SAT

MATH BOOK
2024
 Math Book 2024
Student Response Sheet

(2024)
Module I : Prerequisite

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 2 : Linear Functions

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

Module 3 : System of Equations (2024)

Class Assignment

Home Assignment
 (2024)
Module 4 :Arithmetic

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 5 : Statistics

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 6 : Research Studies

Class Assignment

Home Assignment
 (2024)
Module 7 : Polynomials - I

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 8 : Polynomials - 11

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 9 : Exponential Functions
Class Assignment

Home Assignment
 (2024)
Module IO : Quadratic Equations

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module I I : Parabolas

Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 12 :Transformations of Graphs

Class Assignment

Home Assignment
 (2024)
Module 13 : Geometry - I
(Lines,Triangles)
Class Assignment

Home Assignment

(2024)
Module 14 : Geometry - 11
(Circles Polygons, Surface Areas and Volumes)
Class Assignment

Home Assignment
 Contents
Module No. Name Page No.

Module 1 Prerequisites 2-9

Module 2 Linear Equations 10-24

Module 3 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 25-37

Module 4 Arithmetic 38-45

Module 5 Statistics 46-60

Module 6 Research Methodology 61-70

Module 7 Polynomials-I 71-82

Module 8 Polynomials-II 83-93

Module 9 Exponential Functions 94-104

Module 10 Quadratic Equations 105-118

Module 11 Parabolas 119-129

Module 12 Transformations of graphs 130-137

Module 13 Geometry-I 138-152

Module 14 Geometry-II 153-171

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 Module1: Prerequisites
Skills to be tested:
1. Exponent Rules
2. Solving Linear Equations
3. Equations with More than One Variable
4. Rounding off and truncation

1. Exponent Rules

Real Numbers and their Subsets

A real number is any number that can be located on a ruler-like number line. The set of
real numbers includes whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational
numbers.

Constants and Variables

A constant is a quantity that always has a fixed value. A variable is a quantity that can
change in value. A number that multiplies a variable is called its coefficient.

Product and Factors

When two or more quantities are multiplied together, the answer is called the product.
Each of the quantities being multiplied together is called a factor of that product (Ex.
2 × 3 × 4 = 24, the numbers 2, 3, and 4 are each factor of the 24.)

Exponent Rules
(a) 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥
(b) x 0 = 1
(c) 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ⋅ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
(d) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛

(e) (x m )n = x mn
(f) (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑚𝑚 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚

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 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
(g) �𝑦𝑦� = 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚
1
(h) x −m = xm
𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
(i) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = √𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 = ( √𝑥𝑥)𝑎𝑎

Examples
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −2
1. Simplify and solve : 𝑥𝑥 −4 𝑦𝑦 3𝑧𝑧 −7

𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −2 𝑥𝑥 3 ⋅𝑥𝑥 4 ⋅𝑧𝑧 7 𝒙𝒙𝟕𝟕 𝒛𝒛𝟕𝟕

Sol. :
𝑥𝑥 −4 𝑦𝑦 3 𝑧𝑧 −7
→ 𝑦𝑦 3 ⋅𝑦𝑦 2
→ 𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓

2. If 4√3 = √3𝑥𝑥, what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 ?

(a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 48

Sol. : Moving the 4 back inside, we get

4√3 = √3.4 ⋅ 4 = √48

Now equating the stuff inside the square roots,

√48 = √3𝑥𝑥
48 = 3𝑥𝑥
16 = 𝑥𝑥

The correct choice is (c).

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2. Linear Equations in One variable

Linear Equations in One Variable:

Standard form: ax + b = 0, where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0.
The solution set to an equation is the value(s) of the variable that makes the equation true. The
solution to 2x = 10 is x = 5, because 2(5) = 10.

To solve equations,

 Perform the inverse operation to isolate the variable (get the variable alone) on one side of the
equation and the constant on the other side. The resulting equation has the form, variable =
constant, as in 𝑥𝑥 = 5.

The inverse of addition is subtraction and the inverse of multiplication is division.

Examples
r 4s
1. If = 6, what is the value of ?
s r

r s 1
Sol. : If = 6, then inverting both sides gives = :
s r 6

4𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 1 4 2
= 4� � = 4� � = =
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 6 6 3

2. If 2𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 18, what is the value of 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 ?

(a) 15
(b) 18
(c) 27
(d) 28

Sol. : Rather than first solving the equation for y, solve for the quantity asked for directly. To get 2y + 3
from 2𝑥𝑥 − 7, add 10 to both sides of the equation:
The correct choice is (d).

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3. Equations with More Than One Variable
An equation that has more than one letter can have many different numerical solutions. For
example, in the equation 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 8. If 𝑥𝑥 = 1, then 𝑥𝑥 = 7; if 𝑥𝑥 = 2, then 𝑥𝑥 = 6, since the value of 𝑥𝑥
depends on the value of 𝑥𝑥, and 𝑥𝑥 may be any real number, the equation 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 8 has infinitely
many solutions.

Examples
1. If 3𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = 12, what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6 ?

Sol. : Solve the given equation for 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6 :

3𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 12
+ =
3 3 3

Evaluate the required expression by replacing 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 with 4. The value of 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 6 is -2 .

2. A store offers a sale on 𝑡𝑡-shirts. The first shirt bought cost $10 but each additional shirt costs $5. If
Lana buys x shirts, which of the following equations models the total cost of the shirts?
(a) 𝑐𝑐 = 10 + 5x
(b) 𝑐𝑐 = 10𝑥𝑥 + 5
(c) 𝑐𝑐 = 10𝑥𝑥 + 4
(d) 𝑐𝑐 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 5

Sol. : If the first shirt costs $10 and each additional shirt costs $5, then when 𝑥𝑥 shirts are purchased, (𝑥𝑥 −
1) of them (1 less than the total number of shirts) cost $5 each. Thus, the total cost for 𝑥𝑥 shirts is
10 + 5 (𝑥𝑥 − 1) ⋅ 10 + 5(𝑥𝑥 − 1) is not a choice, but its equivalent can be found using the distributive
property. 10 + 5(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 10 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 5 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 5. Choice (𝒅𝒅) is correct.

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4. Rounding-Off and Truncation
Concept of Rounding-Off Numbers
Rounding-off and truncating numbers is a common practice in SAT.
To understand the rounding-off concept, it's important to understand the place value chart given
below:

Basic Rounding off rule:

 If the digit to the right is less than 5, we do not change the rounding digit. However, all the digits to
the right of the rounding digit are changed to 0.

 If the digit to the right is 5 or more than 5, we increase the rounding digit by 1, and all the digits to
the right of the rounding digit are changed to 0.

Examples
1. To round off the number 4567

 Rounding Numbers to the Nearest Ten

Rounding numbers to the nearest tens means we need to check the digit to the right of the tens
place, that is the ones place. For example, when we round the number 4567 to the nearest ten, it
becomes 4570.

 Rounding Numbers to the Nearest Hundred

Rounding numbers to the nearest hundred means we need to check the digit to the right of the
hundreds place, that is, the tens place. For example, when 4567 is rounded to the nearest hundred,
it becomes 4600.

2. To round off 246.789

Rounding to the nearest tenth [Means to retain only the first place to the right of decimal]. As the
tenth is the first place to the right of the decimal which is 7 right now, so we'll look at the digit to the
right side of 7 (hundredth's place), since this value is 8, so we'll round up 7 to form 8.
So, 246.789 becomes 246.8
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Class Assignment - I

1. If 𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏4 = 5 and 𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏3 = 7, what is the value of 𝑎𝑎7 𝑏𝑏7 ? [Student Produced Response]

2. If 5x+3 − 5x+2 = k(5x+1 ), what is the value of k ?

(a) 5
(b) 25
(c) 24
(d) 20

5(t−1) 1
3. If t + 1 = , then =
3 t
1
(a)
4
3
(b)
8

(c) 2
8
(d)
3

5(p − 1) + 6 7 − (3 − 2p)
=
8 12

4. In the equation above, what is the value of p? [Student Produced Response]

2𝑥𝑥+𝑡𝑡
5. If 𝑠𝑠 = , then 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟−𝑡𝑡
(a) 2
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟+1
(b)
2

(c) 2rs − t
(d) rs − 2t

6. If 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥) = 60 and 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 = 10, what is the value of 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 ? [Student Produced Response]

Class Assignment – 1 (Optional)

5 8
7. The expression 5 √35 𝑥𝑥 45 ⋅ √38 𝑥𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏 , where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are positive constants and 𝑥𝑥 >
1. What is the value of 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 ? [Student Produced Response]

4𝑎𝑎
8. If 2𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏 = 4, what is the value of 2𝑏𝑏 ?

(a) 16
(b) -16
1
(c) 16
−1
(d)
16
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Home Assignment – 1 (Optional)
1. If 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are positive even integers, which of the following is greatest?
(a) (−4𝑝𝑝)𝑞𝑞
(b) (−4p)2q
(c) (4p)q
(d) 4p2q

2. If �x√x = x m , then what is the value of m ? [Student Produced Response]

3. Three times the sum of a number and four is equal to five times the number, decreased by two. If x
represents the number, which equation is a correct translation of the statement?
(a) 3(x + 4) = 5x − 2
(b) 3(x + 4) = 5(x − 2)
(c) 3x + 4 = 5x − 2
(d) 3x + 4 = 5(x − 2)

4. Last month, Jack, Paul, and Taylor received a total of 644 emails. If Jack received 30% more emails
than the sum of the number of emails received by Paul and Taylor, how many emails did Jack
receive? [Student Produced Response]

5. If x ac ⋅ x bc = x 30 , x > 1, a + b = 5, what is the value of c ?

(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 10

6. Which of the following is equivalent to the expression given below:

4xy 7x
⋅ =
14(y + 1) 16y
11x2 y
(a) 30y2 +30y

x2
(b)
8y+8

x2
(c) 8y
x
(d) 8

v = 331.5 + 0.6t

7. The formula for the speed of sound, v, in air is modeled by the equation above, where t is the
temperature in degrees Celsius. If the speed is 500 metres per second, what is the value of the
temperature? [Student Produced Response]
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 x x
8. If 2(y + 1) = + 2, what is the value of ? [Student Produced Response]
3 y

9. What is the number obtained when 0.0018 is added to 0.00029. [Student Produced Response]

10. What is the number obtained when 21.0538 is rounded off to the nearest thousandth.

(a) 021
(b) 21.054
(c) 21.053
(d) 21.00

Home Assignment – I (Optional)

𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = 8
11.
2𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 9
The solution to the system of equations given above is (5,1), where aand b are constants, then find
the value of 2(a − b).
(a) 2
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 12

2x + 7y = 11
12.
6x + 21y = 33
For each real number r, which of the following points lies on the graph of each equation in the xy-
plane for the given system?
r r
(a) � + 11, − + 33�
2 2
7𝑟𝑟 11
(b) �− + , 𝑟𝑟�
2 2
2𝑟𝑟 11
(c) �𝑟𝑟, + �
7 7
7𝑟𝑟 11
(d) �𝑟𝑟, − 2
−
7
�

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 Module 2: Linear Equations
Skills to be tested:
1. Slope intercept forms
2. Interpretation of Parameters
3. General form of lines
4. Simultaneous Linear Equations

1. Slope Intercept Form

The slope intercept form of a linear equation is given as: = + , where is the
slope / gradient of the line and c is the y-intercept.

𝑦𝑦 −𝑦𝑦
Slope (m)= 𝑥𝑥2−𝑥𝑥
2

y −intercept (c) is the value of y when x = 0

1. Slopes of two parallel lines are always equal to each other, 1 = 2

2. Slopes of two lines that are perpendicular to each other, are negative reciprocals of each
other, 1. 2 = −1.
𝑥𝑥 +𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦 +𝑦𝑦2
3. Midpoint Formula: 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 = , here (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥) is the coordinates of the
2 2

midpoint of the segment connection (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥1 ) and (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥2 ).

4. Distance Formula: = �(𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 + (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2

Examples

1. A line in the xy-plane meets the 𝑥𝑥-axis at 1 and has a slope of -2. Which of the following
points lies on the line?
(a) (0, −1)
(b) (3,0)
(c) (0,2)
(d) (1, −2)

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Sol. : 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏
0 = −2 × 1 + 𝑏𝑏
0 = −2 + 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 = 2
𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 2

Now, plug in the answer options to find what fits.

(a) −1 = −2 × 0 + 2

−1 = 2

This option does not belong on the given line

(b) 0 = −2 × 3 + 2

0 = −6 + 2 = −4

This option does not belong on the given line.

(c) 2 = −2 × 0 + 2

2=2

This option belongs on the given line.

(d) −2 = −2 × 1 + 2

−2 = −2 + 2

−2 = 0

This option does not belong on the given line.

So the correct choice is (c)

2. A line passes through (4, ), ( , 9) and (0,0). If > 0, what is the value of ?

Sol. : Find the slope in terms of k with the first set of coordinates including k.

k−0 k
=
4−0 4

Find the slope in terms of k with the second set of coordinates including k.

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 9−0 9
=
k−0 k

Since the slope is equal to both 4 and , set these expressions equal to each other to find

k.

k 9
=
4 k
k = 6 or − 6

Since k > 0, = .

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2. Interpretation of parameters

1. Slope of a line is equal to the change in y-value when x increments by 1.

2. X-intercept: The value of x when y = 0.
3. Y-intercept: The value of y when x = 0.
4. Positive Slopes: The 𝑥𝑥-value of a line with a positive slope increases as the 𝑥𝑥-value
increases and decreases as x decreases.
5. Negative Slopes: The 𝑥𝑥-value of the line with a negative slope decreases as the x value
increases and increases as x decreases.
6. Zero Slopes: When y equals a constant, the line is horizontal and has a slope of 0 . (Line
parallel to x axis)
7. Undefined Slopes: When x equals a constant, the line is vertical and has an undefined
slope. (Line parallel to y axis)

Examples

1. Jack is assigned a certain number of printers that need repair per week. The equation is:

P = 20 − 4 d

where P = number of printers left for repair (from the week's allotment) at the end of
each day and d = number of days he has worked that week. In the equation above,
explain the meaning of the value 20.
(a) Jack repairs printers at a rate of 20 per day.
(b) Jack will complete the repairs within 20 days.
(c) Jack repairs printers at a rate of 20 per hour.
(d) Jack starts each week with the goal of repairing 20 printers by week's end.

Sol. : (a) As 20 is the value of P when d=0, so option (d) is correct. Option (a) is incorrect as the
number of printers reduce by 4 each day, so printers are repaired at a rate of 4 per day.
The total number of days required will be 20/4=5, and not 20 days, so option (b) is
incorrect. Hours are not mentioned in the model, so option (c) is incorrect

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2. Seven biologists are working in a lab, and each one can inject one rat with a hormone per
minute. Which of the following equations could be used to model the number of rats, y,
still waiting to be injected after x minutes if the biologist wants to inject a total of 250 rats
in her study?

(a) y = 7x + 250

(b) y = 7x − 250

(c) 7x + y = 250

(d) 7y + x = 250

Sol. : At zero minutes, there will be 250 rats waiting to be injected. Every minute after that,
7rats will receive the hormone injection. So we can write the following equation 250 −
7x =y. Just add 7x to each side250 = y + 7x. The correct option is ( ).

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3. General Equation of Line

The general equation of a straight line is given as: 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 are constants.

𝑎𝑎
Slope of general form of line is given by the formula: 𝑝𝑝 = − 𝑏𝑏

Consider an equation : 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = 6

2
Slope = − 3

x-intercept= (3,0)
y-intercept= (0,2)

Examples

𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥)

0 -2

3 9

6 20

1. Some values of the linear function (𝑥𝑥) are shown in the table above. Which of the
following defines (𝑥𝑥) ?

(a) 3y − 10x = −6
(b) 3𝑥𝑥 − 11𝑥𝑥 = −6
(c) 𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 = 2
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥

Sol. : Since, the y-intercept is -2, so we can eliminate options (d) and (c). As the slope of the
11
required line is 3
so, we can eliminate option (a). The correct answer is option (b).

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2.

The graph of a linear equation is shown in the diagram above. Which of the following is
the equation of the line in standard form?
(a) 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 = −4
(b) 4𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = −4
(c) 3𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 = −4
(d) 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑥 = −4

Sol. : We first look at x and y intercepts of the line: as the y intercept is negative, so using x = 0,
we can check that option (a) and (c) will result in positive y-intercepts. So, these can be
eliminated.

As the slope = rise over run, we see that rise is 6 units (−4 to 2 on y-axis) and run is 8 units
(−4 to 4 units on x-axis).

3
So, the slope of the line shown above is 4, which is option (d).

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4. Systems of Equations

Systems of equations (Simultaneous equations) are defined by two or more equations

with a corresponding set of unknown variables.

Examples

1. If 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 20 and 2𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑏𝑏 = 0, what are the value of 𝑎𝑎.𝑏𝑏 ?

Sol. :
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 20
2𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑏𝑏 = 0
So, multiplying 2 with the first equation: 2𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑏 = 40
2𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑏𝑏 = 0
and subtracting the two equation, we get 8𝑏𝑏 = 40
𝑏𝑏 = 5; 𝑎𝑎 = 15. So, the value of a. b = 75

2. Seven cups of tea and 4 pieces of cake cost $5.30, while 5 cups of tea and 2 pieces of cake
cost $3.40. Find the cost of one cup of tea and a piece of cake.
(a) 45c
(b) 50c
(c) 95c
(d) $95

Sol. :

7𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑐 = 5.30

5𝑡𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑐 = 3.40
7𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑐 = 5.30
(−2)(5𝑡𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑐) = (3.40)(−2)
− 10𝑡𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑐 = −6.80

Then,

7𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑐 = 5.30

−10𝑡𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑐 = −6.80
−3𝑡𝑡 = −1.50
𝑡𝑡 = 0.50

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7t + 4c = 5.30
7(0.50) + 4𝑐𝑐 = 5.30
3.50 + 4𝑐𝑐 = 5.30
4𝑐𝑐 = 1.80
𝑐𝑐 = 0.45
0.50 + 0.45 = $0.95

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Class Assignment - 2
𝑥𝑥 − 10 = 𝑥𝑥
1.
2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 = −20 + 2𝑥𝑥
What is the solution, (x, y) to the system of equations above?
(a) (30,40)
(b) (40,30)
(c) (50,40)
(d) (60,50)

𝑥𝑥 = −17 − 3𝑥𝑥
2.
3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 = −106

What is the solution (x, y) to the system of equation above?

(a) (5,60.5)
(b) (2, −10)
(c) (−8,3)
(d) (−32,5)

3. Men: 𝑡𝑡men = −0.08𝑥𝑥 + 340

Women: 𝑡𝑡women = −0.015𝑥𝑥 + 510

In 100-meter race in a Sports Championship, the winning times for men and women from
1923 through 2023 can be modelled by the equations above, where 𝑡𝑡 represents the
winning time, in seconds, in year 𝑥𝑥. According to the equations, which of the following
conclusions can be drawn concerning the winning times for men and women from 1923
through 2023?
(a) 𝑡𝑡men decreases faster per year than 𝑡𝑡women , and the value 𝑡𝑡women − 𝑡𝑡men is decreasing as
𝑥𝑥 increases.
(b) 𝑡𝑡men decreases faster per year than 𝑡𝑡women , and the value 𝑡𝑡women − 𝑡𝑡men is increasing as
𝑥𝑥 increases.

(c) 𝑡𝑡women decreases faster per year than 𝑡𝑡men , and the value 𝑡𝑡women − 𝑡𝑡men is decreasing as
𝑥𝑥 increases.
(d) 𝑡𝑡women decreases faster per year than 𝑡𝑡men , and the value 𝑡𝑡women − 𝑡𝑡men is increasing as
𝑥𝑥 increases.

4. Betty works at Goodwill Bakery, where she bakes some almond cookies every day. The
number of almond cookies left to bake at the end of the day can be estimated by the
equation C= 153 − 47 h, where C is the number of almond cookies left and is the number
of hours she has worked that day. What is the meaning of the value 47 in this equation?
(a) Betty will complete baking the cookies in 47 minutes.
(b) Betty bakes cookies at a rate of 47 cookies per hour.
(c) Betty starts each day with 47 order of cookies to bake.
(d) Betty bakes cookies at a rate of 47 per minute.

19 | P a g e
5.

1
In the xy-plane above, line passes through point P and has a slope of − 3. If the line

contains a point(−4, b), then what is the value of b?

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7

6. Find the slope-intercept form of the line given the following information.
3 3
A line that passes through �−2, − 2� and is perpendicular to 𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑥 + 6.
3 8
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
3 17
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑥 − 6
2
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = − 3 𝑥𝑥 − 8
2 17
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = − 3 𝑥𝑥 − 6

Class Assignment - 2 (Optional)

9
(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 273.15) + 32
5

7. The function gives the temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, that corresponds to a

temperature of 𝑥𝑥 kelvins. If a temperature increased by 12.10 kelvins, by how much did the
temperature increase, in degrees Fahrenheit?

20 | P a g e
8.
(𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 − 0.4

The given function models the approximate age in years of 𝑠𝑠 particular species of a tree
with an x-inch trunk diameter, where 𝑥𝑥 > 2. Which of the following is the best
interpretation of (13) = 156.6 in this context?
(a) An tree with a 13 -inch trunk diameter is approximately 156.6 years old.
(b) An tree with a 156.6 -inch trunk diameter is approximately 13 years old.
(c) The trunk diameter of a tree that is 13 years old is increasing at a rate of 156.6 inches
per year.
(d) The trunk diameter of a tree that is 156.6 years old is increasing at a rate of 13 inches
per year.

21 | P a g e
Home Assignment - 2
9
F = C + 32
5
1. Fahrenheit (F) and Celsius (C) are related by the equation above. If Fahrenheit
temperature increased by 36 degrees, what is the degree increase in Celsius?
(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 32
(d) 81
2. Find the slope-intercept from of the line given the following information. A line that
2
passes through (2,0) and is parallel to 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥.

2 4
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥 + 5

2 4
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥 − 5

2
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥 + 2

2
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥 − 2

3. In the xy-plane above, line m and line are perpendicular and intersect at point R(2,6).
What is the area of triangle PQR ? [Student Produced Response]

22 | P a g e
 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥)
0 𝑐𝑐
1 −2𝑐𝑐
2 −5𝑐𝑐

4. For the linear function , the table above gives some values of 𝑥𝑥 and their corresponding
values (𝑥𝑥), where 𝑐𝑐 is a constant. Which of the following equations defines (𝑥𝑥) ?
(a) (𝑥𝑥) = −5𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑐𝑐
(b) (𝑥𝑥) = −3𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
(c) (𝑥𝑥) = −𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
(d) (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

1 -2

10

5. The table above shows the coordinates of three points on a line in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, where
is a constant. If the slope of the line is 6, what is the value of ? [Student Produced
Response]

6. The equation 𝑝𝑝 = 15.7 + 16.4 approximates the pressure 𝑝𝑝, in pounds per square inch,
exerted on a raisin at a depth of inches (in) below the surface of a chocolate syrup vat.
What is the increase in depth that is necessary to increase the pressure by 1 pound per
square inch? [Student Produced Response]

7. If point M(8, −2) is the midpoint of the line segment connecting point A(2a, b) and point
B(b, a), what is the value of a? [Student Produced Response]

8. Find the slope-intercept form of the line given the following information. A line that passes
5 2
through (−3, −1) and is perpendicular to 4 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥.

25 83
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 4
𝑥𝑥 − 8

2 1
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 5 𝑥𝑥 − 5

23 | P a g e
 25 1
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = − 8
𝑥𝑥 − 25

−25 83
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = 8
𝑥𝑥 − 8

1 2
9. Which of the following is an equation of a line that is parallel to the line 2 𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑥𝑥 = 6 in

the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 plane?

3
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = − 4 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥−1
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 4 � 3
�

(c) 9𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 = 18

𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥−5
(d) 3 = 4

10. The line 𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 = is perpendicular to a line that passes through the origin. If the two
lines intersect at the point (a, a + 5), what is the value of 𝑎𝑎? [Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment – II (Optional)

1
11. A plumber charges an initial fee of $70 and an additional $10 fee for every 5 hour of

work. The plumber worked for h hours on a job, and the total cost for the job was $220.
Which of the following equations models this situation?

(a) 70 + (10 ⋅ 5h) = 220

(b) (70 + 10) ⋅ 5h = 220
1
(c) 70 + �10 ⋅ 5 h� = 220
1
(d) (70 + 10) ⋅ 5 h = 220

𝑥𝑥 -2 -1 1 2

(𝑥𝑥) 60 46 18 4

12. The table shows four values of x and their corresponding values of f(x). There is a linear
relationship between x and f(x) that is defined by the equation f(x) = mx + b, where m
and b are constants. What is the value of + 𝑏𝑏?

24 | P a g e
 Module 3: Systems of
Equations and Inequalities
Skills to be tested:
1. Conditions of solvability
2. Linear inequalities in one variable
3. Absolute value functions (equations and inequalities)
4. Linear inequalities in two variables (graphs)
5. Linear inequality word problems

1. Conditions of Solvability

(A) Conditions of Solvability in Slope – Intercept form of equations:

In identical equation for m1 x1 + c1 = m2 x2 + c2 , we follow the same approach:

(a) If 1 ≠ 2, then lines are intersecting lines, having one solution.

(b) If m1 = m2 but c1 ≠ c2 , then lines are parallel lines. having no solution

(c) If 1 = 2 and 𝑐𝑐1 = 𝑐𝑐2, then lines are coincident lines, having infinite solutions.

25 | P a g e
(B) Conditions of Solvability for general form of equations

From the standard form for the system of equation 𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐1 and a2 x + b2 y = c2

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
(a) If 𝑎𝑎2
≠ 𝑏𝑏 , then they have one solution
2

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
(b) If 𝑎𝑎2
= 𝑏𝑏 ≠ then they have no solution
2 2

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
(c) If 𝑎𝑎2
= 𝑏𝑏 = then they have infinitely many solutions
2 2

Examples
4x + 3y = 30

ax + 2y = 13

1. If x = 3 and the system of equations above has one solution, what is the value of a?

Sol. : Use x to solve for y. Since x = 3, plug in 3 for x in the first equation.

4(3) + 3y = 30
12 + 3y = 30
3y = 18
y=6

Now, use x and y to solve for a, in the second equation.

𝑎𝑎(3) + 2(6) = 13
3𝑎𝑎 + 12 = 13
3𝑎𝑎 = 1
=

𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 = 10 − 6𝑥𝑥
8𝑥𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑥 = 20

2. For what value of a does the system of equation above have no solution?

Sol. : Rearranging the first equation, ax + 6y = 10.

a b
For no solution, = ,
a2 b2

So,

26 | P a g e
𝑎𝑎 6
=
8 24
𝑎𝑎 = 2

27 | P a g e
2. Algebraic Inequalities

Words Symbol Example

Greater than > 𝑥𝑥 > 2 means " 𝑥𝑥 is greater than 2."

Less than < 𝑥𝑥 < 2 means " 𝑥𝑥 is less than 2."

Greater than or equal to 𝑥𝑥 2 means " 𝑥𝑥 is greater than or equal to 2."

Less than or equal to 𝑥𝑥 2 means " 𝑥𝑥 is less than or equal to 2."

"At Least" And "At Most"

The phrase "is at least" is translated by and the phrase "is at most" is translated by .

Examples

1. −7 −2𝑥𝑥 + 3 15, which of the following must be true?

(a) 5 𝑥𝑥 6
(b) −6 𝑥𝑥 −5
(c) −6 𝑥𝑥 5
(d) −5 𝑥𝑥 6

Sol. : −7 −2𝑥𝑥 + 3
−2𝑥𝑥 + 3 15

−7 −2𝑥𝑥 + 3
−10 −2𝑥𝑥
5 𝑥𝑥

Solving the second inequality,

− 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 15

−2𝑥𝑥 12
𝑥𝑥 −6

Putting the two results together, we get −6 𝑥𝑥 5. Answer (c)

28 | P a g e
2. From a graphing standing point, what does it mean for 𝑥𝑥 > −𝑥𝑥 − 1 ?

Sol. : As shown by the shaded region above, the inequality 𝑥𝑥 > −𝑥𝑥 − 1 represents all the points
above the line 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑥𝑥 − 1. If you have a hard time keeping track of what's above a line
and what's below, just look at the y-axis. The line cuts the y-axis into two parts. The top
part of the y-axis is always in the "above" region. The bottom part of the y-axis is always in
the "below" region. If the graph doesn't show the intersection with the y-axis, you can
always just draw your own vertical line through the graph to determine the "above" and
"below" regions.

29 | P a g e
3. Absolute Value Functions
Properties of absolute value functions:
1 If |𝑥𝑥| = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑎𝑎 > 0, then 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 or −𝑎𝑎
2 If |𝑥𝑥| < 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑎𝑎 > 0, then −𝑎𝑎 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑎𝑎
3 If |𝑥𝑥| > 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑎𝑎 > 0, then 𝑥𝑥 > 𝑎𝑎 or 𝑥𝑥 < −𝑎𝑎

4 |𝒙𝒙| = √𝒙𝒙
5 |𝑥𝑥| > 5 𝑥𝑥 2 > 25 𝑥𝑥 < −5 or 𝑥𝑥 > 5
6 |𝑥𝑥 − 10| = |10 − 𝑥𝑥|
7 The vertex of an absolute value function 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙 − | + , is ( , ).

Examples

1. Solve |2𝑥𝑥 − 6| = 8, for x.

Sol.: To solve an equation such as |2𝑥𝑥 − 6| = 8, notice that the absolute value will be equal
to 8 if the quantity inside the absolute value bars is 8 or -8. This leads to two different
equations which can be solved independently.

2𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 8

2𝑥𝑥 = 14
𝑥𝑥 = 7

2𝑥𝑥 − 6 = −8
2𝑥𝑥 = −2
𝑥𝑥 = −1

2. Solve: 4|𝑥𝑥 + 3| − 7 5
Sol. : Begin by isolating the absolute value.

4|𝑥𝑥 + 3| − 7 5
4|𝑥𝑥 + 3| 12
|𝑥𝑥 + 3| 3

Next, apply the theorem and rewrite the absolute value inequality as a compound
inequality.

|𝑥𝑥 + 3| 3
−3 𝑥𝑥 + 3 3

30 | P a g e
Solving:

−3 𝑥𝑥 + 3 3
−3 − 3 𝑥𝑥 + 3 − 3 3 − 3
− 𝒙𝒙

31 | P a g e
Class Assignment - 3

2𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎
1.
𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑥𝑥 = −8

In the system of equations above, a and b are constants. If the system has infinitely many

solutions, what is the value of a?

(a) -4

1
(b) 4

(c) 4

(d) 16

2. 9𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥(𝑐𝑐 − 2) = 3𝑥𝑥

In the equation above, c is a constant. If the equation has infinitely many solutions, what is the

value of c? [Student Produced Response]

3. Which of the following integers is a solution to the inequality −3𝑥𝑥 − 7 −7𝑥𝑥 − 27 ?

(a) -6
(b) -3
(c) 1
(d) 4

4. As recommended by her fitness trainer, Mary must limit her daily sugar consumption to at
most 90 grams. One cookie has 7 grams of sugar and one fruit salad contains 9 grams of sugar. If
Mary ate only cookies and fruit salads, which of the following inequalities represents the possible
number of cookies 𝑐𝑐 and fruit salads 𝑠𝑠 that she could eat in one day and remain within her diet's
sugar limit?
7
(a) + 𝑟𝑟 < 90
7
(b) + 𝑟𝑟
90

(c) 9𝑠𝑠 + 7𝑐𝑐 < 90

(d) 9𝑠𝑠 + 7𝑐𝑐 90

32 | P a g e
5. What is the value of k, such that the equation |x + 1| + 4 = k , has one solution? [Student
Produced Response]
6. An art class of 20 students took a final exam and ten of the students scored between 78 and
86 in the exam. If 𝑠𝑠 is defined as the scores of the ten students, which of the following
describes all possible values of s?
(a) |𝑠𝑠 − 82| = 4
(b) |𝑠𝑠 + 82| = 4
(c) |𝑠𝑠 − 82| < 4
(d) |𝑠𝑠 + 82| < 4

Class Assignment - 3 (Optional)

9
0 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2

7. What is the area, in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 plane, of the region consisting of all points that satisfy the
inequality above? [Student Produced Response]

8.
50 + 40 = 400

At an amusement park, the visitors can buy colored tokens that are worth a different
number of points depending on the color. The points can then be used to get food and
drinks from the restaurant. Carl won green tokens and red tokens worth a total of 400
points. The given equation represents this situation. How many more points is a green
token worth than a red token? [Student Produced Response]

33 | P a g e
Home Assignment - 3
1. Each blue block on a table weight 5 pounds and each red block weighs 4 pounds. The
average weight per block is 4.4 pounds. If there are 25 blocks, which system of equations
can be used to solve for the number of red blocks, 𝑟𝑟, and the number of blue blocks, 𝑏𝑏 ?
(a) 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟 = 25 and 5 𝑏𝑏 + 4𝑟𝑟 = 4.4
5𝑏𝑏+4𝑟𝑟
(b) 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟 = 25 and 25
= 4.4

(c) 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑟𝑟 = 25 and (5 𝑏𝑏)(4𝑟𝑟) = 4.4

5 𝑏𝑏+4𝑟𝑟
(d) 𝑏𝑏𝑟𝑟 = 25 and 25
= 4.4

2. One day at a market, a farmer sells 40 baskets containing a total of 96 pieces of fruit.
Some baskets consist of three apples and some baskets consist of two pears. Solving for
which system of equations yields the total number of baskets of apples, x, and the total
number of baskets of pears, y?

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 96
(a)
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = 40

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 40
(b)
2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 = 96

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 40
(c)
3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 96

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 40
(d)
3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 96

5𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 3
3.
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 6
In the system of equations above, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are constants. If the system has infinitely many
solutions, what is the value of 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 ?
(a) 6
(b) 4
(c) 0
(d) -4

34 | P a g e
 3𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 = 7𝑥𝑥 + 2
4. 1
𝑡𝑡𝑥𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑥𝑥

In the given system of equations, 𝑡𝑡 is a constant. If the system has no solution, what is the
value of 𝑡𝑡? [Student Produced Response]

5. A catering service is buying soy sauce and mayonnaise from its supplier. The supplier will
deliver no more than 300 pounds in a shipment. Each container of soy sauce weighs 7.35
pounds, and each container of mayonnaise weighs 6.2 pounds. The service wants to buy at
least twice as many containers of soy sauce as containers of mayonnaise. Let 𝑠𝑠 represent
the number of containers of soy sauce, and let represent the number of containers of
mayonnaise, where and 𝑠𝑠 are nonnegative integers. Which of the following systems of
inequalities best represents this situation?
7.35𝑠𝑠 + 6.2 300
(a)
𝑠𝑠 2
7.35𝑠𝑠 + 6.2 300
(b)
2𝑠𝑠
14.7𝑠𝑠 + 6.2 300
(c)
𝑠𝑠 2
14.7𝑠𝑠 + 6.2 300
(d)
2𝑠𝑠

6. 2𝑥𝑥 + 14 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 + 7)
In the given equation, 𝑎𝑎 is a constant. If the equation has infinitely many solutions, what
is the value of 𝑎𝑎 ? [Student Produced Response]

7. How many solutions does the equation 10(15𝑥𝑥 − 9) = −15(8 − 10𝑥𝑥) have?
(a) Exactly one
(b) Exactly two
(c) Infinitely many
(d) Zero

8. 𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑥 + 18

One of the equations in a system of two linear equations is given. The system has no
solution. Which equation could be the second equation in the system?

35 | P a g e
 (a) −6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 18
(b) −6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 22
(c) −12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 36
(d) −12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 = 18

𝑥𝑥 > 2𝑥𝑥 − 1
9.
2𝑥𝑥 >5

Which of the following consists of the 𝑥𝑥-coordinates of all the points that satisfy the system
of inequalities above?

(a) 𝑥𝑥 > 6
(b) 𝑥𝑥 > 4
5
(c) 𝑥𝑥 > 2
3
(d) 𝑥𝑥 > 2

10. Kao estimates that his team will score runs in a practice math. The actual number of runs
scored, , is within 32 runs (inclusive) of Kao’s estimate. Which of the following inequalities
represents the relationship between Kao’s estimate and the actual number of runs scored
by his team in the cricket match?

(a) + 32 − 32
(b) − 32 + 32
(c) n m 32 n
𝑚𝑚
(d) 32 32

Home Assignment - 3 (Optional)

4𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 1

11. In the given pair of equations, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are constants. The graph of this pair of equations
in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane is a pair of perpendicular lines. Which of the following pairs of equations
also represents a pair of perpendicular lines?

8𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥 = 1
(a)
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 1
36 | P a g e
 8𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥 = 1
(b)
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 1

8𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥 = 1
(c)
2𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 1

4𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑥𝑥 = 1
(d)
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 1

12. For groups of 12 or more people, a park charges $20 per person for the first 12 people
and $15 for each additional person. Which is an appropriate function f(n), to model the
total charge, in dollars, for a tour group with n people, where n 12 ?
(a) f(n) = 15n + 240
(b) f(n) = 15n + 60
(c) f(n) = 35n − 240
(d) f(n) = 20n + 15

37 | P a g e
 Module 4: Arithmetic
Skills to be tested:
1. Percentages
2. Ratios and Proportions

Introduction

1. Relative percentage change

Amount of increase
% of increase = × 100%
Original amount
Amount of decrease
% of decrease = × 100%
Original amount
2. Percent to Decimal
Convert a percentage into a decimal number by dividing the percentage by 100; an easy
way to do this is to move the decimal point in a percentage two places to the left (inserting
zeros as needed).
So, 32% is 0.32, and 1.24% is 0.0124.
3. Decimal to Percent
Convert a decimal number into a percentage by multiplying the decimal by ; an easy
way to do this is to move the decimal into of a decimal number two places to the right
(inserting zeros as needed).
So, 0.25 is 25%, and 0.01 is 1%.
4. is percent of
The corresponding equation, which you can use to solve for the unknown value is

=
100
Equivalently, we can use lowercase 𝑝𝑝 for the decimal equivalent of percent directly,
writing.
= 𝑝𝑝
5. Multiplying factors:
If a quantity x increases by 20%, it becomes 120% of itself or 1.2𝑥𝑥. Multiplying factor is
1.2 If a quantity 𝑥𝑥 increases by 300%, it becomes 400% of itself or 4𝑥𝑥. Multiplying factor
38 | P a g e
 is 4. If a quantity 𝑥𝑥 decreases by 30%, it becomes 70% of itself or 0.7𝑥𝑥. Multiplying factor
is 0.7 (Always interpret 𝑥𝑥 as 100%, so if there's an increase of 30%, 𝑥𝑥 is 130% and 1.3𝑥𝑥 in
value)
−30 +30
𝑥𝑥 0.7𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 1.3𝑥𝑥
−10 +170
𝑥𝑥 0.9𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2.7𝑥𝑥
−5 +500
𝑥𝑥 0.95𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 6𝑥𝑥
−37 +370
𝑥𝑥 0.63𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 4.7𝑥𝑥
6. Increased to and increased by:
If a quantity is increase by 230%, then the resultant quantity is . . If a quantity is
increase to 230%, then the resultant quantity .
7. Percent off and percent of:
80% off a shirt with price 𝑥𝑥 implies 0.2𝑥𝑥
80% of a shirt with price 𝑥𝑥 implies 0.8𝑥𝑥
8. Successive Percents:
IF A PROBLEM STATES THAT THE PRICE OF SOMETHING IS RAISED BY 𝟓𝟓% AND THEN
DECREASED BY %, THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE PRICE WAS DROPPED BY 5%
OVERALL.
9. If a value changes by a certain percentage and then changes again by a certain
percentage, you need to multiply the starting value by the percentages, NOT add the
percentages together before applying the result to the original value.
10. Percent More ≠ Percent Less
It is important to note that 150 is 50% more than 100 because 1.5(100) = 150, but 100
is obviously NOT 50% less than 150 50% (or half) of 150 is 75. This is simply because 50%
of 100 doesn't equal 50% of 150; the percentage is, of course, relative to the reference
value.

Examples

1. If a ticket increased in price by 20%, and then increased again by 5%, by what percent did
the ticket price increase in total?
Sol. : Increasing a price by 20% is the same as multiplying the price by 1.20. Increasing the new
price by 5% is the same as multiplying that new price by 1.05. Thus, you can also write the

39 | P a g e
 relationship this way: Original × (1.20) × (1.05) = final price. When you multiply 1.20 by
1.05, you get 1.26, indicating that the price increased by % overall.
2. Consider two solutions - Solution A and Solution B. Solution A contains 30% salt, and
Solution B contains 60% salt. You want to create a mixture that contains 45% salt. How
many litres of each solution should you mix together to create 15 litres of the 45% salt
mixture?
Sol. : Let 𝑥𝑥 represent the volume (in litres) of Solution A, and (15 − 𝑥𝑥) represent the volume of
Solution B (since the total mixture volume is 15 liters).
The equation for the salt content in the mixture is given by:
0.30𝑥𝑥 + 0.60(15 − 𝑥𝑥) = 0.45 × 15
Now, let's solve for 𝑥𝑥 :
0.30𝑥𝑥 + 9 − 0.60𝑥𝑥 = 6.75
Combine like terms:
−0.30𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 6.75
2.25
𝑥𝑥 =
0.30
𝑥𝑥 = 7.5
So, you would need 7.5 litres of Solution A and 15 − 7.5 = 7.5 liters of Solution B to
create 15 liters of a 45% salt mixture.

Unit Conversion for 2-D and 3-D figures

side length of a square from feet → inches times

area of a square from square feet → × square inches
volume of a cube from cubic feet → × × cubic inches

40 | P a g e
Class Assignment - 4

1. The budget for a school science team was $p in the year 2000. The budget increased by
17% from 2000 to 2001 and then decreased by 7% from 2001 to 2002. Which of the
following expressions represents the budget, in dollars, for the school science team in
2002?
(a) (1.17)(0.83)(p)
(b) (1.17)(0.93)(p)
(c) (0.83)(1.07)(p)
(d) (0.93)(1.07)(p)
2. If 𝑥𝑥 is 50% larger than , and 𝑥𝑥 is 20% larger than , then 𝑥𝑥 is what percent larger than
𝑥𝑥?
(a) 15%
(b) 20%
(c) 25%
(d) 30%

3. If is 300% of , is 0.005% of , and is q% of , then find 100𝑞𝑞.

4. If is 150% of , is 0.05% of , then find ( + ) = 3 , then find .

5. Suppose you have a rectangular garden with dimensions 20 meters in length and 15
meters in width. If you decide to increase both the length and width by 10%, what is the
percentage increase in the area of the garden?

6. For a certain rectangular region, the ratio of its length to its width is 25 to 10. If the width
of the rectangular region increases by 9 units, how must the length change to maintain
this ratio?
(a) It must decrease by 22.5 units.
(b) It must increase by 22.5 units.
(c) It must decrease by 9 units.
(d) It must increase by 9 units.

41 | P a g e
Class Assignment - 4 (Optional)

7. When Kim was cleaning her kitchen, she found 3 bottles of ketchup, 2 small and 1 large.
Looking at the labels, she noticed that the capacity of the larger bottle was twice the
1
capacity of the smaller bottle. She estimated that the one smaller bottle was about 3 full of

ketchup, second was one ½ and the larger bottle was about 1/3 full of ketchup. She poured
all the ketchup from the two smaller bottles into the larger bottle. Then, about how full
was the larger bottle?
2
(a) full
3
(b) 4 full

(c) Completely full

(d) Overflowing

8. The number of students at a university decreased by 15% from 2022 to 2023. If the number
of students enrolled in 2022 was times of the number of students enrolled in 2023, then
find the value of .

42 | P a g e
Home Assignment - 4

1. If 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥, where is a constant, and 𝑥𝑥 = 28 when 𝑥𝑥 = 7, what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 when 𝑥𝑥 =

5?
(a) 7
(b) 20
(c) 21
(d) 26

2. The cost of using the internet in a cafe is $0.10 per minute. Which of the following
equations represents the total cost 𝑐𝑐, in dollars, for hours of internet use?

60
(a) 𝑐𝑐 = 0.10
0.10
(b) 𝑐𝑐 = 60

(c) 𝑐𝑐 = 0.10(60 )
(d) 𝑐𝑐 = 0.10 + 60

3. To prepare for class, Mr. Paul has to print a number of booklets with p pages per booklet.
If every 5 pages cost c cents to print and he spent a total of d dollars, how many booklets
did Mr. Paul prints in terms of p, c, and d ?

(a) 500
100
(b) c
500
(c) c
5
(d) c

4. The sum of three numbers is 630. One of the numbers, 𝑥𝑥, is 25% more than the sum of the
other two numbers. What is the value of 𝑥𝑥?
(a) 280
(b) 350
(c) 394
(d) 473

5. Kyle bought a $2,000 government bond that yield 6% in simple interest each year. Which
of the following equations gives the total amount , in dollars, Kyle will receive when he
sells the bond after 𝑡𝑡 years?
43 | P a g e
 (a) A = 2,000(1 + .06)t
(b) A = 2,000(1 + 0.06t)
(c) A = 2,000(1 + 0.06)t
(d) A = 2,000(1 + 0.06𝑡𝑡 )

6. The number of students at a school decreased 20% from 2010 to 2011. If the number of
students enrolled in 2011 was k, which of the following expressed the number of students
enrolled in 2010 in terms of k ?
(a) 0.75k
(b) 1.20k
(c) 1.25k
(d) 1.5k

7. For a certain rectangular region, the ratio of its length to its width is 45 to 10. If the width
of the rectangular region increases by 11 units, how must the length change to maintain
this ratio?
(a) It must decrease by 49.5 units.
(b) It must increase by 49.5 units.
(c) It must decrease by 2.4 units.
(d) It must increase by 2.4 units.

8. A swimming pool is in the shape of a right rectangular prism. Its base has a length of 20
feet, a width of 10 meters, and it will be filled with water up to a height of 9.8 feet. The
total cost of the water needed to fill the pool to this height is 600 dollars. What is the unit
cost, in dollars per cubic yard for the water (to the nearest hundred)?

(1 Meter= 1.0936-yard, 1 yard = 3 feet)

2
9. =4 𝑏𝑏
The total amount of energy emitted by a star each second is called its luminosity L, which
is related to , its distance (meters) away from Earth, and 𝑏𝑏, its brightness measured in
watts per square meter, by the formula above.
If one star is three times as far away from Earth as another, and twice as bright, its
luminosity is how many times greater than that of the other star?
(a) 8
(b) 9

44 | P a g e
 (c) 16
(d) 18

10. The average download speed for Max's computer's Internet connection is 30 megabits
per second. Assuming no interruptions in Internet service, what is the best estimate for
the maximum number of complete video files that Max can download to his computer in
a six-hour period if each video file is 4.2 gigabytes in size? [ 1 megabyte = 8 megabits and
1 gigabyte = 1024 megabytes ]
(a) 15
(b) 18
(c) 19
(d) 21

Home Assignment - 4 (Optional)

11. Franklin created a scale model of a bus where 1 inch on the model equals 4 feet on the bus.
The length of the model is 9.3 inches. Franklin wants to make a new model where the scale
of 1 inch on the model equals 2 feet on the bus. Which of the following best describes how
the length of the new model will compare to the length of the first model?
(a) The length of the new model will be 2 inches longer than the first model.
(b) The length of the new model will be 2 inches shorter than the first model.
(c) The length of the new model will be 2 times as long as the length of the first model.
1
(d) The length of the new model will be 2 as long as the length of the first model.

12. His car can travel an average of 40 kilometres per litre of petrol. Chris would like to reduce
his weekly expenditure on petrol by $10. Assuming petrol costs $3 per liter, which equation
can Chris use to determine how many fewer average kilometers, , he should drive each
week?
40
(a) 3
= 140
40
(b) 3
= 10
3
(c) 40 = 140
3
(d) 40 = 10

45 | P a g e
 Module 5: Statistics
Skills to be tested:
1. Numerical measures (Centre, spread, quartiles)
2. Effects of Changing units or scales on all numerical measures
4. Graphical Measures
5. Probability

1. Numerical measures (Centre, spread, quartiles)

Three different statistics are commonly used to measure central tendency. They are:
Mean-calculated by sum of all the terms and dividing by the total number of terms.
Median - the middle value of an odd number of terms or the average of the two middle
values for an even number of terms
Mode: most recurring value of the dataset.
Three different measures of dispersions are:
Range: Highest- lowest value
Standard deviation: Standard deviation is the average distance of the points from the
mean.
Inter-Quartile Range: The difference between Q3 (Upper quartile) and Q1 (Lower quartile)

2. Effects of Changing units or scales on all numerical

measures

Addition/Subtraction Multiplication/ Division Presence of Outliers

of constant to of constant to all
all data values data values
(Change of (Change of Scale)
Scale)

Mean Changes Changes Changes

Median Changes Changes Slight or No change
Mode Changes Changes No change
Range No Change Changes Changes

46 | P a g e
 Standard Deviation No Change Changes Changes

3. Graphical Measures

1. Mean is a balancing point

For a symmetric data, mean lies in the centre. Mean and Median are equal

Possible outliers on the left side, so mean is lower than the median

Possible outliers on the right side, so mean is higher than the median.

47 | P a g e
2. For a data set that is concentrated at the extremes, the standard deviation is more.
Standard deviation of a data set is the average distance between the data points from the
average.

Data Set A Data Set B

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A and B are symmetric datasets, so mean lies at 3. Since, there are more values in the
dataset A towards 1 and 5 as compared to the dataset B, so they contribute more to overall
distance and also to the standard deviation.

Box and Whiskers Plot

Median (Q2/50th percentile): The middle value of the data set

First Quartile (Q1/25th percentile): The middle number between the smallest number
(not the "minimum") and the median of the data set
Third Quartile (Q3/75th percentile): The middle value between the median and the
highest value (not the "maximum") of the dataset
Interquartile Range (IQR): 25 th to the 75 th percentile

48 | P a g e
Examples

1. The histogram below summarizes the daily number of hours spent playing sports for 80
students at a school.

(i) What is the mean daily number of hours spent playing sports for the 80 students?
(ii) What is the median daily number of hours spent playing sports for the 80 students?
Sol. : (i) Sum up the total number of hours for every student. Then divide that by the number of
students.

Total hours (0 × 5) + (1 × 35) + (2 × 15) + (3 × 25) 140

= = = 1.75
Number of students 80 80

(ii) In a group of 80 students, the 40th and 41st students are the two in the middle (the
histogram already orders the students by their hours so we don't have to). The first 5
students spend 0 hours playing sports each day. The next 35 students spend 1 hour. This
group includes the 40th student, so the 40th student spends 1 hour. The next 15 students
spend 2 hours. Now this group includes the 41st student, so the 41st student spends 2
hours. Taking the average,

Daily hours spent by 40 th student + Daily hours spent by 41 st student 1+2

= = 1.5
2 2

Scatterplots and Lines of Best Fit

On a scatterplot each point represents a single person or object or entity for which we
know the two pieces of data measured on the axes.

49 | P a g e
Probability
Probability Definition: the chance of the occurrence of an event. In layman terms, we can
say that it is the likelihood that something - that is defined as the event-will or will not occur

Number of favourable outcomes

The probability of an event is given as: Total number of outcomes

2 Number of Train Arrivals at Matawan Station in a Month

On Time Delayed Total

Northbound 833 432 1265

Southbound 646 299 945

Total 1,479 731 2,210

Based on the table above, what fraction of the southbound trains were delayed?
432
(a) 731
2
(b) 731
2
(c) 45
646
(d) 45

Sol. : The numerator (the number of delayed southbound trains) is 299 and the denominator
(the total number of southbound trains) is 945 , so the fraction of southbound trains that
2
were delayed is 45
.

The answer is C.

50 | P a g e
Class assignment – 5

1. 60 is the median of a set of values 2T, 6T, 10T. What is the value of T?
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 8

2. The table summarizes the number of text messages recorded by a research assistant at
noon each day for 48 days.

Messages Number of days

10 9
15 14
20 12
25 13
According to the table, what is the median number of text messages received on a given
day? [Student Produced Response]

3. The scatter plot above describes the relationship between income and years of work
experience. Which of the following linear equations best represents the data above?

The scatter plot above describes the relationship between income and years of work
experience. Which of the following linear equations best represents the data above?

(a) Inadequate data

(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2.5𝑥𝑥 + 25
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 25 + 𝑥𝑥
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = 25𝑥𝑥 + 10

51 | P a g e
 Number of rashes
Ointment
Worsened Improved Total

A 40 60 100

B 80 20 100

4. The table above shows the results of an experiment involving the effect of two ointments,
A and B, on rashes. Based on the results, what fraction of the rashes that worsened received
treatment A?

5. If a number is chosen at random from the set {−15, −10, −5,0,5,10,15,20}, what is the
probability that it is a member of the solution set of |𝑥𝑥 + 2| < 8 ?
3
(a) 8
1
(b) 4
2
(c) 5
(d) None

6. Data sets X and Y show the acidity, or pH, of water samples from two different locations.
Which statement about the mean pH of data set X and data set Y is true?
Data Set X: 5.4, 5.7, 3.4, 4.9, 2.3,7.8
Data Set Y : 5.1, 5.2, 2.9, 3.8, 4.8, 3.9,5.6
(a) The mean pH of data set X is greater than the mean pH of data set Y.
(b) The mean pH of data set X is less than the mean pH of data set Y.
(c) The mean pH of data set X is equal to the mean pH of data set Y.
(d) There is not enough information to compare the mean pH of the two data sets.

Class assignment (Optional)

7. Would being criticized make one more likely to criticize others? Data from a study are
shown below. Some of the values in the table are missing, but we know that overall, 21%
of people reported that, at some point, they have been personally criticized. Calculate the
proportion of those who have not criticized others, given that they have been personally
criticized. [Student Produced Response]

52 | P a g e
 Have Been Have Not Been
Personally Personally Total
Criticized Criticized

Have Criticized Others 20

Have Not Criticized Others 144 166
Total 200

8. Data from a Census Bureau was used to construct the accompanying pie chart that reflects
changes of residence between 1995 and 2000. If the number of people moved to a
different state is 2784. How many people did not move between 1995 and 2000. [Student
Produced Response]

53 | P a g e
Home Assignment - 5
Change in Subscribers of 50 Magazines

Increased Decreased
Total
in May in May

Increased
14 12 26
in June

Decreased
6 18 24
in June

Total 20 30 50
1. The two-way table categorizes the change in subscribers in May and June for 50 magazines.
If one of the magazines that decreased in subscribers in May is chosen at random, what is
the probability that the magazine also decreased in subscribers in June?
(a) 0.40
(b) 0.48
(c) 0.60
(d) 0.75

2. The dot plot above summarizes the number of flights taken in a year by 19 college students.
If the student who took 6 flights in a year is removed from the data, which of the following
correctly describes the changes to the statistical measures of the data?
I. The mean decreases.
II. The median decreases.
III. The range decreases.
(a) III only
(b) I and II only

54 | P a g e
 (c) I and III only
(d) I, II, and III

3. The bar chart above shows the distribution of weights (to the nearest pound) for 19 kayaks
made by Company A and 19 kayaks made by company B. Which of the following correctly
compares the median weight of the kayaks made by each company?
(a) The median weight of the kayaks made by Company A is smaller.
(b) The median weight of the kayaks made by Company B is smaller.
(c) The median weight of the kayaks is the same for both companies.
(d) The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

4. A keyboarding teacher wondered: "Do typing speeds of students improve after taking a
keyboarding course?" The teacher recorded the number of words that her students could
type per minute at the beginning of a course and again at the end. The two dot plots show
the two data sets.
Consider
m1 : mean number of words typed at the beginning of the course
m2; mean number of words typed at the end of the course
s1: standard deviation of the number of words typed at the beginning of the course
s2: standard deviation of the number of words typed at the end of the course

55 | P a g e
 Based on the graphs, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
(a) 1= 2, 𝑠𝑠1 > 𝑠𝑠2
(b) 1< 2, 𝑠𝑠1 > 𝑠𝑠2
(c) 1= 2, 𝑠𝑠1 > 𝑠𝑠2
(d) 1< 2, 𝑠𝑠1 < 𝑠𝑠2

Mike's Bikes Sales in May, 2018

Bike Color
Bike Style
Red Black Blue White Total

Mountain 2 5 2 0 9

BMX 1 4 1 1 7

Racing 6 0 8 10 24

Total 9 8 11 11 40

5. The table above represents the 40 bikes that Mike sold at his bike shop in May, 2018,
categorized by color and bike style. What proportion of the bikes are blue racing bikes?
1
A) 5
11
B) 40
1
C) 3
8
D) 11

56 | P a g e
6. Set X includes eight different numbers. All of the following can affect the value of the
median Except
(a) Squaring each number
(b) Decreasing each number by 5
(c) Decreasing the largest number only
(d) Increasing the largest number only

7. The average height of 14 students in one class is 63 inches. The average height of 21
students in another class is 68 inches. If the two classes are combined, what is the average
height, in inches, of the students in the combined class?
(a) 64.5
(b) 65
(c) 66
(d) 66.5

8. Locks are sections of canals in which the water level can be mechanically changed to raise
and lower boats. The table below shows the number of locks for 10 canals in France.

Name # Locks

Aisne 27

Alsace 25

Rhone 5

Centre 30

Garonne 23

Lalinde 27

Midi 32

Oise 27

Vosges 93

Sambre 29

57 | P a g e
 Removing which of the following two canals from the data would result in the greatest
decrease in the standard deviation of the number of locks in each canal?
(a) Aisne and Lalinde
(b) Alsace and Garonne
(c) Centre and Midi
(d) Rhone and Vosges

9. How quickly can athletes return to their sport following injuries requiring surgery? A
research paper a Journal of Sports Medicine gave the following scatterplot on x age and y
days after arthroscopic shoulder surgery before being able to return to their sport, for 10
weight lifters:

For how many weight lifters, the number of days of return that was predicted by the
model was less than the actual number of days, after which they returned?

10. The lowest value in a set of ordered scores is 𝑥𝑥 and the highest value is 𝑥𝑥. If each score is
increased by , then which of the following must be true of the revised set of scores?
I. The mean is increased by .
II. The range is .
III. The median remains unchanged.
(a) I only
(b) II only

58 | P a g e
 (c) I and III
(d) II and III

Home Assignment – 5 (Optional)

11. Twenty-five sixth-grade students were asked to estimate how many hours a week they
spend talking on the phone. This dot plot represents their reported number of hours of
phone usage per week.

Here is the dot plot from an earlier activity. It shows the number of hours per week the
same group of 25 sixth-grade students reported spending on homework.

Which of the following is true about the standard deviation of the two graphs shown
above?
(a) The standard deviation of number of hours spent on homework is the same as the
standard deviation of number of hours spent on phone every week.
(b) The standard deviation of number of hours spent on homework is more than the
standard deviation of number of hours spent on phone every week.
(c) The standard deviation of number of hours spent on homework is less than the standard
deviation of number of hours spent on phone every week.
(d) We cannot draw a comparison between the standard deviation of number of hours of
the two graphs.

59 | P a g e
12. Samples of lightbulbs were taken from two different suppliers. The graph below displays
the life spans of the lightbulbs, in hundreds of hours, in the samples from each supplier.

Data Set A

Data Set B

Which of the following statements best compares the range and standard deviation of
the life spans of the lightbulbs in the samples from the two suppliers?
A) The life spans from both suppliers have approximately the same range and
approximately the same standard deviation.
B) The life spans from Supplier A have a greater range than the life spans from Supplier B,
but they have approximately the same standard deviation.
C) The life spans from Supplier B have both a greater range and a greater standard
deviation than the life spans from Supplier A.
D) Not enough information is given to compare the range and standard deviation of the
life spans from the two suppliers.

60 | P a g e
 Module 6: Research
Methodology
Skills to be tested:
1. Generalisation (Random / Representative samples)
2. Correlation versus cause and effect
3. Confidence intervals
4. Margin of error (interpretation/ factors affecting: SD and sample size)

1. Generalisation:
When asked what can be inferred from survey results, make sure that you keep in mind
who was surveyed and apply the results ONLY to the population that shares the traits that
are common to everyone in the sample set.

2. Correlation versus cause and effect

There is a subtle but important difference between correlation (two things both being
present or occurring) and causation (one thing actually causing the other thing), and it takes
a lot more to prove causation.
While making inferences about scatterplots or about surveys always choose correlation
instead of cause and effect.

3. Confidence Interval

Confidence intervals are used to make estimations about average or proportions for a
certain variable in the population.

Confidence interval –
(Sample observation – Margin of error, Sample observation + Margin of Error)
Width of a confidence interval (a,b) is given as : b − a.
𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎
Margin of error for a confidence interval (a,b) is given as 2

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4. Margin of Error

The margin of error accounts for the potential difference between actual values for an
entire population and the predicted values based on a sample of the whole population. The
margin of error helps describe a range (relative to a predicted value based on a sample) of
values in which the true value for the whole population is likely to be found.

When there is more uncertainty around the population value, margin of error, for a confidence
interval increases.
The two factors on which Margin of Error depends are:
1. Sample size: If you study more observations, uncertainty around population value will reduce.
Therefore, the Margin of Error is inversely related to sample size.
2. Standard Deviation: If there’s a lot of variation in sample responses, there’ll be a lot of
confusion around the population values. Therefore, the Margin of Error is inversely related
to Standard Deviation.
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅

𝒛𝒛

Examples

Ex.1. A pet food store chose 1,000 customers at random and asked each customer how many
pets he or she has. The results are shown in the table below.

Number of Pets Number of Customers

1 600
2 200
3 100
4 or more 100

There are a total of 18,000 customers in the store's database. Based on the survey data,
what is the expected total number of customers who own 2 pets?

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Sol. : Using the sample data, we can estimate the total number of customers who own 2 pets
to be
200
18,000 × = 3,600
1,000

Ex. 2 A researcher conducted a survey to determine whether people in a certain large town
prefer watching robot battles on television or attending robot battles in person. The
researcher asked 249 people who visited a local coffee shop on a Monday, and 8 people
refused to respond. Which of the following factors makes it least likely that a reliable
conclusion can be drawn about the robot-battle-watching preferences of all people in the
town?
(a) The number of people who refused to respond
(b) Where the survey was conducted
(c) Population size
(d) Sample size
Sol. : A sample size of 249 is sufficient to have an accurate survey, regardless of the size of the
town's population. Eliminate choices and .If a vast majority of the people surveyed
refused to answer, then it might be a problem because we would have very few responses,
but only 8 people out of the 249 surveyed felt that their robot-battle-watching preferences
were too sensitive to share with researchers. Eliminate choice A. One thing we know for
sure is that all of the people surveyed visited the same coffee shop on a Monday, which
means that they have another trait in common, aside from the fact that they were all in
that large town. The answer is .

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Class Assignment

1. Environmentalists are testing pH levels in a forest that is being harmed by acid rain. They
analyzed water samples from 40 rainfalls in the past year and found that the mean pH of
the water samples has a 95% confidence interval of 3.2 to 3.8. Which of the following
conclusions is the most appropriate based on the confidence interval?
(a) 95% of all the forest rainfalls in the past year have a pH between 3.2 and 3.8.
(b) 95% of all the forest rainfalls in the past decade have a pH between 3.2 and 3.8.
(c) It is plausible that the true mean pH of all the forest rainfalls in the past year is
between 3.2 and 3.8.
(d) It is plausible that the true mean pH of all the forest rainfall in the past decade is
between 3.2 and 3.8.

2. Students in a school were surveyed to determine whether they are satisfied with the
mattresses in the dorms. A random sample of 100 students was selected. All 100
responded, and 61% said they are satisfied. Based on this information, which of the
following statements must be true?
I. Of all the school's students, 61% would say they are satisfied with the mattresses in the
dorms.
II. If another random sample of 100 students were surveyed, 61% would say they are
satisfied.
A) Neither
B) I only
C) II only
D) I and II
3. Malden is a town in the state of Massachusetts. A real estate agent randomly surveyed 50
apartments for sale in Malden and found that the average price of each apartment was
$150,000. Another real estate agent intends to replicate the survey and will attempt to get
a smaller margin of error. Which of the following samples will most likely result in a smaller
margin of error for the mean price of an apartment in Malden, Massachusetts?
(a) 30 randomly selected apartments in Malden
(b) 30 randomly selected apartment in all of Massachusetts
(c) 80 randomly selected apartments in Malden
(d) 80 randomly selected apartments in all of Massachusetts
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4. An ecologist selected a random sample of 50 beavers from a river and found that the mean
weight of the beavers in the sample was 42 pounds (lbs), with an associated margin of error
of 3.1lbs. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the ecologist's findings?

A) All beavers in the sample have a weight between 38.9 lbs and 45.1 lbs.
B) Most beavers in the river have a weight between 38.9 lbs and 45.1 lbs.
C) Any weight between 38.9 lbs and 45.1 lbs is a plausible value for the mean weight of
the beavers in the sample.
D) Any weight between 38.9 lbs and 45.1 lbs is a plausible value for the mean weight of
beavers in the river.

5. Researchers conducted an experiment to determine whether exercise improves student

exam scores. They randomly selected 200 students who exercise at least once a week and
200 students who do not exercise at least once a week. After tracking the students’
academic performance for a year, the researchers found that the students who exercise at
least once a week performed significantly better on the same exams than the students who
do not. Based on the design and results of the study, which of the following is an
appropriate conclusion?
(a) Exercising at least once a week is likely to improve exam scores.
(b) Exercising three times a week improves exam scores more than exercising just once a
week.
(c) Any student who starts exercising at least once a week will improve his or her exam
scores.
(d) There is a positive association between exercise and student exam scores.
6. To determine if having olive oil in atleast one meal everyday reduces stress for men,
researchers interviewed a random sample of 1,200 men who had no history of stress. Study
participants were identified as either regular or occasional olive oil consumers. Ten years
later, researchers interviewed the men again. They found that the proportion of men who
experienced frequent stress was significantly lower for men identified as regular olive oil
consumers. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion of the study?
(a) Olive oil causes a reduction in stress for men but not necessarily for women.
(b) Olive oil causes a reduction in stress for men and women.
(c) There is an association between olive oil use and stress for men, but it is not
necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship, and the association may not exist for women.

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(d) There is an association between olive oil use and stress for men and women, but it is
not necessarily a cause-and effect relationship.

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Home Assignment

1. The length of a blue-spotted salamander's tail can be used to estimate its age. A biologist
selected 80 blue spotted salamanders at random and finds that the average length of their
tails has a 95% confidence interval of 5 to 6 inches. Which of the following conclusions is
the most appropriate based on the confidence interval?
(a) 95% of all blue-spotted salamanders have a tail that is between 5 and 6 inches in
length.
(b) 95% of all salamanders have a tail that is between 5 and 6 inches in length.
(c) The true average length of the tails of all blue-spotted salamanders is likely between 5
and 6 inches.
(d) The true average length of the tails of all salamanders is likely between 5 and 6 inches.

2. An economist conducted research to determine whether there is a relationship between

the price of food and population density. He collected data from a random sample of 100
U.S. cities and found significant evidence that the price of food is lower in places with a
high population density. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by these
results?

(a) In U.S. cities, there is a positive association between the price of food and population
density.
(b) In U.S. cities, there is a negative association between the price of food and population
density.
(c) In U.S. cities, a decrease in the price of food is caused by an increase in the population
density.
(d) In U.S. cities, an increase in the population density is caused by a decrease in the price
of food.
3. A university wants to determine the dietary preferences of the students in its freshman
class. Which of the following survey methods is most likely to provide the most valid
results?
(a) Selecting a random sample of 600 students from the university.
(b) Selecting a random sample of 300 students from the university's freshman class
(c) Selecting a random sample of 600 students from the university's freshman class
(d) Selecting a random sample of 600 students from one of the university's freshman
dining halls.

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4. A statistician designed and conducted a study to determine whether playing a certain video
game increases middle school students' accuracy in adding fractions. For the study, the
statistician chose a random sample of 35 students from all of the students at one of the
middle schools in a large city. The psychologist found that students who played the game
showed significant improvement in accuracy when adding fractions. What is the largest
group to which the results of the study can be generalized?
(a) The 35 students in the sample
(b) All students at the school
(c) All middle school students in the city
(d) All students in the city

5. A store manager asked a random sample of shoppers how long they shopped. Based on the
responses, the estimated mean was found to be 12.5 minutes, with an associated margin
of error of 2.5 minutes. Which of the following is the best conclusion from these data?
(a) It is likely that all shoppers shopped for between 10 and 15 minutes.
(b) It is likely that most shoppers shopped for 12.5 minutes.
(c) It is plausible that the mean time spent shopping by all shoppers is between 10 and 15
minutes.
(d) It is not possible that any shopper shopped for less than 10 minutes.

6. Researchers must conduct an experiment to see whether a new vaccine is effective in

relieving certain allergies. They have selected a random sample of 100 allergy patients.
Some of the patients are assigned to the new vaccine while the rest are assigned to the
traditional treatment. Which of the following methods of assigning each patient's
treatment is most likely to lead to a reliable conclusion about the effectiveness of the new
vaccine?
(a) Females are assigned to the new vaccine.
(b) Those whose have more than one allergy are assigned to the new vaccine.
(c) The patients divide themselves evenly into two groups. A coin is tossed to decide
which group receives the new vaccine.
(d) Each patient is assigned a random number. Those with an even number are assigned
to the new vaccine.

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7. A basketball manufacture selects a random sample of its basketballs each week to ensure
a consistent air pressure within them is maintained. In Week 1, the sample had a mean air
pressure of 8.2 psi (pounds per square inch) and a margin of error of 0.1 psi. In Week 2,
the sample had a mean air pressure of 7.7 psi and a margin of error of 0.3 psi. Based on
there results, which of the following is a reasonable. Conclusion?
(a) Most of the basketballs produced in Week 1 had an air pressure under 8.2psi,
whereas most of the basketballs produced in Week 2 had an air pressure under 7.7psi.
(b) The mean air pressure of all the basketballs produced in Week 1 was 0.5 psi more than
the mean air pressure of all the basketballs produced in Week 2.
(c) The number of basketballs in the Week 1 sample was more than the number of
basketballs in the Week 2 sample.
(d) It is very likely that the mean air pressure of all the basketballs produced in Week 1
was less than the mean air pressure of all the basketballs produced in Week 2 .

8. A box containing 10,000 pens of assorted colors is purchased from a stationary store. To
estimate the percent of red pens in the box, a sample of pens is selected at random. The
percent of red pens in the box was estimated to be 12%, with an associated margin of error
of 2%. If r is the actual number of red pens in the bag, which of the following is most
plausible?
(a) r > 1,400
(b) 1,000 < 𝑟𝑟 < 1,400
(c) 200 < 𝑟𝑟 < 1,200
(d) r < 1,000

Sample Percent in favor Margin of error

A 49% 4.2%
B 46% 1.3%

9. Students from a psychology class voted in favor and against of a proposition. Two samples
from the same class were selected, and the margins of error were calculated using the same
method. Which of the following is the most appropriate reason that the margin of error for
sample A is greater than the margin of error for sample B?

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 (a) Sample A had a smaller number of votes that could not be recorded.
(b) Sample A had a higher percent of favorable responses.
(c) Sample A had a larger sample size.
(d) Sample A had a smaller sample size.

10. The city council of Embley wanted to assess the opinions of all city residents about
converting an open field into a parking lot. The council surveyed a sample of 620 city
residents who owned cars. The survey showed that the majority of those sampled were in
favor of the parking lot. Which of the following is true about the city council's survey?
(a) It shows that the majority of city residents are in favor of the parking lot.
(b) The survey sample should have included more residents who owned cars.
(c) The survey sample should have consisted entirely of residents who do not own cars.
(d) The survey sample is biased because it is not representative of all city residents.

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 Module 7: Polynomials-1
Skills to be tested:
1. Long division
2. Factor theorem
3. Remainder theorem
4. Polynomial Graphs
5. Polynomial Inequalities

6. Identical Equations

Polynomials
A polynomial is an expression with more than two algebraic terms.

Classifying Polynomials:
A polynomial can be classified according to the number of terms it contains.

• A polynomial with one term, as in 3x 2 , is called a monomial.

• A polynomial with two unlike terms, as in 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥, is called a binomial.
• A polynomial with three unlike terms, as in x 2 + 3x − 5, is called a trinomial.

1. Long division of Polynomials

1 If (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 is divided by 𝑥𝑥 − 1, find the quotient and remainder.

𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 4

𝑥𝑥 3 −2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+2 4
Dividing both sides by (𝑥𝑥 − 1), 𝑥𝑥−1
= (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2) + x−1

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 (𝑥𝑥) 𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟
= 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 +
𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟

2. Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial function (𝑥𝑥) is divided by 𝑥𝑥 − , the remainder is ( ) and the converse
of this is also true.

3. Factor Theorem
• If 𝑥𝑥 − is a factor of (𝑥𝑥), then the remainder 𝑟𝑟 = ( ) = 0.
• If the remainder 𝑟𝑟 = ( ) = 0, then is a zero of (𝑥𝑥) and 𝑥𝑥 − is a factor of (𝑥𝑥).

Therefore, k is the root /solution/x-intercept (in case of real roots) of the function.

Example

1. If 𝑥𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑥, what is the value of 𝑐𝑐 ?

Sol. : If 𝑥𝑥 + 2 is a factor, then (−2) = 0. Note that −2 is only plugged in for 𝑥𝑥, not y; (if 𝑥𝑥 + 2
were a factor, then −2 would be plugged in for 𝑥𝑥 )

(−2)2 𝑥𝑥 + 4(−2)2 + 𝑐𝑐(−2) + 8𝑥𝑥 = 0

−8𝑥𝑥 + 16 − 2𝑐𝑐 + 8𝑥𝑥 = 0
16 − 2𝑐𝑐 = 0
16 = 2𝑐𝑐
8 = 𝑐𝑐

When the factor of an expression is 𝒙𝒙, the expression is divisible by 𝒙𝒙 and has a 0 at 𝒙𝒙 =
(If 𝑥𝑥 is a factor, 𝑥𝑥 − 0 is a factor. If 𝑥𝑥 − 0 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 = 0.) Thus, (0) = 0. Likervise, if a
multiple of 𝑥𝑥, such as 2𝑥𝑥, is a factor of a polynomial, then the function has a zero at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

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4. Polynomial Graphs

A function in terms of its various factors can be written in the form :

(𝑥𝑥) = k(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑚𝑚 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑏𝑏)𝑚𝑚2 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐)𝑚𝑚3 ….

(a) Intercepts: If 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 is a root or x-intercept of the polynomial, then (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) is a factor
of the polynomial.
(b) Multiplicity of roots
(i) If the graph of the function crosses the 𝑥𝑥-axis at a point 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎, then (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) is an odd
powered factor. (Usually for SAT, power is considered to be 1). So, if the graph of a
function crosses the 𝑥𝑥-axis at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎, then m1 is odd.
(ii) If the graph of the function is tangential to the 𝑥𝑥-axis at a point 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎, then (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) is
an even powered factor. (Usually for SAT, power is considered to be 2). So, if the graph of
a function crosses 𝑥𝑥-axis at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎, then m1 is even

(c) End Behaviour of polynomials:

(i) For an odd degree polynomial, the two ends of the graph go in opposite directions.
(ii) For an even degree polynomial, the two ends of the graph go in same direction.

(d) Behaviour of leading coefficient

(i) If the leading coefficient (k) of a polynomial is positive, the polynomial graph rises
upwards after the rightmost point and vice versa.
(ii) If the leading coefficient (k) of a polynomial is negative, the polynomial graph goes
downwards after the rightmost point and vice versa

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Examples

(a) - Three odd powered factors

- The two ends pointing in different directions, so the polynomial is an odd degree
polynomial
- After the rightmost point the graph rises up, so is positive.

(b) - Two odd powered factors

- Both ends of the graph pointing in the same direction, so the polynomial function

has an even degree

- The graph rises upwards from the rightmost point, so the k value is positive

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(c) - Two factors, (x-1) is even powered and (x-3) is odd powered.
- The two ends point in different directions so odd degree polynomial.
- The graph goes downwards, so k is negative

If + is a zero of , − is also a zero of (x) (with real coefficients).

If + √ is a zero of , − √ is also a zero of (x) (with rational
coefficients).

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5. Polynomial Inequalities

Solving a polynomial inequality means finding the 𝑥𝑥-values for which the graph of the
polynomial function lies above or below the 𝑥𝑥-axis. A polynomial inequality can be solved
graphically.
Let the polynomial inequality be(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) > 0. First, graph the polynomial
function (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) with the leading coefficient 1. Since 1, 2, and 3 are
zeros of multiplicity 1, the graph of crosses the 𝑥𝑥-axis at 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑥𝑥 = 2, and 𝑥𝑥 = 3 as
shown in Figure 1.

Figure-1 Figure-2

As shown in Figure 2, the graph of lies above the 𝑥𝑥-axis when 1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥𝑥 > 3.
Therefore, the solution to (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3) > 0 is 1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥𝑥 > 3.

6. Identical Equations
The two expressions, left hand side and right-hand side, are always equal for all values we
give to the variable. The equations that are true for all values of the variable are called
identical equations.
If 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 + 𝑟𝑟, then 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑝𝑝, 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑞𝑞 and 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑟𝑟.

Example

1. If f(x) is a function, (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑏𝑏), such than (1) > 0 , (4) < 0and (11) > 0,
then (𝑥𝑥) must atleast have 2 real roots, since between 1 and 4, (𝑥𝑥) becomes positive to
negative, so there will be atleast one point, say 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 where (𝑥𝑥) = 0

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 (11,f(11))
(1,f(1))

(4,f(4))

Class Assignment

1. Find the equivalent form for the following expression.

𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 5
𝑥𝑥 − 2
(A) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1
1
(B) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥𝑥−2
3
(C) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥𝑥−2
2
(D) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥𝑥−2

2. The graph of the function is shown in the xy-plane above, where 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥). Which of
the following functions could define f(x)?
(A) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2
(B) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
(C) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2
(D) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)

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3. −2𝑥𝑥(5𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 6(5𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
In the equation above, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are constants. If the equation is true for all values of 𝑥𝑥,
what is the value of 𝑏𝑏 ?

4. The number of integers that satisfy the inequality 𝑥𝑥 2 + 48 < 16𝑥𝑥 is

(A) 0
(B) 4
(C) 7
(D) an infinite number

5. For what value of is (𝑥𝑥 + 1) a factor of the function (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 26𝑥𝑥 −
24?
(a) –1
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 43

6. For a certain model of car, the distance required to stop the vehicle if it is traveling at
2
speed, mi/h is given by the formula: = + 20 , where is measured in feet. Kerry

wants her stopping distance not to exceed 240ft. What is the maximum speed (in miles
per hour) with which she can travel?
(1 mile=5280 feet) [Student Produced Responses]

Class Assignment (Optional)

7. Find the remainder, when (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑎𝑎3 is divided by 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑎, where
1
𝑎𝑎 = 2. [Student Produced Response]

8. Three of the roots of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients are−3, 2 and
−4 + 5√6. What is the lowest possible degree of the equation?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6

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Home Assignment

1. When graphed, the function 𝑝𝑝 has 𝑥𝑥-intercepts at –2, 1, and 3. What is a possible
expression for 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) ?

(a) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 6

(b) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 + 6

(c) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 6

(d) 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 11𝑥𝑥 − 6

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2
2. 5
(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥𝑥 − 3

Two functions are shown above. Which of the following is divisible by 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 ?

(a) (𝑥𝑥)

(b) (𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥)

(c) (𝑥𝑥) + 2 (𝑥𝑥)

(d) 2 (𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥)

3. In 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0, what is the only rational solution to the equation?

(a) –2

(b) –1

(c) 0

(d) 1

4. If (𝑥𝑥 − 3) is a factor of 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 + , what is the value of the constant ?

(a) –15

(b) –10

(c) 10

(d) 15

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5. Which equation(s) represent(s) the graph below?

I. 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 12)

II. 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2)
III. 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 6)
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II
(d) II and III

6. In the x y-plane above, the function f is defined (𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏, where a and
b are constants. If the graph of f(x) intersects the 𝑥𝑥-axis at three points, what is the value
of 𝑎𝑎?
(a) 11
(b) 5
(c) –5

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 (d) –11

7. If (𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 − 3 for all values of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 5, what are the two
possible values for 𝑐𝑐 ?
(a) –3 and –7
(b) –2 and –5
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 4 and 7

8. 3(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥)2 − (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥)2

The expression above is equivalent to 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 2 , where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐 are constants.
What is the value of 𝑏𝑏 ? [Student Produced Response]

9. If the graph of the function (𝑥𝑥) has 𝑥𝑥-intercepts at –3 and 2, and a 𝑥𝑥-intercept at 12,
which of the following could define ?
(a) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)
(b) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2
(c) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)
(d) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2

10. One of the factors of 5𝑥𝑥 3 + 55𝑥𝑥 2 + 100𝑥𝑥 − 160 is 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏, where 𝑏𝑏 is a positive constant.
What is the smallest possible value of 𝑏𝑏? [Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment (Optional)

11. For what value of , (𝑥𝑥 + 1) is not a factor of 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 1.

(a) 319
(b) 128
(c) 191
(d) 715

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 4 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 + 𝑡𝑡
12. Consider the polynomial functions given above, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, 𝑟𝑟, and 𝑡𝑡 are constants. If the
polynomial (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥)is divisible by 2𝑥𝑥 2 , which of the following must be true?
I. 𝑎𝑎 is divisible by 2

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II. 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡 = 0
III. 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑟 = 0
(a) I only
(b) I and II
(c) II and III
(d) All of the above are true

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Module 8: Polynomials-II
Skills to be tested:
1. Factoring
2. Functions
3. Equivalent representations

Factorisation
Factoring
Factoring is the process of breaking down a polynomial expression or equation and finding
its factors that, when multiplied together, return to the original polynomial. A few different
factoring techniques will be reviewed.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
This refers to dividing out the greatest like term in a polynomial. The greatest common
factor can be a number, a variable, or both.
Algebraic Identities
Identity (I) (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 2
Identity (II) (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
Identity (III) (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
Identity (IV) (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥)3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥)
Identity (V) (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥)3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥)

Examples

Ex. 1 Factor each of the following polynomials.

1 3𝑥𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑥
2 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 5
3 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)3 − 4(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2
Sol. :
1 There are two terms in this polynomial, 3𝑥𝑥 4 and 𝑥𝑥. Their greatest common factor is 𝑥𝑥.
Factoring out 𝑥𝑥 gives 3𝑥𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥(3𝑥𝑥 3 − 1).

83 | P a g e
2 There are three terms in this polynomial, 2𝑥𝑥 3 , 6𝑥𝑥 4 , and 4𝑥𝑥 5 . Their greatest common
factor is 2𝑥𝑥 3 . Factoring out 2𝑥𝑥 3 gives 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 5 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 (1 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 ).
3 There are two terms in this polynomial, (𝑥𝑥 + 1)3 and 4(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 . Their greatest common
factor is (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2. Factoring out (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 gives
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)3 − 4(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 ((𝑥𝑥 + 1) − 4) = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3).

2. Finding Equivalent representations for expressions

1 Which of the following is equivalent to (3𝑥𝑥 + 9)2 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 ?

(a) 9(3𝑥𝑥 + 9)
(b) 27(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)
(c) 54(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
(d) 81(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
Sol. : (3𝑥𝑥 + 9)2 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 = (3𝑥𝑥)2 + 2(3𝑥𝑥)(9) + (9)2 − 9𝑥𝑥 2
= 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 54𝑥𝑥 + 81 − 9𝑥𝑥 2
= 54𝑥𝑥 + 81
= 27(2𝑥𝑥 + 3)
The answer is B.
5𝑥𝑥 − 1 3
+
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 4
ax+b
2 If the expression given above is equivalent to 2(x−1)(x−2). Then which of the following is

the value of a?
(a) 13
(b) –5
(c) 5
(d) –13
Sol. :
5𝑥𝑥−1 3 5𝑥𝑥−1 3
𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+2
+ 2𝑥𝑥−4 = (𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥−2) + 2(𝑥𝑥−2)
2(5𝑥𝑥−1) 3(𝑥𝑥−1)
= +
2(𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥−2) 2(𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥−2)
2(5𝑥𝑥−1)+3(𝑥𝑥−1)
=
2(𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥−2)
13𝑥𝑥−5
= 2(𝑥𝑥−1)(𝑥𝑥−2)

Comparing coefficients, 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏 = 13𝑥𝑥 + 5. Hence, = 13 (Option (a))

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Rules for Rational Exponents

Zero Exponent
Negative Exponent Rule Fractional Exponent Rule
Rule
(𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0) (𝑥𝑥 0 when is even )
(x > 0 & 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1)

1 1 𝑛𝑛 1
𝑥𝑥 0 = 1 𝑥𝑥 −2 = =
𝑥𝑥 2 1 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛

1 2
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = �𝑥𝑥 2 = ( √𝑥𝑥)2
𝑥𝑥 −2

𝑎𝑎 −4 𝑏𝑏 2 2
Ex. (2𝑥𝑥)0 = 1 = 3
(−27)3 = ( √−27)2 = (−3)2 = 9
𝑏𝑏 −2 𝑐𝑐 5 𝑎𝑎4 𝑐𝑐 5

Examples

1 Simplify: √98.
Sol. :
√98 = √49 ⋅ 2 =7√2

2 Simplify:
4 − √48
2
4 − √16. 3
2
4 − √16√3
= 2
4 − 4√3
2
4(1 − √3)
2
2(1 − √3)

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 Functions

Evaluating Functions ("Plugging In")

We've already seen function notation used for lines, parabolas, higher-degree polynomials,
and exponents, and there are some questions that simply require you to plug a value into
those functions.

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

Ex. 1 For the function defined above, what is the value of (−2) ?
(a) –11
(b) –5
(c) –3
(d) 5

Ex. 2 A small local restaurant sponsored a contest to name their new special dish. Patrons
submitted their entries between noon (𝑡𝑡 = 0) and 10 P.M. (𝑡𝑡 = 10). The number of
entries 𝑡𝑡 hours after noon is modelled by the function for 0 𝑡𝑡 10. Values of (𝑡𝑡), at
various times 𝑡𝑡, are shown in the table below. Use the data in the table to approximate the
average rate of change from (7, 50) to (9, 79).

(hours) 0 3 6 7 9 10

( ) (number of
0 25 43 50 79 125
entries)

Sol. : Average rate of change is the slope between two points,

( )− (7) 7 −50 2
so : −7
= 2
= 2
= 14.5

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 Note:

1 Do not divide by zero. Exclude any value of 𝑥𝑥 from the domain of a function those
𝑥𝑥+4
results in a 0 in the denominator. For example, if (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥−3, then 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 3 since
3+4 7
(3) = 3−3 = 0, which is undefined. Therefore, the domain of the function is the set

of all real numbers except 3, which can be represented as (− , 3) (3, ).

2 Do not take the square root (or any even root) of a negative number. Since the
square root of a negative number is not a real number, the quantity underneath a
square root must always be greater than or equal to 0 . If (𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥 + 5, then 𝑥𝑥 +
5 0 and 𝑥𝑥 −5. The domain of the function is the set of all real numbers greater
than or equal to -5, which can be represented as [−5, ).

Composite Functions

You may be given two functions and be tasked with plugging the value from one into the
other. Sometimes, these are found in the form of composite functions, where one
function is plugged into another.

Usually, the easiest thing to do is to substitute a value into one function and then replace its
value in the other function.

Ex. 1. If (𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 6𝑥𝑥 and (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 3, what is the value of ( (2)) ?

Sol: Whenever you see composite functions (functions of other functions), start from the
inside and work your ways out. First,

(2) = 2 + 3 = 5

Now we have to figure out the value of f(5).

Well, we can plug in 𝑥𝑥 = 6 into (𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 6𝑥𝑥 to get (5) = 6(6) = 36

Ex.2. If (𝑥𝑥) = (2𝑥𝑥)2 + 4 and (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 , what is the value of if ( (3 )) = 27 7

+4?

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Sol.: g(3 m) = 33 m3
g(3 m) = 27 m3
2
f(27 m3 ) = 2(27 m3 ) + 4
f(27 m3 ) = (54 m3 )2 + 4
f(27 m3 ) = 2916 m6 + 4
2916 m6 + 4 = 27 m7 + 4

2916 m6 + 4 = 27 m7 + 4
2916 m6 = 27 m7
2916 m6 27 m7
=
27 27
0 = m − 108 m6
7

0 = m6 ( m − 108)
= ,

88 | P a g e
Class assignment – 8

1. If (𝑥𝑥) = 4 + 7𝑥𝑥 and (𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 , what is ( (3)) ?

(a) 27
(b) 36
(c) 81
(d) 193

2. If (𝑥𝑥) = 6𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 and (𝑥𝑥) = (3𝑥𝑥 + 5)2 , what is ( (−2)) ?

(a) 49
(b) 27
(c) 8
(d) 0

3. If 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = �2(𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 6), what is the value of 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 ?

(a) 12
(b) 14
(c) 16
(d) 18
3
𝑥𝑥 4
4. Which of the following is equivalent to 2 −2 ?
𝑥𝑥 4
5 −
(a) x 4

3
(b) 𝑥𝑥 4

−
(c) 𝑥𝑥 4

−
(d) 𝑥𝑥 3

5. If the function 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 4 contains the point ( , 2 ) and > 0, what is the value
of ?
(a) m = 2
(b) m = 3
(c) m = −2
(d) m = 1

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6. In the portion of the graph of xy-plane shown below, what is the least degree of the
polynomial f(x) ?

(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four

Class assignment - 8 (Optional)

2 (𝑛𝑛)+1
7. If ( + 1) = 2
, = 1,2, … …and (102) = 2, then find the value of (101).

[Student Produced Response]

90 | P a g e
8. A function f is defined such that (1) = 2, (2) = 5, and ( ) = ( − 1) − ( − 2)
for all integer values of greater than 2. What is the value of (4) ?
(a) –8
(b) –2
(c) 2
(c) 8

Home Assignment - 8

1. If 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 = 5 and if 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = 12, what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑥 4 ? [Student Produced

Response]

2. (3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 4) + (3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 4)

Which of the following is equivalent to the expression above?

(a) 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥

(b) 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥
(c) 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 8
(d) 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 8

3. Which of the following is NOT a factor of 𝑥𝑥 4 − 36?

I. (𝑥𝑥 + 6)2
II. 𝑥𝑥 − √6

III. (𝑥𝑥 2 + 6)
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) III only
(d) All of the above are factors of the given polynomial

4.
2
−𝑥𝑥 −4 𝑥𝑥
3𝑥𝑥 −1 𝑥𝑥 3

Which of the following is equivalent to the expression given above?

91 | P a g e
 𝑥𝑥
(a)
𝑦𝑦 4
1
(b) 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 4
𝑦𝑦
(c)
𝑥𝑥 4
(d) 9𝑥𝑥 6 𝑥𝑥 4
2
5. If a5 + 1 = 17, then what is the value of a ?
(a) 32
(b) 64
(c) 128
(d) 1024

𝑝𝑝 = 4𝑎𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 1
6.
𝑞𝑞 = 2𝑎𝑎2 − 3𝑎𝑎 + 7

The polynomials p and q are shown above. What is the value of 3𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞 ?
(a) 6𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 8
(b) 14𝑎𝑎2 + 6𝑎𝑎 + 3
(c) 10𝑎𝑎2 − 7𝑎𝑎 − 20
(d) 14𝑎𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑎 + 10

7. Which of the following is equivalent to

2
(𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 2)
− (−2𝑥𝑥 2 2
+ 5𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 2)
?

(a) −5𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 2

(b) 7𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 2
(c) −𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 2
(d) −𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑥𝑥 2 2

1 3n
8. Which of the following is equivalent to � � × (√x)4 ?
√x
−3𝑛𝑛
+2
(a) x 2
3
(b) 𝑥𝑥 2𝑛𝑛+2
(c) 𝑥𝑥 6𝑛𝑛
(d) 𝑥𝑥 −6𝑛𝑛
3 5
9. Which of the following is equivalent to √x11 ⋅ √x ?
3
(a) x 5
58
(b) x 5

92 | P a g e
 28
(c) x
2
(d) x 3

𝑦𝑦+4 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥−3)
10. Which expression is equivalent to 𝑥𝑥−3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ?
𝑦𝑦−3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 4
(a)
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥
− 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 12
(b) 2
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥
(c)
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 + 13𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 8𝑥𝑥
(d)
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 + 9𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Home Assignment - 8 (Optional)

1 1
11. If 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 = 2 then the value of 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑥𝑥 4 is

(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 34
(d) 12

12. If 2𝑎𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 2 + 6𝑎𝑎 + 9 = 0 then (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 is

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

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 Module 9: Exponential
Functions
Skills to be tested:

1. Exponential Functions

2. Simple and Compound Interest Models

3. Linear versus exponential growth/decay

4. Interpreting parameters

1. Exponential Functions

The exponential function is given as 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥

If 𝑏𝑏 > 1, then as 𝑥𝑥 increases, 𝑥𝑥 increases and the graph rises at an increasingly faster rate.

If 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1, then as 𝑥𝑥 increases, 𝑥𝑥 decreases and the graph falls but at a slower and
slower rate

Examples of exponential functions are:

▪ Compound Interest Models

▪ Population growth/ decay functions
▪ Radioactive growth and decay
▪ Devaluation of property

Interpreting the parameters: The y-intercept of an exponential function is the value of

this function at x=0.

𝑏𝑏 represents the rate/proportion at which the initial value is increasing or decreasing.

94 | Page
2. Simple & Compound Interest Models

Simple Interest :

Suppose $320 is invested in an account that earns 7% simple interest.

Since 7% of $320 is a constant value, this value is added every year.

The amount earned after years, is = 320 + 22.4 .

Compound Interest Model

Suppose $320 is invested in an account that earns 7% interest compounded annually.

After one year, the balance in the account is

320 + 320 × 0.07 = 320(1 + 0.07) = 320(1.07)

𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟

After years, the balance, 𝑥𝑥, has increased by a factor of 1.07 for a total of times. Thus,

𝑥𝑥 = 320(1.07)(1.07) (1.07) = 320(1.07)𝑛𝑛

𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥

If an initial quantity changes exponentially at a rate of 𝑟𝑟% per time period, then after 𝑥𝑥
successive time periods, the amount present, 𝑥𝑥, is given by the formulas in the
accompanying table.

Process Exponential Function

Growth 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(1 + 𝑟𝑟)𝑥𝑥

Decay 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(1 − 𝑟𝑟)𝑥𝑥

Arithmetic Sequence: In the arithmetic sequence, 2,6,10… there is a constant term that
is being added, which is 4.

Geometric Sequence: In the geometric sequence

400,200,100,50,25, …
each term is being multiplied by ½ . ½ is called the common ratio.

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Linear versus exponential growth/decay

Linear growth or decay models are where a new term is increased or decreased,
respectively, by a fixed percentage of the initial amount.

1. Exponential growth or decay models are where a new term increases or decreases by a
fixed percentage of previous term is increment or decreased.
2. To solve exponential equation, we can take help of graphing calculators or Desmos after
setting up the initial equation.

Examples:

1. If a colony of insects begins with 20 insects and increases exponentially in number at a

rate of 35% every 5 days, then after 30 days the number of insects, 𝑥𝑥, is
30
𝑥𝑥 = 20(1 + 0.35) 5 = 20(1.35)6
2. The current population of a town is 10,000. If the population, , increases by 3.5% every
six months, which equation could be used to find the population after 𝑡𝑡 years?

(A) = 10,000(1.035)2
(B) = 10,000(0.965)2𝑡𝑡
(C) = 10,000(1.035)2𝑡𝑡

(D) = 10,000(0.965)2

Solution
Since the growth factor is 1 + 3.5% = 1 + 0.035 = 1.035, eliminate choices (B) and (D).
Because the growth cycle is every 6 months, there are 2 growth cycles or compounding
periods each year in which the population increases by 3.5% over its current amount,
= 10,000(1.035)2𝑡𝑡 . The correct choice is (C).

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Class Assignment- 9

1. A car loses its value at a rate of 10.5% annually. If a car is purchased for $24,500, which
equation can be used to determine the value of the car, , after 5 years?
(a) = 24,500(1.895)5
(b) = 24,500(0.895)5
(c) = 24,500(1.105)5
(d) = 24,500(0.105)5

2. Chris bought two cars- Car A and Car B, each cost $16,000. The values of the cars for each
year of ownership are shown in the table below.

Number of years Value of Car A Value of Car B

0 16000 16000
1 13500 13,504
2 11000 11398
3 8500 9620
4 6000 8118

Which of the following is true?

(a) The cost of both cars is decreasing linearly.
(b) The cost of car A is decreasing linearly and car B is decreasing exponentially.
(c) The cost of car A is decreasing exponentially and car A is decreasing linearly.
(d) The cost of both cars is decreasing exponentially.

3. Some banks charge a fee on savings accounts that are left inactive for an extended period
of time. The equation 𝑥𝑥 = 5,000(0.98)𝑥𝑥 represents the value, 𝑥𝑥, of one account that was
left inactive for a period of 𝑥𝑥 years. What is the 𝑥𝑥-intercept of this equation and what
does it represent?
(a) 0.98, the percent of money in the account initially
(b) 0.98, the percent of money in the account after 𝑥𝑥 years
(c) 5,000, the amount of money in the account initially
(d) 5,000, the amount of money in the account after 𝑥𝑥 years

97 | Page
4. A radioactive substance decays at an annual rate of 22 percent. If the initial amount of
the substance is 450 grams, which of the following functions models the remaining
amount of the substance, in grams, 𝑡𝑡 years later?
(a) (𝑡𝑡) = 450(0.22)𝑡𝑡
(b) (𝑡𝑡) = 450(0.78)𝑡𝑡
(c) (𝑡𝑡) = 0.22(450)𝑡𝑡
(d) (𝑡𝑡) = 0.78(450)𝑡𝑡

5. In planning budgets for a town's council, an accountant estimates that, starting from the
present, the population of the town will increase by 5 percent every 10 years. If the
present population of the town is 11,310 , which of the following expressions represents
the accountant's estimate of the population of the city 𝑡𝑡 years from now?
(a) 11,310(1.05)10𝑡𝑡

(b) 11,310(1.05)
(c) 11,310(1.5)10𝑡𝑡

(d) 11,310(1.5)

6. If (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏, is an exponential function where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are constants and 𝑎𝑎 > 0. If
the function contains points (3𝑝𝑝, −2) and (4𝑝𝑝, 6), then find the value of b. [Student
Produced Response]

Class Assignment- 9 (Optional)

7. A radioactive substance has half-life of 730 years. If the amount of substance is N now,
what percentage of it remains after 1000 years? (round off to nearest whole number)
[Student Produced Response]

8. The functions and are defined by the given equations, where 2 𝑥𝑥 8. Which of the
following equations displays, as a constant or coefficient, the minimum value of the
function it defines, where 2 𝑥𝑥 8?
I. (𝑥𝑥) = 0.0625(0.5)(2)𝑥𝑥+2
II. (𝑥𝑥) = 1200(0.2)𝑥𝑥−3
(a) I only
(b) II only
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(c) I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

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Home Assignment - 9

1. The number of bacteria in a petri dish doubles every 20 minutes, which of the following
graphs could model the number of bacteria as a function of time?
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

100 | Page
2. = 12(1.12)𝑡𝑡
The equation above models the number of students, , of a learning center 𝑡𝑡 years after
the center opens. Of the following, which equation models the number of students of the
learning center 𝑞𝑞 quarters after the center opens?
(a) = 12(1.12)4𝑞𝑞
(b) = 12(1.03)𝑞𝑞

(c) = 12(1.03)4

(d) = 12(1.12)4

3. The breakdown of a sample of a chemical compound is represented by the

function 𝑝𝑝( ) = 300(0.5)𝑛𝑛 , where 𝑝𝑝( ) represents the number of milligrams of the
substance that remains at the end of years. Which of the following is true?
I. 300 represents the number of milligrams of the substance that remains after the first
year.
II. 0.5 represents the fraction of the starting amount by which the substance gets reduced
by the end of each year.
III. Each year the substance gets reduced by one-half of 300.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and III only
(d) II and III only

4. (𝑥𝑥) = 5(4)𝑥𝑥
The function is defined by the given equation. If (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 2), which of the
following equations displays the y-intercept of the function (𝑥𝑥) as a constant or
coefficient ?
(a) (𝑥𝑥) = 5(4)𝑥𝑥+2
(b) (𝑥𝑥) = 80(4)𝑥𝑥
(c) (𝑥𝑥) = 20(8)𝑥𝑥+1
(d) (𝑥𝑥) = 80(4)𝑥𝑥+2

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5. Hightown's population has grown at an average rate of 2.4 percent per year since 1960.
There were approximately 10 thousand people in Hightown in 1960. Which of the
following functions represents Hightown's population, , in thousands of people, 𝑡𝑡 years
since 1960?
(a) (𝑡𝑡) = 1.24𝑡𝑡 + 10
(b) (𝑡𝑡) = 1.024𝑡𝑡 + 10
(c) (𝑡𝑡) = 10(1.24)𝑡𝑡
(d) (𝑡𝑡) = 10(1.024)𝑡𝑡

6.
0 6001

1 6002

2 6004

3 6008

4 6016

5 6032

Which of the following best describes the model given above?

(a) Linear Increasing

(b) Linear Decreasing
(c) Exponential Increasing
(d) Exponential Decreasing

7. ( ) = 12.5(1.054)
The function gives the estimated weight, ( ), in kilograms, of a toy based on its
length, , in centimeters. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the number
1.054 in this context?
(a) For each increase of 1 centimeter in length, the estimated weight of the toy, in
kilograms, increases by 5.4%.
(b) For each increase of 1 kilogram in weight, the estimated length of the toy, in
centimeters, increases by 54%.
102 | Page
 (c) For each increase of 1 centimeter in length, the estimated weight of the toy increases
by 1.054 kilograms.
(d) For each increase of 1 kilogram in weight, the estimated length of the toy increases by
1.054 centimeters.

8. If (𝑥𝑥) = 80% of 𝑥𝑥, for 𝑥𝑥 > 0, then which is an appropriate model for (𝑥𝑥)?
(a) increasing linear
(b) increasing exponential
(c) decreasing linear
(d) decreasing exponential
2
9. = 623(1.08) 3
The equation above can be used to model the population, in thousands, of a certain city 𝑡𝑡
years after 1980. According to the model, the population is predicted to increase by 8%
every months. What is the value of ? [Student Produced Response]

10. On January 1, a share of a certain stock costs $180. Each month thereafter, the cost of a
share of this stock decreased by one-third. If 𝑥𝑥 represents the time, in months, and 𝑥𝑥
represents the cost of the stock, in dollars, which graph best represents the cost of a
share over the following 5 months?

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Home Assignment - 9 (Optional)

11. Retirement funds decrease over time as money is withdrawn. The amount , in
thousands of dollars, in a particular retirement account 𝑡𝑡 years after the beginning of
retirement is shown in the table below.

Number of years, 𝑡𝑡 Amount, (thousand $ )

0 800.00

5 688.64

10 592.78

15 510.27

If this relationship is modelled by the function (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑎𝑎 ⋅ 10𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 , which of the

following could be the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 ?

(a) 𝑎𝑎 = 80 and 𝑏𝑏 = −0.187

(b) 𝑎𝑎 = 80 and 𝑏𝑏 = 0.187

(c) 𝑎𝑎 = 800 and 𝑏𝑏 = −0.0130

(d) 𝑎𝑎 = 800 and 𝑏𝑏 = 0.0130

12. For the exponential function , the value of (1) is , where is a constant. Which of the
following equivalent forms of the function shows the value of as the coefficient or the
base?
(a) (𝑥𝑥) = 50(2)𝑥𝑥+1
(b) (𝑥𝑥) = 80(2)𝑥𝑥
(c) (𝑥𝑥) = 128(2)𝑥𝑥−1
(d) (𝑥𝑥) = 205(2)𝑥𝑥−2

104 | Page
 Module 10: Quadratic
Equations
Skills to be tested

1. Solving Quadratic Equations

2. Solving system of One linear and one quadratic equation

3. Complex numbers

4. Radical Functions

1. Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations: an equation whose highest variable degree is 2.

Standard form: 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0

1. Zero - Product Rule: if the product of two or more factors is zero, then at least one of the
factors must be zero

Ex. (𝑥𝑥)(𝑥𝑥 + 4) = 0 means 𝑥𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥𝑥 = −4

2. Solving by Factoring: simplify the equation using factorization and apply the zero -
product rule

3. Using the quadratic Formula:

−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎
If 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, then 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑎

4. Discriminant: Expression that appears under the radical sign in the quadratic formula
(i.e.); reveals the nature and number of solutions of a quadratic equation.

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Discriminant Nature of Roots Graphs

and Number of Solutions

If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 > 2 Real and Distinct Roots

0

2 distinct real solutions

If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 = 2 Real and Repeated

0 Roots [also known as
double roots]

1 distinct real solution

If 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 < 2 Complex Roots

0

No real solutions

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2. Systems of equations

A typical system of equations will involve a line and a parabola. The goal is to find the
point or points of intersection, if any.

1. Two points of intersection: Discriminant is positive

2. One point of intersection: =0

3. No points of intersection: Discriminant is negative

Examples
1.If the line 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 is tangent to the parabola 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 10, then find the value of a.

Sol. : Substituting, the y value from the linear equation in the parabola,

3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 10
𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + (10 − 𝑎𝑎) = 0

Since this system has only one solution, so =0

So,
25 − 4(10 − 𝑎𝑎) =0
25 − 40 + 4𝑎𝑎 =0
15
𝑎𝑎 =
4

(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 10
2.
(𝑥𝑥) =
If (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥), has no real solutions, and and c are constants, such that < 𝑐𝑐. Then,
find the minimum possible integer value of c.

Sol. Equating (𝑥𝑥) and (𝑥𝑥),

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 𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 10 =
2
𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑥 + (10 − ) = 0
𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 < 0
36 − 4(1)(10 − ) < 0
36 − 40 + 4 < 0
4 <4
<

As k<c, where c is an integer value, so minimum possible value of c can be 1.

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3. Relations of roots with coefficients of polynomial
equations
Sum and product of roots of a quadratic equation in terms of coefficients:
If are the roots of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, then:
𝑏𝑏
Sum of roots ( + ) = − 𝑎𝑎

Product of roots ( )=
𝑎𝑎

A quadratic equation can also be written as:

𝑥𝑥 2 − ( sum of roots )𝑥𝑥 + (product of roots) = 0
Sum and product of roots of a cubic equation in terms of coefficients:
If , , are the roots of a cubic equation 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 + = 0, then:
−𝑏𝑏
Sum of roots ( + + )= 𝑎𝑎

Product of roots = − 𝑎𝑎

Examples

Ex. 1 What is the sum of the solutions of (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 = (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 ?
(a) –8
(b) 8
14
(c) − 3
14
(d) 3

Sol. : If (x − 5)2 = (2x + 1)2 , x 2 − 10x + 25 = 4x 2 + 4x + 1, and −3x 2 − 14x + 24 = 0.

−14
Since a = −3 and b = − 14, the sum = 3
. choice is correct. Alternatively, solve for 𝑥𝑥

by inspection. If (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 = (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)2, then 𝑥𝑥 − 5 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 or 𝑥𝑥 − 5 = −(2𝑥𝑥 + 1). If

4
𝑥𝑥 − 5 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑥𝑥 = −6. If −5 = −(2𝑥𝑥 + 1), 𝑥𝑥 − 5 = −2𝑥𝑥 − 1,3𝑥𝑥 = 4, and 𝑥𝑥 = 3 , −6 +
4 18 4 14
3
=− 3
+3 = − 3.

Ex. 2 2x 2 − 8 = 0

Sol. : Since 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 1

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𝑎𝑎 = 2, 𝑏𝑏 = 0, 𝑐𝑐 = −8
0 ± �0 − 4(2)(−8)
𝑥𝑥 =
2(2)

±√64
𝑥𝑥 =
4

±8
𝑥𝑥 =
4

x = ±2

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4. Short Note on Complex Numbers
2
Imaginary number : = √−1 and = −1
Complex number: 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 , where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are real numbers and = √−1.
a = real part and b = imaginary part
Property :

1. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
a + bi = c + di → a = c and b = d
2. |a + bi| = √a2 + b 2 (Distance from the origin)

1 Evaluate i2 + i3 + i4
Sol: i2 + i3 + i4
= (√−1)2 + (√−1)3 + (√−1)4
= −1 + −√−1 + 1
= −1 + −(i) + 1
= −i
8−4
2 Which of the following complex numbers is equivalent to 5+3 ? ( Note i = √−1)
14 22
(a) 17 + 17 i
14 22
(b) 17 − 17 i
13 24
(c) 8
− 17 i
13 24
(d) 8
+ 17 i

Sol. : In order to produce an equivalent fraction with a real number in the denominator,
multiply the numerator and the denominator by 5 − 3 , the complex conjugate of

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 8−4 5−3 (8 − 4 )(5 − 3 )
⋅ =
5+3 5−3 25 − 9 2
40 − 24 − 20 + 12 2
=
25 + 9
40 − 44 − 12
=
34
28 − 44
=
34
2(14 − 22 )
=
34
14 − 22
=
17
14 22
= −
17 17

The correct choice is (b).

Note: A graphing calculator is capable of performing algebraic calculations on complex

numbers.

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5. Radical Functions
Remember that by definition, a symbolic reference to a square root (e.g. √𝑥𝑥 or 𝑥𝑥 2 )
indicates only the non-negative (principal) root. This also applies to any other even-
4
numbered root, such as √𝑥𝑥 or 𝑥𝑥 4 . Therefore, the solution 𝑥𝑥 = 1 is invalid. Avoid squaring
while solving a radical equation. This can be explained by example given below:

1. What is the value of the 𝑥𝑥 in the equation 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = √5 − 𝑥𝑥.

(a) 4
(b) –4
(c) 1
(d) –1

Sol.: Squaring both sides:

(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 5 − 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 2 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 5 − 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 4) − 1(𝑥𝑥 + 4) = 0
(𝑥𝑥 + 4)(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥𝑥 = 1

Verify the solutions:

If 𝑥𝑥 = −4, 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = −4 + 1 = −3

�5 − (−4) = √9 = 3 invalid - extraneous

(Remember that √9 = +3, by definition. It is not -3 )

Squaring of both sides converts the original equation into a quadratic equation, which
leads to the possibility of 2 roots, one of which is extraneous. This is why squaring is not
recommended, and one must use Desmos / calculators to solve such equations.

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Class Assignment - 10

𝑥𝑥 − = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
1. In the system of equations above, is a constant. For which of the following values of
does the system of equation have no real solutions?
(a) -2
(b) -1.25
(c) 1.5
(d) 1.25

2 If an object starts moving in a straight line at an initial velocity 0 and accelerates at a

constant rate 𝑎𝑎 for time 𝑡𝑡, the object's distance travelled 𝑠𝑠 is given by the equation s =
1
v0 t + 2 at 2 . Which of the following correctly expresses 𝑎𝑎 in terms of 𝑠𝑠, 0, and 𝑡𝑡 ?
2𝑟𝑟
(a) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 2
2
(b) a =
t
2
(c) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 2 (𝑠𝑠 + 0 𝑡𝑡)

2
(d) 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 2 (𝑠𝑠 − 0 𝑡𝑡)

−7
3. Which of the following is a value of 𝑥𝑥 for which the expression 𝑥𝑥 2+12𝑥𝑥−13 is undefined?

(a) -7
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 1

x 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
4. In the equation above, 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 are constants. If −𝑏𝑏 + √𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑐𝑐 = 8, and −𝑏𝑏 −

√𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑐𝑐 = 2. If 𝑥𝑥 is a solution of the equation, what is the sum of solutions?

(a) 10
(b) 5
(c) 16
(d) 8

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 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑐𝑐 2
= + 31
√2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐 2 √2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑐 2
5. In the given equation, 𝑐𝑐 is a positive constant. Which of the following is one of the
solutions to the given equation?
(a) − 2
− 2 −312
(b) 2

(c) −�(312 − 𝑐𝑐 2 )

( 2 +312 )
(d) − 2

6. 19𝑥𝑥 2 + (19𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = 0

In the given equation, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are positive constants. The sum of the solutions to the
2
given equation is 1 (19𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎), where is a constant. What is the value of ? [Student
Produced Response]

Class Assignment - 10 (Optional)

7. The expression 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 − 50, where 𝑏𝑏 is a constant, can be rewritten as ( 𝑥𝑥 + )(𝑥𝑥 +
), where , , and are integer constants. Which of the following must be an integer?
𝑏𝑏
(a)
𝑏𝑏
(b)
50
(c)
50
(d)

2 2
8. If the zeroes of the polynomial (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 − 17𝑥𝑥 + +2, ( > 0) are reciprocal of
each other than value of is
(a) 2
(b) –1
(c) –2
(d) 1

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Home Assignment – 10

1. If 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are solutions to 2x 2 − 11x + 15 = 0 and a > 𝑏𝑏, what is the value of a − b ?
1
(a) 2
3
(b) 2
5
(c) 2
7
(d) 2

2
2. If 3 +4 + 5 = 0, what is the sum of the possible solutions of ?
5
(a) − 3
−4
(b) 3
4
(c) 3
5
(d) 3

3. If (𝑥𝑥 + 8)2 = (3𝑥𝑥 + 6)2 , what is the sum of the possible values of 𝑥𝑥 ? [Student Produced
Response]

4. What are the solutions to 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 = −4𝑥𝑥 ?

(a) −2 ± √2
(b) −2 ± √6
(c) −4 ± √2
(d) −4 ± √6

5. Heather is selling homemade brownies for the school bake sale which happens every
month. From her experience from last year, Heather predicts that for each $0.5 increase
in brownie price, she will sell 10 less brownies. At the current price of $1.5 per brownie,
an average of 80 brownies will be sold, which of the following functions best models the
amount of money that Heather expects to earn from the bake sale, 𝑥𝑥, based on an $x
increase in brownie price, assuming she only raises the price by units of $0.5 ?
10𝑥𝑥
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = (1.5 + 𝑥𝑥) �80 − 0.5
�
10𝑥𝑥
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = (1.5 − 𝑥𝑥) �80 + 0.5
�

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 10
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = (1.5 + 𝑥𝑥) �80 − 𝑥𝑥
�

(d) 𝑥𝑥 = (1.5 + 𝑥𝑥)(80 − 10𝑥𝑥)

6. Solve the equation :3𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑥 + 5

−1+√5 −1− √5
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 6
and 𝑥𝑥 = 6

1+√5 1−√5
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 6
and 𝑥𝑥 = 6
−1+ √61 −1−√61
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 6
and 𝑥𝑥 = 6

1+√61 1−√61
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑥𝑥 =
6 6

7. 𝑥𝑥 3 − 20𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2
If 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 represent the set of all values of 𝑥𝑥 that satisfy the equation above, what is
the value of (a +b + c) + (abc) ?
(a) –1
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 9

𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑝𝑝
2
8. In the quadratic equation above, and 𝑝𝑝 are constants. What are the solutions of the
equation given above?
� 2 +64
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ±
2

� 2 +4
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ± 2

� 2 +64
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 4 ± 4

� 2 +4
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = 4 ±
4

√𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 − 5
9. How many solutions exist for the equation above, if a < 3? [Student Produced Response]

10. Abandoned mines get frequently filled with water. Before, an abandoned mine can be
reopened, the water must be pumped out. The size of the pump needed for this task

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 depends on the depth of the mine. A mine that is feet deep require a pump that
2
removes a minimum of 25 + 4 − 250 gallons per minute. How many gallons would a

pump need to remove per minute to clear a mine that is 150 feet deep?

(a) 362

(b) 1250

(c) 800

(d) 500

Home Assignment – 10 (Optional)

11. 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + (𝑐𝑐 − ) and 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 +

What relationship between 𝑐𝑐 and would cause the graphs of these two equations given
above, to intersect at two points?
(a) 𝑐𝑐 <
(b) 𝑐𝑐 < 2
(c) 𝑐𝑐 >
(d) 𝑐𝑐 > 2

12. For what real value of 𝑥𝑥 is the following function undefined?

1 + 𝑝𝑝2
(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 𝑝𝑝2
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑝𝑝
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝2
(d) The function is defined for all real values of 𝑥𝑥.

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 Module 11: Parabolas
Skills to be tested:

1. Forms of parabolas

1. Forms of Parabolas
• A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2 and can be expressed in three
forms.

• Standard form:
• Vertex form: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − )2 + , Vertex ( , )
• Factored form: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑞𝑞), where 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are 𝑥𝑥-intercepts.
• The graphs of these functions are called parabolas

The four characteristics of parabolas

1. Orientation about y-axis

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
2. Vertex (Maximum/Minimum): 𝑥𝑥 = − 2𝑎𝑎 ; 𝑥𝑥 = �− 2𝑎𝑎�

3. No. of 𝑥𝑥 intercepts: Use discriminant to find the number of 𝑥𝑥-intercepts.

( > 0: two 𝑥𝑥- intercepts, = 0: one 𝑥𝑥- intercepts, < 0: zero 𝑥𝑥- intercepts)

4. y-intercept: y-intercept is the value of 𝑥𝑥 at 𝑥𝑥 = 0

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 Axis of Symmetry and Vertex

Axis of symmetry = 𝑥𝑥 = , where is the vertex of the parabola.

𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
If a horizontal line y=c intersects a parabola at points (𝑎𝑎, 𝑐𝑐) and (𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐), then 2
= ,

where , is the vertex of the parabola.

Form Vertex

Standard form: 𝑏𝑏 A form that represents y-

𝑥𝑥 = − 2𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑏𝑏 intercept as a
�− 2𝑎𝑎�
constant/coefficient

Vertex form: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − Vertex =( , ) A form that represents

)2 + vertex/maximum/minimum
as a constant/coefficient

Factored form: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞 A form that represents the

𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥
2
𝑝𝑝)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑞𝑞) roots/x-intercepts as a
𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞
= � � constant/coefficient
2

Examples
1. The Maximum Height of a Baseball

A baseball is hit at a point 3 feet above the ground at a velocity of 100 feet per second
and at an angle of 45 with respect to the ground. The path of the baseball is given by the
function (𝑥𝑥) = −0.0032𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 3, where (𝑥𝑥) is the height of the baseball (in feet)
and 𝑥𝑥 is the horizontal distance from home plate (in feet). What is the maximum height
reached by the baseball?

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Sol. : From the given function, you can see that 𝑎𝑎 = −0.0032 and 𝑏𝑏 = 1. Because the function
has a maximum when 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑏𝑏/(2𝑎𝑎), you can conclude that the baseball reaches its
maximum height when it is 𝑥𝑥 feet from home plate, where 𝑥𝑥 is.

𝑏𝑏 1
𝑥𝑥 = − =− = 156.25 feet.
2𝑎𝑎 2(−0.0032)

At this distance, the maximum height is (156.25) = −0.0032(156.25)2 + 156.25 +

3= . 𝟓𝟓 feet.

2. If 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 3 is graphed in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, which of the following characteristics of

the graph is displayed as a constant or coefficient in the equation?
A) y-coordinate of the vertex
B) 𝑥𝑥-intercept
C) 𝑥𝑥-intercept of the line of symmetry
D) 𝑥𝑥-intercept(s)

Solution

(a) y-coordinate of the vertex= −1

(b) 𝑥𝑥-intercept = (0,3)
(c) 𝑥𝑥-intercept of the line of symmetr𝑥𝑥 = 1
(d) 𝑥𝑥-intercept(s) = (–1.5, 0) and (–0.5, 0)

So, the characteristic that is displayed in the equation shown above is the 𝑥𝑥 – coordinate
of the y-intercept which is 3. The correct answer is (b).

𝑥𝑥 = 5(𝑥𝑥 + 10)2 + 𝑎𝑎

3 In the equation above, 𝑎𝑎 is a constant. The graph of the equation in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane is a
parabola. Which of the following is true about the parabola?
A) Its minimum occurs at (−10, 𝑎𝑎).
B) Its minimum occurs at (10, 𝑎𝑎).
C) Its maximum occurs at (−10, 𝑎𝑎).
D) Its maximum occurs at (10, 𝑎𝑎).
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Sol. :

The quadratic equation is given in Vertex Form, opens upward, so the parabola will have a
minimum value, but no maximum value. The expression (𝑥𝑥 + 10)2 tells us that the 𝑥𝑥-
coordinate of the vertex is -10 , and the constant term 𝑎𝑎 tells us that 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of the
vertex is 𝑎𝑎, so the minimum occurs at the point (−10, 𝑎𝑎).

(𝒙𝒙) = (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓) − 𝟕𝟕

4. The quadratic function is defined as shown. In the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥)
intersects the 𝑥𝑥-axis at the points (0,0) and (𝑡𝑡, 0), where 𝑡𝑡 is a constant. What is the 𝑥𝑥
intercept of (𝑥𝑥)?
(a) 10
(b) –10
(c) (–10)
(d) (10)

Sol. : The two zeros must be equidistant from the axis of symmetry. One zero exists when 𝑥𝑥 =
0 (shown by the point (0,0) ), and that point is a distance of 5 units to the left of the axis
of symmetry. Therefore, the other zero, the point (𝑡𝑡, 0), must be a distance of 5 units to
the right of the axis of symmetry. That means that 𝑡𝑡 = 10. The answer is .

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Class Assignment - 11

1. Heather is selling homemade brownies for the school bake sale which happens every
month. From her experience from last year, Heather predicts that for each $0.5 increase
in brownie price, she will sell 10 less brownies. At the current price of $1.5 per brownie,
an average of 80 brownies will be sold, if 𝑥𝑥 models the amount of money that Heather
expects to earn from the bake sale based on an Sx increase in brownie price, assuming
she only raises the price by units of $0.5 , what is the maximum revenue she can earn (to
the nearest dollars)? [Student Produced Response]

2. In the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, a parabola has vertex (4,2) and intersects the 𝑥𝑥-axis at two points. If the
equation of the parabola is written in the form 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are
constants, which of the following could be a value of 𝑐𝑐 ?
(a) –30
(b) 2
(c) 16
(d) 34

3. The graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c is shown in the xy-plane below, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are
constants. Which of the following must be true?

I. a < 0
II. b > 0
III c > 0
(a) I only
(b) I and II only

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 (c) I and III only
(d) I, II, and III

4. If the equation 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 − 13 is written in the form 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − )2 + , what are
the values of and ?
(a) = 3, = 14
(b) = −3, = −40
(c) h = 3, k = −13
(d) h = −3, k = −22

5. A manufacturer of lighting fixtures has daily production costs of

= 800 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 0.25𝑥𝑥 2

where is the total cost (in dollars) and 𝑥𝑥 is the number of units produced. How many
fixtures should be produced each day to yield a minimum cost? [Student Produced Response]

6. The graph of the quadratic function above shows two 𝑥𝑥-intercepts and a 𝑥𝑥-intercept.
Which of the following equations represents the graph of the quadratic function above?
1
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = − 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 9
1
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = − 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 8
1
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = − 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 9
1
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = − 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 8

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Class Assignment – 11 (Optional)
(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
7. In the given quadratic function, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑐𝑐 are constants. The graph of 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥) in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
plane is a parabola that opens upward and has a vertex at the point ( , ), where and
are constants. If < 0 and (1) = (−5), which of the following must be true?
I. 𝑐𝑐 < 0
II. 𝑎𝑎 1
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II
(d) Neither I nor II

8. If (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 is a quadratic function such that 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 > 0, for all values
of 𝑥𝑥, then which of the following can be a possible value of (−2)?

(a) 1

(b) 0

(c) –1

(d) –2

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Home Assignment - 11
1. The number of crafts sold at a festival each year between 2000 and 2010 can be modelled

by a quadratic equation. A minimum of 800 crafts are sold in 2005, and 1,200 crafts are

sold in 2003. If the equation 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 2005)2 + 800 can be used to model the number

of crafts sold each year, what is the value of a? [Student Produced Response]

2. A bug moves in a circular path. If it reaches a maximum distance of 5 meters from the

starting point after 10 minutes and is 3 meters away from the path after 6 minutes, which

of the following can be used to model the bug's distance from the starting point after 𝑡𝑡

minutes, when 𝑡𝑡 20 ?

1
(a) y = − 8 (t − 5)2 + 10

(b) 𝑥𝑥 = −2(𝑡𝑡 − 5)2 + 10

1
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = − 8 (𝑡𝑡 − 10)2 + 5

(d) 𝑥𝑥 = −2(𝑡𝑡 − 10)2 + 5

3. The xy-plane shows graphs of a linear function and a quadratic function

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 + 8, where a is a constant. If ( 𝑟𝑟, 𝑠𝑠 ) is the point of intersection, what is

the value of 𝑟𝑟 ?
(a) 6

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 (b) 6.5
(c) 7
(d) 7.5

4. In the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane, a line that has the equation 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 for some constant 𝑐𝑐 intersects a
parabola at exactly one point. If the parabola has the equation 𝑥𝑥 = −4𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥, what is
the value of 𝑐𝑐 ? [Student Produced Response]

𝑥𝑥 = 5
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏
5. In the system of equations above, 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are constants. For which of the following
values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 does the system of equations have exactly two real solutions?
(a) 𝑎𝑎 = −2, 𝑏𝑏 = 4
(b) 𝑎𝑎 = −2, 𝑏𝑏 = 5
(c) 𝑎𝑎 = −2, 𝑏𝑏 = 6
(d) 𝑎𝑎 = 2, 𝑏𝑏 = 5

1
6. The graph of 𝑥𝑥 = 3 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 6) is shown in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane above. Which of the following are

the coordinates of vertex?

(a) (3, −2)
(b) (2, −4)
(c) (3, −3)
(d) (3, −4.5)

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 ( )=− + +

7. The function above models the height , in centimeters, of an object above ground 𝑡𝑡
seconds after being thrown straight up in the air. What does the number 31 represent in
the function?
(a) The initial speed, in centimeters per second, of the object
(b) The maximum speed, in centimeters per second, of the object
(c) The initial height, in centimeters, of the object
(d) The maximum height, in centimeters, of the object

8. In the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane above, two graphs intersect at two points. What is the value of 𝑏𝑏 ?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

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9. The graph of 𝑥𝑥 = −(𝑥𝑥 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) is shown in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane. Which of the following
characteristics of the graph is displayed as a constant or coefficient in the equation as
written?
(a) 𝑥𝑥-intercept(s)
(b) 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of the line of symmetry
(c) 𝑥𝑥-coordinate of the vertex
(d) Maximum 𝑥𝑥-value

10. The function (𝑥𝑥) = −2(𝑥𝑥 − 11)2 + 15 gives a metal ball's height above the ground
(𝑥𝑥), in inches, 𝑥𝑥 seconds after it started moving on a track, where 9 𝑥𝑥 12. Which of
the following is the best interpretation of the vertex of the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥) in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-
plane?

(a) The metal ball's maximum height was 11 inches above the ground.
(b) The metal ball's maximum height was 15 inches above the ground.
(c) The metal ball's height was 15 inches above the ground when it started moving.
(d) The metal ball's height was 11 inches above the ground when it started moving.

Home Assignment – 11 (Optional)

11. If 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑏, where 𝑏𝑏 is a positive number is a factor of a quadratic equation

𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, then what is the maximum value of 𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 ? [Student Produced Response]

12. A parabola 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 , where 𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 are constants, is such that when any
horizontal line intersects the parabola, the x-coordinates at the points of intersections have
equal and opposite signs. The parabola is also tangential to the line 𝑥𝑥 = 10. Find the value
of 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐. [Student Produced Response]

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 Module 12: Transformations of graphs
Skills to be tested:
Translations in:

Linear functions, Higher degree polynomials and Exponential functions

Transformations
Translation of a graph involves 3 types of processes:

1. Transformations

2. Reflection

3. Scaling

Function Notation Type of Transformation

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥) + d Vertical translation up d units

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥) − d Vertical translation down d units

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) Horizontal translation left c units

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐) Horizontal translation right c units

Here are some examples:

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 shifts the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 right 3 units.

𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)3 shifts the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 left 2 units.

𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 shifts the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 down 1 unit.

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 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 + 4 shifts the graph of 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 up 4 units.

Reflection and Scaling of the graphs of a function

Function Notation Type of Transformation

y = − (𝑥𝑥) Reflection over 𝑥𝑥-axis

𝑥𝑥 = (−𝑥𝑥) Reflection over 𝑥𝑥-axis

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥) Vertical stretch for |𝑎𝑎| > 0

Vertical compression for 0 < |𝑎𝑎| < 1

*𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥)
Vertical stretching for |𝑎𝑎| > 1

Horizontal compression for |𝑏𝑏| > 1

* (𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥)
Horizontal stretching for |𝑏𝑏| < 1

131 | P a g e
Class Assignment - 12

1. If (𝑥𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑥 + 3, what is (−2𝑥𝑥) equal to?

(a) 8𝑥𝑥 2 + 3
(b) 8𝑥𝑥 + 3
(c) −8𝑥𝑥 − 3
(d) −8𝑥𝑥 + 3

2. If f(x) = (3𝑥𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2), then find the value of the smallest 𝑥𝑥 -
1
intercept of �𝑥𝑥 − 3�. [Student Produced Response]

3. If a line k, defined by 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 7 is translated down by 6.075 units to form a line , and
a point(7, b), where 𝑏𝑏 is a constant, lies on the line , then find the value of 𝑏𝑏.[Student
Produced Response]

4. If a point A(1, −2) in the xy-plane, is reflected about the x-axis, and then shifted left by 2
units and vertically upwards by 3 units to obtain a point B. Then find the slope of the line
containing points A and B. [Student Produced Response]

5. The graph of the line represented by the equation 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 5 is moved to the left by 3
units and up by 1 unit, what is the equation of the graph of the new line?
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 4
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 12
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 5

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6. For the graph of function (𝑥𝑥) shown above, if f(k + 1) = 3, what is a possible value of
k?
(a) -2
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2

Class Assignment – 12 (Optional)

7. Let (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 3 and (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3). What is the range of g(x) ?
(a) All real numbers
(b) y 2.75
(c) y 2.75
(d) y 8.75

8. If (𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 and (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑥 + 53, what is the value of 𝑎𝑎 ?
(a) -24
(b) -4
(c) 4
(d) 24

133 | P a g e
Home Assignment - 12

1. Which equation represents the line that is the reflection of the line 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 in the 𝑥𝑥-
axis?
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 − 3
(b) 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 3
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3
(d) 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 2

2. The graph of (𝑥𝑥) is shown below. Which of the following could be the graph of − (𝑥𝑥) ?

𝑎𝑎
3. If (𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎2 and (𝑎𝑎) = 2 then what is the expression for (g( (2𝑎𝑎 − 2))) ?

(a) 𝑎𝑎2 + 1
(b) 2𝑎𝑎2 + 2

134 | P a g e
 (c) 𝑎𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 1
(d) 2𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 2

4. Which of the functions (𝑥𝑥) below , has been obtained by translating (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 , right by
2 units and down by 2 units?
(a) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 − 2
(b) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 − 2
(c) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 2
(d) (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 2

5. A function 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 10)3 is translated 3 units to the left, then what is
the smallest positive value of 𝑥𝑥 coordinate of the x- intercept of the function? [Student
Produced Response]

6. Functions and have values according to 𝑥𝑥 as shown below. When f(0) = 2 g(x), what
is the value of 𝑥𝑥 ?

( ) ( )

1
-2 -4
2

1
-1 -2
2

0 2 3

1 5 2

2 8 1

(a) –1
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 2

7. The graph below shows (𝑥𝑥) and (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 (𝑥𝑥). What can be concluded about the value
of 𝑐𝑐 ?

135 | P a g e
 (a) 𝑐𝑐 0
(b) 0 < 𝑐𝑐 < 1
(c) 𝑐𝑐 = 1
(d) 𝑐𝑐 > 1

8. If the graph of a quadratic function in the figure given above, is translated 1 unit to the
left and 3 units up, which of the following equations represents the translated quadratic
function?

(a) 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 − 3

(b) 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 3

(c) 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 3

(d) 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 3

9. If the function 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 + 7 is translated 4 units upwards and 2 units to the left,
what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 at 𝑥𝑥 = 1 for the function obtained after translation. [Student
Produced Response]

136 | P a g e
 𝒙𝒙 (𝒙𝒙)
3 7
11 87

10. For line (𝑥𝑥), the table shows two values of 𝑥𝑥 and their corresponding values of (𝑥𝑥).
Line (𝑥𝑥) is the result of translating line up by 3 units in the plane. What is the 𝑥𝑥-
intercept of line ? [Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment – 12 (Optional)

11. Which of the following displays the y-intercept of the function 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥−3 as a constant or
coefficient?

(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 8. 2𝑥𝑥

(b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3

2 −3
(c) 𝑥𝑥 = 8

2
(d) 𝑥𝑥 =
8

12. Consider functions two functions, (𝑥𝑥)𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥), such that (𝑥𝑥 + 4) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3) − 2.
The table displays 5 points 𝑥𝑥, (𝑥𝑥) , find the value of (6). [Student Produced Response]

𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥)

1 -17

2 -72

3 -163

4 -288

5 -443

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 Module 13: Geometry-I
Skills Tested:
1. Lines and Angles
2. Radian/degree conversion
3. Properties of Triangles
4. Trigonometry
5. Special Triangles

1. Lines and Angles

Parallel Lines: Two straight lines are parallel if they lie on the same plane and do not
intersect however far produced.
Transversal: It is a straight line that intersects two parallel lines.

For the figure given above :

1. Corresponding angles are equal,
1 = 5; 2 = 6; 4 = 8; 3 = 7
2. Alternate interior angles are equal,
4 = 6; 5 = 3
3. Alternate exterior angles are equal,
2 = 8; 1 = 7
4. Interior angles on the same side of transversal add up to 180 , that is 4 + 5 = 3 + 6 =
180

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2. Radian/degree conversion

Angles can be measured in two ways: degrees and radians

1 Conversion:
360 = 2 radians (1 revolution)
180 = radians
So that means that 1 = /180 radians
And 180/ degrees = 1 radian
Radian measurement Degrees
A simple conversion trick : = 180

As a further optimization, we can pre-isolate the unknown in the proportions by multiplying

both sides by the numerator beneath the unknown; that gives us the following two
conversion formulas:
180
degrees = radians � �

radians = degrees � �
180
Examples
Ex. l In the accompanying figure, AB CD. If AB = 40, CD = 16, and BC = 49, what is the
length of BE ?

Angles pairs 1 and 2, as well as 3 and 4, are formed by parallel lines (alternate interior
angles) and look congruent, so for SAT purposes, you can assume that they are congruent:
1 2 and 3 4.
Hence, ABE DCE. If x represents the length of BE, then:
𝑥𝑥 40
=
49 − 𝑥𝑥 16
𝑥𝑥 5
=
49 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2x = 245 − 5x
7x 245
=
7 7
139 | P a g e
 𝑥𝑥 = 35
4
Ex. 2 An angle with a measure of 3
radians has a measure of degrees, where 0 360.

What is the value of ?

Sol. :
1 All we have to do here is convert from radians to degrees. Multiply the angle measured in
180
radians by .
4 180
=� �� �
3
= 4(60 ) = 240
2. The answer is 240.

3. Properties of Triangles

1. Angle Sum Property of Triangles

The sum of the measures of all the interior angle of a triangle is 180 .
2. Exterior Angle Property in Triangles
If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the
opposite (or non-adjacent) interior angles.

3. In a triangle, if the two sides are unequal then the greater side has greater angle opposite
to it and vice-versa.

4. Triangle- Side Inequality

For three sides of a triangle, say , a,b and c, the sum of two sides is greater than the third
side and difference of the two sides is less than the third side.

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 |𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏| < 𝑐𝑐 < 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
|𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐| < 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
|𝑎𝑎 − 𝑐𝑐| < 𝑏𝑏 < 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐
5. Equilateral Triangles
• All sides are equal.
• Each angle = 60 .
√3
• Height = ( 2 )a
√3
• Area = ( 4 )a2 = h2 /√3.

• Perimeter = 3a.

4. Special Triangles
The right-angled triangles with angle combinations 30-60-90 degrees and 45-45-90 degrees are
called special triangles. These triangles will be drawn on the reference sheets in the actual test.

Special Right Triangle

6. Right angled triangles
• In a right-angled triangle, one angle is a right angle, the side opposite to the right angle is
called hypotenuse. The other two acute angles are complementary.
• Perimeter = AB + BC + CA.

141 | P a g e
 1 1
• Area = 2 (Base X Height ) = 2 (BCX ).

• Hypotenuse = √b 2 + a2 .
Commonly used Pythagorean Triplets:

3:4:5,
6:8:10,
9:12:15,
5:12:13,
7:24:25,
9:40:41

If all the numbers in the triplet is multiplied by any constant number, then the resulting numbers
would also make a Pythagorean Triplet.

5. Similar triangles and Congruence triangles

Two triangles are similar if they are alike in shape only. The corresponding angles are
congruent, but the corresponding sides are only proportional.
1. Conditions to check similarity
Two triangles are similar if
1) Three angles of one triangle are equal to the three corresponding angles of the other
triangles. ( − − ).
2) Two angles of one triangle are equal to the two corresponding angles of the other
triangle ( − ).
3) Two sides of one triangle are proportional to two corresponding sides of the other and
the included angles are equal. (S-A-S)
4) The three sides of a triangle are proportional to the corresponding three sides of the
other triangle (S-S-S)
142 | P a g e
2. Similarity in Right Angled Triangles
In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse divides the triangle into two triangles

which are similar to each other and to the original triangle So, triangle ABM ~ triangle

BCM
triangle ABC~AMB
triangle ABC~BCM

2
= ×
2
= ×
2
= ×

For understanding two sides that are proportional to one another, one can refer to the

angles, for example: In triangle ABM and triangle ACB, if we take angles x and (90-x) , then

the side from ABM is AB which corresponds to AC in triangle ABC.

3. All equilateral triangles are similar.

4. Note about Similar figures

Similar figures have corresponding dimensions in the same proportions.

𝑟𝑟 3
So, if two similar cylinders have radius 𝑟𝑟 and , and height and and if = = 4 , then

𝑟𝑟 27
= 16 𝑎𝑎 = 64

(where 𝑠𝑠, , 𝑎𝑎 are surface areas and volumes respectively).

𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 1 3
Similarly, for any two similar 2D figures, 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 2
= 4,

𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟 1 3 𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 1
Then, 𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟 2
= 4 and 𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 2
= 16. (where 𝑠𝑠 1 and 2 are dimensions of the

2-D figures, respectively)

143 | P a g e
5. Congruent triangles
Two triangles are congruent if all the sides of one are equal to the corresponding sides of
another. It follows that all the angles of one are equal to the corresponding angles of
another. The notation for congruency is ( ).
The congruence criterions are:
1. SAS
2. ASA
3. SSS
4. AAS
5. RHS (HL) (Right angle, hypotenuse and side)

6. Trigonometry

opposite side
sin = hypotenuse
=
adjacent side
cos = hypotenuse
=
opposite side
tan = adjacent side
=

If sin ( ) = cos ( ) , then + = 90 and converse is also true.

Another way to write the property above is,

sin = cos (90 − 6

sin (90 − ) = cos

144 | P a g e
Examples

Ex.1 If 3, 8, and 𝑥𝑥 represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle, how many integer values for
𝑥𝑥 are possible?
Solution
The value of 𝑥𝑥 must be greater than 8 − 3 = 5 and less than 8 + 3 = 11.
Since 𝑥𝑥 > 5 and 𝑥𝑥 < 11, 𝑥𝑥 must be between 5 and 11.
Because it is given that 𝑥𝑥 is an integer, 𝑥𝑥 can be equal to 6,7,8,9, or 10.
Hence, there are five possible integer values for 𝑥𝑥.

Ex. 2

√3
In right triangle ABC above, BC = 12. If the cosine of x is , what is the length of AB ?
2

Sol. : You should realize that this is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle because the ratio of one side to the
hypotenuse is √3 to 2, so x = 30. The length of the hypotenuse, therefore, is twice the
length of the other side, AB, because the side-length ratio for a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle is
1: √3: 2 (short leg: long leg: hypotenuse).

Since the hypotenuse has a length of 12, the length of AB is equal to 6. The answer is 6.

145 | P a g e
Class Assignment - 13

1. In the figure above, if AB = BM = DM = DE and l m, what is the measure of AME ?

(a) 50
(c) 60
(c) 75
(d) 90

2. In figure, if , what is the value of 𝑥𝑥 ?

(a) 50
(b) 30
(c) 45
(d) 60

3. In triangles ABC and DEF, angles B and E each have measure 29 and angles C and F each
have measure 57 . Which additional piece of information is sufficient to determine
whether triangle ABC is congruent to triangle EF ?

(a) The measure of angle A

(b) The length of side AB
(c) The lengths of sides BC and EF
(d) No additional information is necessary.
146 | P a g e
4. A right triangle has legs with lengths of 18 centimetres and 20 centimetres. If the length of
this triangle's hypotenuse, in centimetres, can be written in the form b√181, where b is an
integer, what is the value of b ? [Student Produced Response]

5. Triangle XYZ is similar to triangle RST such that X, Y and Z correspond to R, S and T,
respectively. The measure of is 40 and 2XY = RS. What is the measure of ?

(a) 20
(b) 40
(c) 80
(d) 100

6. In the given figure, if AD BC, AC = 4, BD = 2, AB = a and = 𝑏𝑏 then 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 =

(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 12
(d) 20

Class Assignment – 13 (Optional)

7. Given below is an isosceles right-angled triangle with a square inscribed within

the triangle. If the length of side is 4 units, then find the area of the triangle .
[Student Produced Response]

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8. The area of an equilateral triangle with each side of length 2𝑎𝑎 units is:
√3 2
(a) 𝑎𝑎 sq. units
4

√3 2
(b) 2
𝑎𝑎 sq. units

(c) √3a2 sq. units

(d) 2√3a2 sq. units

148 | P a g e
Home Assignment -13

1. In the figure above, line is parallel to line . Which of the following must be true?

I. 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐

II. =

III. 𝑏𝑏 + = 180

(a) I only

(b) II only

(c) III only

(d) II and III only

2. In the figure above, = = = 10. What is the perimeter of the figure?

(a) 50

(b) 30 + 10√3

20√3
(c) 30 + 3

(d) 30 + 20√3

149 | P a g e
 sin + cos (90 − ) + cos + sin (90 − )

3. For any angle , which of the following is equivalent to the expression above?
(a) 0
(b) 2sin
(c) 2cos
(d) 2(sin + cos )

4. An angle measure of 720 degrees was written in radians as 𝑥𝑥 . What is the value of 𝑥𝑥 ?
[Student Produced Response]

5. If tan 𝑥𝑥 = , what is sin 𝑥𝑥 in terms of ?

1
(a) √𝑚𝑚2
+1
1
(b) √1−m2
m
(c) √m2
+1
m
(d) √1−m2

6. In ABC above, what is the length of AD ? [Student Produced Response]

7. In ABC above, if AB = 10 and AC= 20, what is the length of ?

(a) 5

(b) 4√5

150 | P a g e
 (c) 6√3

(d) 8√3

8. In the diagram below, lines and are cut by transversal 𝑡𝑡. Lines and are NOT
parallel. Which of the following statements must be true?

(a)

(b) 1 3
(c) 1 5
(d) 2 6

9. An isosceles right triangle has a hypotenuse of length 28 inches. What is the perimeter, in
inches, of this triangle?
(a) 14√2
(b) 28√2
(c) 28 + 28√2
(d) 28 + 56√2
7
10. An angle has a measure of 20 radians. What is the measure of the angle in degrees?
[Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment-13 (Optional)

11. The figure below shows a support wire for a television transmission tower. The wire,
which is fastened to the tower at a point 125 feet above the level ground, has an angle of
elevation of 65 . Which of the following expressions gives the length, in feet, of the wire?
151 | P a g e
 125
(a) s n 65

125
(b) c s 65
125
(c) tan 65

(d) 125sin 65

12. In the figure above, what is the area of the region BCD ?

(a) 22√3 + 30

(b) 22√3 + 36

(c) 22√3 + 42

(d) 22√3 + 48

152 | P a g e
 Module 14: Geometry-II
Skills to be tested :
1. Circles
2. Unit Circles
3. Polygons
4. Solids (3-D figures)

1. Circles

1. Center-Radius Form of a Circle

Applying the distance formula on CP (where CP is the radius of the circle) , we get :

�(𝑥𝑥 − )2 + (𝑥𝑥 − )2 = 𝑟𝑟
(𝑥𝑥 − )2 + (𝑥𝑥 − )2 = 𝑟𝑟 2

( , ) is the center and 𝑟𝑟 is the radius of the circle

If the circle is at the origin , the equation of the circle is written as : 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑟𝑟 2 , 𝑟𝑟 is

the radius

The equation of a unit circle (radius=1 unit) passing through the origin is :

2. Standard Equation of a Circle

𝑥𝑥 2 + A𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + =0

153 | P a g e
3. Calculator Tips for Center and Radius

We can find the center and radius using:

Conic graphs (in Casio FXCG50/9860GII)

Graphs- Equation templates-analyse conics (In TI Nspire CX II and CAS)

Apps -Conics – Alpha+solve (TI 83/84 Plus CE)

4. The measure of an Arc

The measure of a minor arc is the measure of the central angle containing the arc.

Thus, if degree measure of an arc PQ is , we write m =

The measure of the major arc is: 360° −

Length of an Arc:

The length of an arc is the length of the fine thread which just covers the arc
completely

• When central angle is in degrees, the length of an arc is given by:

× 2 𝑟𝑟
360
• When central angle is in radians, the length of an arc is given by:

𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
× 2 𝑟𝑟
2

154 | P a g e
5. Sector of a Circle

• When central angle is in degrees, the length of an arc is given by:

A= X Area of circle
360

• When central angle is in radians, the length of an arc is given by:

𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟
A= X Area of circle
2

6. Properties of circles

1. If two arcs of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent, then

(a) corresponding chords are equal and converse is also true.
(b) corresponding angles at the centre are equal and converse is also true.
(c) corresponding lengths of arcs are equal and converse is also true.
So, for the figure given below:
angle AOB = angle DOC
AB = CD
Arc length of AB = arc length of CD.

155 | P a g e
2. The perpendicular from the centre of circle to a chord bisects the chord and the
converse of this is also true.

If OL AB then AL = LB.

Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

3. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle subtended
by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle. In fig. POQ = 2 PRQ and Reflex
POQ = 2 PMQ.

4. Diameter of a circle when connected to any point on the circumference of the triangle
forms a right-angle triangle at the circumference of a circle.

156 | P a g e
5. Angles made in the same segment/ same arc are always equal.

Angles in the same segment are equal

6. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

7. The lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

*8. Cyclic Quadrilaterals: a cyclic quadrilateral or inscribed quadrilateral is a

quadrilateral whose vertices all lie on a single circle.

*9. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are always supplementary (opposite
angles of a cyclic quadrilateral always add up to 180°

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2. Unit Circles

More about Unit circles:

For any angle 𝑡𝑡, we can label the intersection of the terminal side and the unit circle
as by its coordinates, (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥). The coordinates 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑥𝑥 will be the outputs of the
trigonometric functions (𝑡𝑡) = cos 𝑡𝑡 and (𝑡𝑡) = sin 𝑡𝑡, respectively. This means 𝑥𝑥 =
cos 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑡𝑡.

More generally, for a circle with radius 𝑟𝑟, we have:

𝑟𝑟 cos 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥

𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥

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Examples

1. Point is the center of the circle in the figure above. What is the value of 𝑥𝑥 ?

Sol. : Since has two sides with length 𝑟𝑟, the triangle is isosceles, and the angles
opposite of those equal sides must be equal to each other. Therefore, must also be
25 .
Similarly, since has two sides with length 𝑟𝑟, the triangle is isosceles, and the
angles opposite of those equal sides must be equal to each other. Therefore, must
also be 25 .

Since there are 180 in a triangle, and must both be equal to 180 − 25 −
25 = 130 . (Note that in the diagram below, we've omitted the label for center point
for spacing reasons.)

Finally, since the central angles of the circle must sum to 360 , the angle marked 𝑥𝑥 must
measure 360 − 130 − 130 = 100 .

The answer is 100 .

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 √2
2. In the given figure, is an angle. If sin = , what is cos ?
2

√2
(a)
2
1
(b) 2
1
(c) − 2
√2
(d) − 2

Sol. : Start by making a right triangle by drawing a vertical line from the endpoint of the slanted
line (the line showing the radius that is oriented at an angle of from the positive 𝑥𝑥-axis).
Label the radius as 𝑟𝑟, and label the horizontal and vertical legs as 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑥𝑥, respectively.

While we can use the given trigonometric ratio to solve for the actual value of 𝑥𝑥, there is
no need to because we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the relative length of
the horizontal leg, which is good enough to calculate the cosine of angle ; because trig
ratios represent relative lengths, we don't need to compute actual lengths.
√2 𝑦𝑦
We are given that sin = 2
, and remembering that sin = 𝑟𝑟 , we know that the

relative lengths of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑟𝑟 are √2 and 2, respectively (if you look at the picture, you will
see that the value of 𝑟𝑟 is 1 , not 2, but we are using relative lengths here).

Using special triangles, we understand that x=−√2

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 Using the relative lengths of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑟𝑟, we can find the cosine of by plugging in −√2 for 𝑥𝑥
and 2 for 𝑟𝑟.

𝑥𝑥
cos =
𝑟𝑟
√2
cos =−
2

The answer is D.

3. Polygons
Polygons are plane figures formed by a closed series of rectilinear (straight) segments.
Example:
Triangle, Rectangle...
Polygons can broadly be divided into two types:
(a) Regular polygons: Polygons with all the sides and angles equal.
(b) Irregular polygons: Polygons in which all the sides or angles are not of the same
measure.

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1 Sum of all the angles of a polygon with sides = ( − 2) Radians Or

( − 2)180 degrees

2 Sum of all exterior angles = 360 or 2 Radians

𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛−3)
3 The number of diagonals in a n-sided polygon: 2

4. Parallelogram

Area of parallelogram = Base height

5. Trapezium

A trapezium has only one pair of

opposite sides parallel.

Area =1/2 (sum of parallel sides) X

(distance between parallel sides)

Examples

1. A square is inscribed in a circle with radius 3√2 centimeters. What is the perimeter of the
square in centimeters?

Sol. : Since each triangle formed by drawing the diagonals has the two isoceles sides as 3√2, so
using the 45-45=90 special triangle rules, we can say that hypotaneuse side is 3√2 ×

√2 = 6,

Since all four sides of the square must have a length of 6 units, the perimeter of the
square (the sum of all the sides of the square) is 4(6) = 24.
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 So, the answer is 24.

4. Solids (3-D figures)

Type of Solid Diagram

Rectangular box

V= ×w×h
d = � 2 + w 2 + h2
SA = 2[ × w + × h + w × h]

Right circular cylinder

V = r2 h
SA = 2 r 2 + 2 rh
Area of Lateral area
base

Right circular cone

1
=
3
1 2
= 𝑟𝑟
3

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 Pyramid with rectangle base

1
V = Bh
3
1
= ×W×h
3

Sphere

4 3
= 𝑟𝑟
3

Examples
1 A gelatin block in the shape of a right rectangular prism has dimensions 50 centimeters by
60 centimeters by 70 centimeters. The block has a density of 1.1 grams per cubic
centimeter. What is the mass of the block, in grams? (Density is mass per unit volume.)

(a) 330
(b) 3,300
(c) 23,100
(d) 231,000

Sol. : Since the block is a right rectangular prism, its volume is equal to the product of its
three given dimensions. Substitute 1.1 for and substitute (50 × 60 × 70) for (the
units will be cm3 as desired, so there is no need for conversions).

=
(1.1)(50 × 60 × 70) =
231,000 =

The answer is D.

2. The volume of right circular cylinder A is 32 cubic inches. What is the volume, in cubic
centimeters, of a right circular cylinder with half the radius and twice the height of
cylinder A?
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 (a) 8
(b) 16
(c) 32
(d) 64

Sol. : An intuitive way to approach this problem is to understand that the influence of the
radius varies as the square of its value due to the presence of 𝑟𝑟 2 in the volume formula,
so if the radius is halved, the overall value of the expression representing the volume will
1 2 1
be quartered because �2� = 4. Then, you can observe that the volume varies directly

with the height due to the presence of in the formula, so if the height is doubled, then
volume will double as well; the net result is that the volume will be halved overall
1 1
because �4� (2) = 2.

The answer is B

Class Assignment - 14

1. If a square ABCD is inscribed in a circle whose radius is 4 units, then find the area of the
square. [Student Produced Response]

2. An equilateral triangle, is inscribed in a circle with centre O and radius 12 units. Find
the area of the equilateral triangle, to the nearest tenth. [Student Produced Response]

3. An arc of a circle measures 1.8 radians. To the nearest degree, what is the measure, in
degrees, of this arc? (Disregard the degree sign when writing your answer.) [Student
Produced Response]

4. A rectangular prism with square base of length 𝑥𝑥√ , can accommodate 125 cubes of
1
volume, . If the height of the rectangular prism, is times the length of square bases,
√

then find the value of 𝑥𝑥 (to the nearest tenth). [Student Produced Response]

5. Consider a pyramid with regular hexagonal base. The length of each side of the hexagonal
face is 4 units and the height of the pyramid is 7 units. What is the volume of the
pyramid?

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 A) 35√3
B) 56√3
C) 84√3
D) 168√3

Radius Volumes

Cylinder A 3 24 square units

Cylinder B 𝑟𝑟 square units

6. Given above is the radius and volumes for two right circular cylinders and . If and
are similar to each other, then find the radius of cylinder B. [Student Produced Response]

Class Assignment -14 (Optional)

√2
7. For a unit circle with centre , the coordinates of the points A and B are (1,0) and �w, 2
� , where
< 0, then find , in degrees?
(a) 45
(b) 135
(c) 225

(d) 315

8. Circle is given by the equation (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 = 100. If a point (8, ) lies on
the circle, where is positive, then what is the value of ? [Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment – 14

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1. In the figure above, is a regular hexagon with side lengths of is a regular
hexagon with side lengths of 4, inscribed in a rectangle . What is the area of the
shaded region?

(a) 8√3
(b) 9√3
(c) 10√3
(d) 12√3

2. In figure given above, if = 70 and = 40 . Find (in degrees).

[Student Produced Response]

3. If the radius of a circle is 6 inches and the measure of an arc AB on this circle, is 60°, what
is the area of the sector corresponding to minor arc AB?

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 4

(d) 6

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4. In the figure above, P and Q are the midpoints of sides AB and BC, respectively, of square
ABCD. Line segment PB is extended by its own length to point E, and line segment PQ is
extended to point F so that FE PE. If the area of square ABCD is 9, what is the area of
quadrilateral QBEF ? [Student Produced Response]

1
5. In the circle shown above, if chord EF is 5 of diameter CD, what is the distance between

the chord and the diameter in terms of 𝑟𝑟 ?

4
(a) 5 r

2
(b) 5 r

√24
(c) 5
r

1
(d) 5 r

6. In the figure below, AC is a diameter of the circle. If AC = 1, which of the following gives
the area of triangle ABC in terms of ?

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 (a) 2

tan
(b) 2

(c) 2sin

sn c s
(d) 2

7. Given that sin − cos = 0, where is the radian measure of an angle, which of the
following could be true?

I. 0 < < 2

II. 2 < <

3
III. < < 2

(a) I only

(b) II only

(c) I and III only

(d) I, II, and III

8. A circle in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane has a diameter with endpoints (−7, −5) and (17,5). If the point
(0, 𝑏𝑏) lies on the circle and 𝑏𝑏 > 0, what is the value of 𝑏𝑏 ? [Student Produced Response]

9. In the figure above, the circle has center , and line segment is tangent to the circle at
point . If = 2.0 and = 1.2, what is the length of the diameter of the circle?
[Student Produced Response]

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10. The vertices of are given in the standard (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥) coordinate plane below. What is
the area, in square coordinate units, of ? [Student Produced Response]

Home Assignment – 14 (Optional)

11. The equation (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 = 16 represents circle . Circle is obtained by
shifting circle down 2 units in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane. Which of the following equations
represents circle ?

(a) 𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 = 16

(b) (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 = 16

(c) (𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑥𝑥 − 22 ) = 16
(d) (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 = 16

12. Determine the exact values of the 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎 for the figure shown above. [Student Produced
Response]

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 1 −√3
13. For the circle given above, the coordinates of the points A and B are (1,0) and �− 2 , 2
�
which of the following is the measure of ?
352
(a) 6
350
(b) 3

352
(c) 3
350
(d) 6

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