EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Title - Structure & Functionality Of 8051 Microcontroller.

Abstract : The Intel 8051 is a very one kind of integrated circuit that
popular general purpose includes 40-pins with dual inline
microcontroller widely used for small package or DIP, RAM-128 bytes,
scale embedded systems. Many ROM-4kb & 16-bit timers–2. Based
vendors such as Atmel, Philips, and on the requirement, it includes
Texas Instruments produce MCS-51 addressable & programmable 4 –
family microcontroller chips. The parallel 8-bit ports. In the 8051
8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with microcontroller architecture, the
an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit system bus plays a key role to
address bus. The 16-bit address bus connect all the devices to the central
can address a 64K (216) byte code processing unit. This bus includes a
memory space and a separate 64K data bus- an 8-bit, an address bus-
byte data memory space. The 8051 16-bit & bus control signals. Other
has 4K on-chip read-only code devices can also be interfaced
memory, and 128 bytes of internal throughout the system bus like
Random Access Memory (RAM) ports, memory, interrupt control,
organized in Harvard Architecture, serial interface, the CPU,
the details of which will be discussed timers.There are two buses in 8051
in the memory section. The 8051 has Microcontroller one for the program
two timers/counters, a serial port, 4 and another for data. As a result, it
general purpose parallel has two storage rooms for both
input/output ports, and interrupt programs and data of 64K by 8 sizes.
control logic with five sources of The microcontroller comprises of 8-
interrupts. Besides internal RAM, the bit accumulator & an 8-bit
8051 has various Special Function processing unit. It also consists of 8
Registers (SFR) such as the bit B register as majorly functioning
accumulator, the B register, and blocks and 8051 microcontroller
many other control registers. programming is done with
embedded C language using Keil
Introduction :- The microcontroller software. It also has several other 8
like 8051 was designed in the year bit and 16-bit registers.
1981 by Intel. The microcontroller is
 8051 Microcontroller (RAM) for storing data that is used
Architecture :- by the program instructions during
runtime.
The 8051 Microcontroller
Architecture consists of the  Input/Output Ports: They have
following major components: four 8-bit input/output (I/O) ports
that can be configured as either
 Interrupt control: It supports five input or output.
interrupt sources, which can
interrupt the normal program  Timers and Counters: They
execution to handle specific have two 16-bit timers/counters
events. that can be used for a variety of
tasks such as measuring time
 Central Processing Unit intervals, generating PWM
(CPU): This is the brain of the signals, and counting external
microcontroller, which is events.
responsible for executing
instructions and performing  Serial Communication
arithmetic and logical operations. Interface(SCI): It has a built-in
The 8051 CPU consists of an serial port that can be used for
ALU, accumulator, registers, and asynchronous serial
a program counter. communication.

 Oscillator: It requires an external 8051 Pin Diagram :-

oscillator to provide a clock signal The 8051 microcontroller has a
to the microcontroller total of 40 pins arranged in four
 Bus control: The 8051 groups, namely Port 0, Port 1,
microcontroller includes a bus Port 2, and Port 3. Here’s a brief
controller that manages data explanation of each group:
transfer between the CPU and
peripheral devices, such as  Port 0: Pins 32-39 are designated
memory or input/output devices. as Port 0 and are used for both
input and output operations. Port
 4k byte ROM: The 8051 0 can also be used for external
microcontroller architecture memory interfacing.
includes a 4 kilobyte (4k) read-
only memory (ROM) for storing  Port 1: Pins 1-8 are designated
the program instructions that are as Port 1 and are used for both
executed by the CPU. input and output operations. Port
1 also has built-in pull-up resistors
 128-byte RAM: The 8051 that can be activated by writing a
microcontroller also has a 128- 1 to the corresponding bit.
byte random-access memory
 Port 2: Pins 21-28 are designated  PSEN: This pin is used as the
as Port 2 and are used for both Program Store Enable signal and
input and output operations. Port is used to select the external
2 can also be used for external ROM for program execution.
memory interfacing, and some of
its pins have alternate functions,  EA: This pin is used to
such as being used as a serial enable/disable external memory
communication interface. interfacing. If this pin is connected
to Vcc, the microcontroller will
 Port 3: Pins 10-17 are designated fetch the program from the
as Port 3 and are used for both external memory. if it is connected
input and output operations. Port to GND, the microcontroller will
3 can also be used for external fetch the program from the
memory interfacing, and some of internal ROM.
its pins have alternate functions,
such as being used as a
timer/counter input.
 Vcc: This pin is used to supply
power to the microcontroller and
is typically connected to a +5V
power source.
 GND: This pin is used as the
ground reference for the
microcontroller and is typically
connected to the ground.
 XTAL1 and XTAL2: These pins
are used to connect an external
crystal oscillator that provides the
clock signal for the Application for 8051
microcontroller. Microcontroller Architecture
 Reset: This pin is used to reset :-The 8051 microcontroller
the microcontroller and is typically architecture has various
connected to a push-button applications, including:
switch.
 It is commonly used in embedded
 ALE: This pin is used as the systems, such as in home
Address Latch Enable signal and appliances, security systems, and
is used to latch the address from industrial automation systems.
the program counter onto the
external memory bus.
 This is used in automotive management and event counting,
applications, such as in engine two 16-bit timers are included, and
control units, airbag control units, a 64-byte bus extension control
and anti-lock braking systems. makes it easier to connect to
 It is used in medical devices, such additional peripherals and memory.
as heart rate monitors, blood The programmable serial port, with
pressure monitors, and insulin its full-duplex UART, guarantees
pumps. effective serial connection, while the
programmable I/O ports provide
 It is used in robotics applications, versatility in integrating with
such as in controlling robot arms different devices. The synchronous
and movements. shifter improves data transfer
 They are used in various consumer operations’ precision.
electronics products, such as in
Reference :-
remote controls, digital cameras,
and smart home devices. 1. Embedded Systems –
 This is used in communication Architecture, Programming and
systems, such as modems, routers, design, Raj Kamal, McGraw Hill
and switches. Education, 2017

 These are used in security systems, 2. Embedded System Design: A

such as access control systems and unified Hardware/ Software
alarm systems. introduction, Tony Givargis and

Conclusion :- An extremely Frank Vahid, Wiley 2006

reliable and flexible part that is 3. Design with PIC Microcontrollers
frequently utilized in embedded , J. B. Peatman, Pearson India,2008
systems is the 8051 microcontroller. 4. Microcontrollers (Theory and
Its extensive design consists of 128 Applications) – A. V. Deshmukh,
bytes of RAM for short-term data TMH Education Private
storage, 4096 bytes of program Limited, 2017.
memory for code storage, and an
oscillator and timing circuit for
synchronization. For accurate time