for ESP8266 wifi chip. By exploring
functionality with ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with ESP8266 Development board/kit i.e.
NodeMCU Development board. Since NodeMCU is open source platform, their hardware design is open
for edit/modify/build. NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wifi enabled chip. The ESP8266 is a
low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For more information about
ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module. There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit
i.e. NodeMCU Development Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black colored PCB.

NodeMCU Development Kit/Board consist of ESP8266 wifi chip. ESP8266 chip has GPIO pins,
serial communication protocol, etc. features on it.

ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For
more information about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module.

The features of ESP8266 are extracted on NodeMCU Development board. NodeMCU

(LUA based firmware) with Development board/kit that consist of ESP8266 (wifi enabled chip)
chip combines NodeMCU Development board which make it stand-alone device in IoT
applications.

Let’s see 1st version of NodeMCU Dev Kit and its pinout as shown in below images.
NodeMCU Development Board v0.9 (Version1)
 NodeMCU Dev Kit v0.9(V1) Pinouts

2nd version of NodeMCU Dev Kit and its Pinout as shown in below images.
Amica NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0(Version2)
 NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0(V2) Pinouts

NodeMCU Dev Kit v1.0 pin descriptions

GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) Pins:

 NodeMCU has general purpose input output pins on its board as shown in above pinout
diagram. We can make it digital high/low and control things like LED or switch on it.
Also, we can generate PWM signal on these GPIO pins.

For more information about NodeMCU GPIO

For more information about NodeMCU PWM

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) channel (A0):

NodeMCU has one ADC channel/pin on its board.

For more information about NodeMCU ADC

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins:

NodeMCU based ESP8266 has Hardware SPI (HSPI) with four pins available for SPI
communication. It also has SPI pins for Quad-SPI communication. With this SPI interface,
we can connect any SPI enabled device with NodeMCU and make communication
possible with it.

For more information about NodeMCU SPI

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) Pins:

NodeMCU has I2C functionality support on ESP8266 GPIO pins. Due to internal
functionality on ESP-12E we cannot use all its GPIOs for I2C functionality. So, do tests
before using any GPIO for I2C applications.

For more information about NodeMCU I2C

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) Pins:

NodeMCU based ESP8266 has two UART interfaces, UART0 and UART1. Since UART0 (RXD0 &
TXD0) is used to upload firmware/codes to board, we can’t use them in applications while uploading
firmware/codes

CHAPTER 4
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)

Introduction:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of
a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the
liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The
liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the
other.

A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that
communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the contollers are
16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line
by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information.
LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are inexpensive, easy to use, and it is
even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7 dots plus cursor of the display. They have a
standard ASCII set of characters and mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display
available. Line lengths of
requires a +5V supply plus 10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data
8, 16,
bus it only requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines(RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4). When the LCD
20, 24,
display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the operation of the
32 and
microcontroller.
40
Features: charact

(1) Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. ers are

all
standar
d, in
one,
two
 (2) Display data RAM

(3) 80x8 bits (80 characters).

(4) Character generator ROM

(5). 160 different 5 7 dot-matrix character patterns.

(6). Character generator RAM

(7) 8 different user programmed 5 7 dot-matrix patterns.

(8).Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be

Accessed by the microprocessor.

(9) Numerous instructions

(10) .Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF,

Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift.

(11). Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON.

(12). Built-in oscillator.

Data can be placed at any location on the LCD. For 16×1 LCD, the address locations
are:
 Fig : Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD

Shapes and sizes:

Even limited to character based modules,there is still a wide variety of shapes and sizes
available. Line lenghs of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 charecters are all standard, in one, two and four
line versions.

Several different LC technologies exists. “supertwist” types, for example, offer Improved
contrast and viewing angle over the older “twisted nematic” types. Some modules are available
with back lighting, so so that they can be viewed in dimly-lit conditions. The back lighting may
be either “electro-luminescent”, requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or simple LED
illumination.

Electrical blockdiagram:
Power supply for lcd driving:

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).
 Fig: pin diagram of 1x16 lines lcd

CONTROL LINES:

EN:

Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set
the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely
ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD
datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS:

Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1),
the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For example, to display
the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.

RW:

Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data
bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or
reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are
write commands, so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected
by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Logic status on control lines:

• E - 0 Access to LCD disabled

- 1 Access to LCD enabled

• R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD

- 1 Reading data from LCD

• RS - 0 Instructions

- 1 Character

Writing data to the LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to low

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

Read data from data lines (if it is reading)on LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to high

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

4) Set E line to high

5) Set E line to low

Entering Text:

First, a little tip: it is manually a lot easier to enter characters and commands in
hexadecimal rather than binary (although, of course, you will need to translate commands from
binary couple of sub-miniature hexadecimal rotary switches is a simple matter, although a little bit
into hex so that you know which bits you are setting). Replacing the d.i.l. switch pack with a of
re-wiring is necessary.

The switches must be the type where On = 0, so that when they are turned to the zero
position, all four outputs are shorted to the common pin, and in position “F”, all four outputs are
open circuit.

All the available characters that are built into the module are shown in Table 3. Studying
the table, you will see that codes associated with the characters are quoted in binary and
hexadecimal, most significant bits (“left-hand” four bits) across the top, and least significant bits
(“right-hand” four bits) down the left.

Most of the characters conform to the ASCII standard, although the Japanese and Greek
characters (and a few other things) are obvious exceptions. Since these intelligent modules were
designed in the “Land of the Rising Sun,” it seems only fair that their Katakana phonetic symbols
should also be incorporated. The more extensive Kanji character set, which the Japanese share
with the Chinese, consisting of several thousand different characters, is not included!

Using the switches, of whatever type, and referring to Table 3, enter a few characters onto
the display, both letters and numbers. The RS switch (S10) must be “up” (logic 1) when sending
the characters, and switch E (S9) must be pressed for each of them. Thus the operational order is:
set RS high, enter character, trigger E, leave RS high, enter another character, trigger E, and so
on.

The first 16 codes in Table 3, 00000000 to 00001111, ($00 to $0F) refer to the CGRAM.
This is the Character Generator RAM (random access memory), which can be used to hold user-
defined graphics characters. This is where these modules really start to show their potential,
offering such capabilities as bar graphs, flashing symbols, even animated characters. Before the
user-defined characters are set up, these codes will just bring up strange looking symbols.

Codes 00010000 to 00011111 ($10 to $1F) are not used and just display blank characters.
ASCII codes “proper” start at 00100000 ($20) and end with 01111111 ($7F). Codes 10000000 to
10011111 ($80 to $9F) are not used, and 10100000 to 11011111 ($A0 to $DF) are the Japanese
characters.
Initialization by Instructions:
 If the power conditions for the normal operation of the internal reset circuit
are not satisfied, then executing a series of instructions must initialize LCD unit. The
procedure for this initialization process is as above show.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

Introduction:

Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power
supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often
to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or

secondary sources of energy such as

 Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically
involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic
devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the
devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
 Batteries.
 Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.
 Solar power.
 Generators or alternators.
Block Diagram:

Fig .Regulated Power Supply

The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led
connected as load is shown in fig:

Fig Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection

The components mainly used in above figure are

 230V AC MAINS
  TRANSFORMER
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
 CAPACITOR
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)
 RESISTOR
 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as follows:

Step 1: Transformation: The process of transforming energy from one device to another is
called transformation. For transforming energy we use transformers.

Transformers:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape as a bar
magnet.

If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the
current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.

If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in,
the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage is
induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen 50 times a second.
This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer.
 The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING; the output coil is the
SECONDARY WINDING. Fig: 3.3.4 shows step-down transformer.

Fig 3.3.3: Step-Down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.

For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns; the secondary will have
half the primary voltage.

Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has 500 turns,
then the turn’s ratio is 10:1.

If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller
= 24 volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal the
power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected across a 24 volt
secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts.

To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on
a metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into this
core, the core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up from metal sheets insulated from
each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron dust core or no core at all.
 Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing
current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there would be
no induction.

Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary.

This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the mains
supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for IMPEDANCE
MATCHING.

We can use the transformers as step up or step down.

Step Up transformer:

In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to

secondary winding.

Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy, and it
releases more voltage at the output side.

Step down transformer:

Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the
secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of that it
accepts less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.

Battery power supply:

A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional
line-operated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A battery consists of
multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage desired. Fig: 3.3.4 shows Hi-
Watt 9V battery
 Fig : Hi-Watt 9V Battery

The most commonly used dry-cell battery is the carbon-zinc dry cell battery. Dry-
cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a layer of electrolyte paste, and a zinc plate
alternately until the desired total voltage is achieved. The most common dry-cell batteries have
one of the following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and 90. During the discharge of a carbon-
zinc battery, the zinc metal is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium dioxide
is reduced at the carbon electrode. These actions establish a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.

The lead-acid storage battery may be used. This battery is rechargeable; it consists
of lead and lead/dioxide electrodes which are immersed in sulfuric acid. When fully charged, this
type of battery has a 2.06-2.14 V potential (A 12 volt car battery uses 6 cells in series). During
discharge, the lead is converted to lead sulfate and the sulfuric acid is converted to water. When
the battery is charging, the lead sulfate is converted back to lead and lead dioxide A nickel-
cadmium battery has become more popular in recent years. This battery cell is completely sealed
and rechargeable. The electrolyte is not involved in the electrode reaction, making the voltage
constant over the span of the batteries long service life. During the charging process, nickel
oxide is oxidized to its higher oxidation state and cadmium oxide is reduced. The nickel-
cadmium batteries have many benefits. They can be stored both charged and uncharged. They
have a long service life, high current availabilities, constant voltage, and the ability to be
recharged. Fig: 3.3.5 shows pencil battery of 1.5V.
Fig : Pencil Battery of 1.5V

Step 2: Rectification

The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is

called as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

Rectifiers:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct

current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid-
state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.

A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is

known as an inverter.

When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely
one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC.
Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently
converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon
semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks
were used.
Bridge full wave rectifier:

The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in figure, which converts an ac voltage to dc

voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the
figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to
the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other
two ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with
the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the
load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous
half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input Output

Fig : Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes

DB107:
 Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our
project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier.

Features:

 Good for automation insertion

 Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak
 Ideal for printed circuit board
 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
 Glass passivated device
 Polarity symbols molded on body
 Mounting position: Any
 Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig : DB107

Step 3: Filtration

The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current using
filters is called as filtration.

Filters:

Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing

functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance
wanted ones.

Introduction to Capacitors:
 The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and
one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential (static
voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates
that are not connected but are electrically separated either by air or by an insulating material
called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these plates, a current flows charging up the
plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and the other plate an equal and opposite
negative charge. This flow of electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and
continues to flow until the voltage across the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the
applied voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is said to be fully charged and this is illustrated
below.

Fig:Construction Of a Capacitor Fig :Electrolytic Capaticor

Units of Capacitance:

Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F

Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F

Operation of Capacitor:
 Think of water flowing through a pipe. If we imagine a capacitor as being a
storage tank with an inlet and an outlet pipe, it is possible to show approximately how an
electronic capacitor works.

First, let's consider the case of a "coupling capacitor" where the capacitor is used
to connect a signal from one part of a circuit to another but without allowing any direct current to
flow.

If the current flow is alternating between zero and a

maximum, our "storage tank" capacitor will allow the
current waves to pass through.

However, if there is a steady current, only the initial short

burst will flow until the "floating ball valve" closes and
stops further flow.

So a coupling capacitor allows "alternating current" to pass through because the ball
valve doesn't get a chance to close as the waves go up and down. However, a steady current
quickly fills the tank so that all flow stops.

A capacitor will pass alternating current but (apart from an initial surge) it will not
pass d.c.
 Where a capacitor is used to decouple a circuit, the effect is
to "smooth out ripples". Any ripples, waves or pulses of
current are passed to ground while d.c. Flows smoothly.

Step 4: Regulation

The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is

called as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.

Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to
be a simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input
voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in a variety
of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage regulators are
designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative input, the LM79XX series is
used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’ resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator
circuit.

It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot use a
12V regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These can
withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the
regulator will cut off before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to apply
reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3.3.10
shows voltage regulator.
Fig : Voltage Regulator

Resistors:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient,
noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power
dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied
voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as Voltage dividers,
to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in combination of other
components. Basic unit is ohms.

Theory of operation:
 Ohm's law:

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's

law:

V = IR

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).

Power dissipation:

The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor

network) is calculated using the following:
Fig : Resistor Fig : Color Bands In Resistor

LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions
are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
The internal structure and parts of a led are shown below.
 Fig : Inside a LED Fig : Parts of a LED

Working:

The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting semiconductor
material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for
general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in
automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has
allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of
led are shown in fig:

Fig : Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources:

 High-levels of brightness and intensity

 High-efficiency
 Low-voltage and current requirements
 Low radiated heat
 High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)
 No UV Rays
 Long source life
 Can be easily controlled and programmed

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

 Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
 Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these
objects.
  Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the
human visual system.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Getting Started with NodeMCU using Arduino IDE

Introduction
NodeMCU is Lua based firmware of ESP8266. Generally, ESPlorer IDE is referred for writing
Lua scripts for NodeMCU. It requires to get familiar with ESPlorer IDE and Lua scripting
language.

There is another way of developing NodeMCU with a well-known IDE i.e. Arduino IDE. We
can also develop NodeMCU applications using Arduino development environment. This makes
things easy for Arduino developers than learning new language and IDE for NodeMCU.

Let’s see about setting up Arduino IDE with NodeMCU.

First Download Arduino IDE (version 1.6+) https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

 Open Arduino IDE and Go to File -> Preference.

 Now on Preference window, Enter below link in Additional Boards Manager URLs

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
 Now close Preference window and go to Tools -> Board -> Boards Manager

 In Boards Manager window, Type esp in the search box, esp8266 will be listed there below. Now
select latest version of board and click on install.
 After installation of the board is complete, open Tools->Board->and select NodeMCU 1.0(ESP-
12E Module).
  Now Your Arduino IDE is ready for NodeMCU

Example

Let’s see how to write simple serial print sketch using Arduino IDE for NodeMCU.

First connect NodeMCU Development Kit with PC as shown in below figure.

NodeMCU connection with PC

 After setting up Arduino IDE for NodeMCU, open Arduino IDE and write simple sketch of serial
print as shown in below figure.

Arduino Sketch
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); /* initialise serial communication */
}

void loop()
{
Serial.println("EdugeneTechnologies"); /* print Electronic Wings at new line per second */
delay(1000);
}

 Ensure that you have selected the correct board as shown in below figure. Also make sure that
you have selected the appropriate COM port.

 Now compile & upload the written sketch directly to the NodeMCU Dev Kit by clicking on upload
button.

CONCLUSION
By using the concept of this technology in the field of wireless communication we can make our
communication more efficient, faster and we can display the messages with less error. The
controller card used in this project completely relies on the function of Wi-Fi module. In the near
future it is even possible to access the messages and information from the internet. Sensor
information stored on the cloud can also be accessed through further developments. These
display boards are very useful in busy places such as educational institutions, airports, railway
stations, high-tech restaurants and so on.

REFERENCES
[1]. Prasad P Kulkarni and Shubham V Patil., “Wireless Digital Electronic Notice Board Using
Wi-Fi”, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology, vol 5
(Apr 2018).

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