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Study Material
Calculus (BBS00005)

________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
SL NO Topic Page number
fr1 Function 1-4
2 Limit 4-9
3 Derivatives 9-12
4 Differentiability 12-19
5 Concept of Several variable 18- 20
6 Limit of the function of several variables 21
7 Continuity of function of several variables 22
8 Partial order derivatives 22-23
9 Extreme values and saddle points 24-25
9 Sample question 25-28

What is a Function in Maths?

A function in maths is a special relationship among the inputs (i.e. the domain) and their outputs
(known as the codomain) where each input has exactly one output, and the output can be traced
back to its input.

Definition of Function: A function from a set A to a set B is an assignment of an element of B to

each element of A. The set A is called the domain of the function and the set B is called the
codomain of the function.

A function, its domain, and its co-domain are declared by the notation f: A→B, and the value
of a function f at an element x of A, denoted by f(x), is called the image of x under f, or the value of f
applied to the argument x.

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Functions are also called maps or mappings, though some authors make some distinction between
"maps" and "functions" (see § Other terms).

Domain, Codomain and Range:

Domain and range are two related and most referred aspects of function. Let's have a look at the definitions of
both.

What is Domain?

The set of all the points where the given function is defined is the Domain of the function, denoted
by dom(f) is the set of all those reals x for which f(x) is meaningful.

Let f: A→B, then the set A is known as the domain of f. It is denoted by dom(f)=A

What is Co-domain?

Let f: A→B, then the set B is known as the domain of f.

Range of a Function

What actually comes out of a function as an output is known as the range (collection of images).

What is Range?

Let f: A→B. Then the set of all the images of elements of A under f is known as the range of f. It is
denoted by R(f)={f(x):x∈A}

Example: Let f: A→B, A= {1, 2, 3} & B={3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} such that f(x) = 2x+1, then find the
domain, codomain, and range of f.

Solution:Domain of the function, D(f) =A= {1, 2, 3}

Codomain of the function, C(f) =B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

For Range, we need to find the output corresponding to each element in the Domain of f

f(1) = 2(1)+1 = 3

f(2) = 2(2)+1 = 5

f(3) = 2(3)+1 = 7

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So, Range of the function, R(f) = {3, 5, 7}.

Types of Functions
An example of a simple function is f(x) = x2. In this function, the function f(x) takes the value of “x”
and then squares it. For instance, if x = 3, then f(3) = 9. A few more examples of functions are: f(x)
= sin x, f(x) = x2 + 3, f(x) = 1/x, f(x) = 2x + 3, etc.

There are several types of functions in maths. Some important types are:

Injective function or One to one function: Injective function or injection of a function is also known
as one-one function and is defined as a function in which each element has one and only one image. Every
element is associated with at most one element.

Example:
f: N→N such that f(x)=2x is an injective function as
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) => 𝟐𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 => 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐

• Surjective functions or Onto function: A surjective function is defined between set A and set B,
such that every element of set B is associated with at least one element of set A. The domain and range of
a surjective function are equal.

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Example:

Prove if the function g: R → R defined by g(x) = x2 is a surjective function or not.

For the given function g(x) = x2, the domain is the set of all real numbers, and the range is only
the square numbers, which do not include all the set of real numbers. Hence the given function
g is not a surjective function.

Bijective functions:

A function f:X→Y is said to be bijective, if f is both one-one and onto.

Example:
f: R→R such that f(x)=2x is Bijective function as
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) => 𝟐𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 => 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
Therefore, f is injective

For the given function f(x) = 2x, the domain is the set of all real numbers, and the range is only
the square numbers, which do not include all the set of real numbers. Hence the given function
g is not a surjective function.
Concepts of limit

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Sometimes we can't work something out directly ... but we can see what it should be as we get
closer and closer!
𝑥 2 −1
Example:
𝑥−1

Let's work it out for x=1:

12 −1 0
=
1−1 0

• Now 0/0 is a difficulty! We don't really know the value of 0/0 (it is "indeterminate"), so
we need another way of answering this.

So instead of trying to work it out for x=1 let's try approaching it closer and closer:
𝑥 2 −1
Now we see that as x gets close to 1, then gets close to 2.
𝑥−1
We are now faced with an interesting situation:
When x=1 we don't know the answer (it is indeterminate). But we can see that it is going to
be 2
We want to give the answer "2" but can't, so instead mathematicians say exactly what is going
on by using the special word "limit"

𝑥 2 −1
The limit of as x approaches 1 is 2.
𝑥−1

And it is written in symbols as:

x2 −1
lim =2
x →1 x −1
So, it is a special way of saying, "ignoring what happens when we get there, but as we get
closer and closer the answer gets closer and closer to 2".
Definition of limit
Let y = f(x) be a function of x. If at x = a, f(x) takes indeterminate form, then we consider the
values of the function which is very near to a. If these values tend to a definite unique number
as x tends to a, then the unique number, so obtained is called the limit of f(x) at x = a and we
write it as lim 𝑓(𝑥) .
𝑥→𝑎

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Left Hand and Right Hand Limits

• 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠

𝑓(𝑎 − 0) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ)

𝑥→𝑎+ ℎ→0

• 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠

f ( a + 0 ) = lim f ( x ) lim f ( a + h )
x →a + h →0

Existence of limit
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists then
𝑥→𝑎

(i) lim 𝑓(𝑥)and lim 𝑓(𝑥) both exists.

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

(ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥)= lim 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

Uniqueness of Limit If exists, then it is unique. There cannot be two distinct numbers l1
and l2 such that when x tends to a, the function f(x) tends to both l 1 and l2.

Fundamental Theorems on Limits

The limit of a function is represented as f(x) reaches L as x tends to limit a, such that:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 .
𝑥→𝑎

• The limit of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their limits, such that:

lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Fundamental Theorems on Limits

The limit of any constant function is a constant term, such that lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑎

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The limit of product of the constant and function is equal to the product of constant and the
limit of the function, such that lim 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Quotient Rule:

lim f ( x )
f ( x)
lim = x →a
x →a g ( x ) lim g ( x )
x →a

g ( x) lim g ( x )
lim ( f ( x ) ) = lim f ( x )  x →a

x →a  x →a 

lim g  f ( x )  = g lim f ( x )
x →a  x →a 

limlog f ( x ) = log lim f ( x ) , provided lim f ( x )  0

x →a  x →a  x →a

f ( x) lim f ( x )
lim e =e x→a

x →a
Trigonometric Limits

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sin x x
(i) lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 sin x

tan x x
(ii) lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 tan x

sin −1 x x
(iii) lim = 1 = lim −1
x →0 x x →0 sin x

tan −1 x x
(iv) lim = 1 = lim −1
x →0 x x →0 tan x
sin x 
(v) lim =
x →0 x 180
(vi ) lim cos x = 1
x →0

sin ( x − a )
(vii ) lim =1
x→a x−a
tan ( x − a )
(viii ) lim =1
x→a x−a

Exponential Limits

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log (1 + x )
(i ) lim =1
x →0 x
( ii ) lim log ex = 1
x →e

log (e1− x )
(iii) lim = −1
x →0 x
log1a+ x
(iv) lim = log ea , a  0,  1
x →0 x
Logarithmic Limits
1
(i) lim (1 + x ) = e
x
x →0
x
 1
(ii ) lim 1 +  = e
x →
 x
1
( iii ) lim
x →0
(1 +  x ) x = e

 
x

(iv) lim 1 +  = e
x →
 x
Concept of continuity
If the graph of a function has no break or gap, then it is continuous, otherwise it is
discontinuous. A function which is not continuous is called a discontinuous function.
e.g., Graph of sin x is continuous.

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• While f(x) = 1/x is discontinuous at x=0.

Continuity at a Point
Let f be a real valued function and a be a point in the domain of f .We say that f is continuous
at x=a if,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) i.e lim 𝑓(𝑥)= lim 𝑓(𝑥)= f(a)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

Hence, f(x) is continuous, If lim 𝑓(𝑥) is equal to f(a) .

𝑥→𝑎
Discontinuity of a Function
• f(a) is not defined

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

• LHL and RHL both are exists and unequal

• Either lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 lim 𝑓(𝑥) or both are non-existing or infinite

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

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• LHL and RHL both are exists and not equal to f(a) i.e.

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎+

Example:

 x , 0<x<1

f(x)=  2-x , 1  x  2
 x-x 2 , x>2

Show that f(x) is discontinuous at x=2.

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 22 = 2 − 4 = −2

𝑥→2− 𝑥→𝑎+

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)

𝑥→2− 𝑥→2+

Therefore f(x) is discontinuous at x=2.

What is Differentiation?
Differentiation means the rate of change of one quantity with respect to another. The speed is
calculated as the rate of change of distance with respect to time. This speed at each instant is
not the same as the average calculated. Speed is the same as the slope, which is nothing but
the instantaneous rate of change of the distance over a period of time.

The ratio of a small change in one quantity with a small change in another which is dependent
on the first quantity is called differentiation. One of the important concepts in calculus is
mainly focused on the differentiation of a function. The maximum or minimum value of a
function, the velocity and acceleration of moving objects, and the tangent of a curve are
determined by differentiation. If y = f(x) that is differentiable, then the differentiation is
𝑑𝑦
represented as f'(x) or .
𝑑𝑥

Definition of Derivatives
The geometrical meaning of the derivative of y = f(x) is the slope of the tangent to the curve y
= f(x) at (x, f(x)). The first principle of differentiation is to compute the derivative of the
function using the limits. Let a function of a curve be y = f(x). Let us take a point P with
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coordinates (x, f(x)) on a curve. Take another point Q with coordinates (x+h, f(x+h)) on the
curve. Now PQ is the secant to the curve. The slope of a curve at a point is the slope of the
𝑦 −𝑦
tangent line at that point. We know, slope of the secant line is 2 1
𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
Thus, in this case, it is (𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥
=
ℎ

We want h to be as small as possible to get the slope of the tangent. We have y = f(x).
There is an incremental change in x, denoted as Δx. Then there exists an incremental
change in y, denoted as Δy.

Then y + Δy = f(x + Δx)

f(x) + Δy = f(x + Δx)

Δy = f(x + Δx) - f(x)

Dividing by Δx on both the sides,

𝑑𝑦 f(x + Δx) − f(x)

=
𝑑𝑥 Δx
As the change is so small, applying the limits, we get

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𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
=lim =lim
𝑑𝑥 δx→0 𝛿𝑥 δx→0 𝛿𝑥

where, d/dx is the differential coefficient, and it is known as the Leibnitz symbol.
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
lim if the limit exists, f'(x) is the first derivative of f(x). This derivative of f(x) at
ℎ→0 ℎ
a quantifies the change in f(x) with respect to x. This process of computing the derivative
of a function is called differentiation.

Thus, definition of derivative is as follows: If f is a real-valued function of a real

variable defined on an open interval I and if y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x, then
𝑑𝑦 f(x + Δx) − f(x)
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 Δx

• Derivative of standard functions

y or f(x) dy
or f '
( x)
dx
K,K is a constant d
(K ) = 0
dx

d
( x n ) = nx n−1
n
x
dx

x d
dx
( )x =
2 x
1

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e x d
dx
( ex )

ax , a  0 d
( a x ) = a x log ea
dx

sin x d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx

cos x d
( cos x ) = − sin x
dx

tan x d
( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx

cotx d
( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x
dx
cos ecx d
( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx cot x
dx

sec x d
( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx

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Derivative Rules

Rules Function Derivative

Multiplication by
cf cf’
constant

Power Rule xn nxn−1

Sum Rule f+g f’ + g’

Difference Rule f-g f’ − g’

Rules Function Derivative

Product Rule fg f g’ + f’ g

Quotient Rule f/g (f’ g − g’ f )/g2

Reciprocal Rule 1/f −f’/f 2

Examples
• Differentiate the following w.r.to x.

7
( i ) x5 − 4 x3 + +3 x −5
x
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7
Ans : Let y = x5 − 4 x3 + + 3 x − 5
x
dy 7 3
 = 5 x 4 − 12 x 2 − 2 +
dx x 2 x

( ii ) y = 3sin x cos x
dy  d d 
Ans : = 3 sin x ( cos x ) + cos x ( sin x ) 
dx  dx dx 
= 3 sin x ( − sin x ) + cos x ( cos x ) 
= 3  − sin 2 x + cos 2 x 
= 3cos 2 x

Derivative of composite functions (Chain rule)

• The Chain Rule

Let f(x) and g(x) be two differentiable functions with a common domain. Then the
derivative of a function formed by a composition of these two functions i.e. f(g(x)) is given
by –
𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Rules Function Derivative

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Chain Rule
(as
"Composition f g (f g ) g'
of
Functions")

Chain Rule
f(g(x)) f’(g(x))g’(x)
(using ’ )

(Chain Rule
dy dy du
d =
dx du dx
(using dx )

1
• Question 1: Find the derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ?
𝑥

1
Answer : This is a composition of two functions: f(x) = sin x and g(x) = .
𝑥

Clearly the form of composition here is f(g(x)). By the Chain Rule, we then have
d 1 1 d 1
sin   = cos   .  
dx x  x  dx  x 
 1  1 
= cos    − 2 
 x  x 
 1
 cos  x  
= −  
 x2 
 
 
which is the required result.

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

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Rules Function Derivative

1
sin-1(x)
√1 − 𝑥 2

Inverse Trigonometry
1
cos-1(x) -
√1−𝑥 2

1
tan-1(x)
1 + 𝑥2

Introduction to the function of several variable:

A function of several variables, also known as a multivariable function, is a mathematical
concept that takes multiple input values and produces a single output value. In other words,
it's a mapping from a set of input values in multiple dimensions to an output value.

Mathematically, a function of several variables can be represented as 𝒇: 𝑹𝒏 → 𝑹

For example, consider a function f(x, y) that takes two variables x and y as input and produces
a real-valued output. This could represent a wide range of scenarios, from physical
phenomena to economic models. The function could look something like:

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

This function calculates the sum of the squares of the input variables x and y.

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Functions of several variables are important in various fields including physics, engineering,
economics, and more. They allow us to model and analyze complex relationships that involve
multiple factors influencing an outcome. Techniques from calculus, such as partial derivatives
and gradients, are used to understand how these functions change with respect to their input
variables.

Here are some key concepts and operations related to functions of several variables:

1. Partial Derivatives: These are derivatives of a function with respect to one variable,
while keeping other variables constant.

2. Gradients: The gradient is a vector that points in the direction of the steepest increase of
a function. Its components are the partial derivatives of the function.

3. Critical Points: These are the points where the partial derivatives are simultaneously
equal to zero. Critical points can be local minima, maxima, or saddle points.

4. Level Curves/Surfaces: The level curves (in two dimensions) or level surfaces (in three
dimensions) are sets of points

A real-valued function of n–variables is a function f:D→ 𝑅, where the

domain D is a subset of Rn. So: for each → (x1, x2, . . . , xn) in D, the value
of f is a real number f (x1, x2, . . . , xn). For example, the volume of a
cylinder: V = πr2h (i.e. V = F (r, h)) is a function of two variables.
If f is defined by a formula, we usually take the domain D to be as large as
possible. For example, if f is a function defined by f (x, y) = 9 − cos (x) +
sin(x2 + y2), we have a function of 2 variables defined for all (x, y) ∈ R2. So
D = R2. However, if f is defined by

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1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

Then f is a function of 3 variables, defined 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 0

This is all (x, y, z) ∈ R3 except for (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0).
Likewise, a multivariable function of m–variables is a function f: D
→ Rn, where the domain D is a subset of Rm. So: for each (x1, x2, . . . , xn)
in D, the value of f is a vector f (x1, x2, . . . , xn) ∈ Rn.
For example:
1. An object rotating around the origin in the xy-plane (say at distance 5
from the origin) will have its position described by the function f (t) = (5
cos (t), 5 sin (t)). This is a function from R to R2.
2.An object spiralling around the x axis (again at distance 5 from the axis)
and travelling at constant speed might have its position given by f (t) = (t, 5
cos (t) , 5 sin (t)). This function is from R to R2.

➢ Surfaces

The graph of a function f: D ⊂ R2 → R, is the set

{(x, y, z) ∈ R3: z = f (x, y)}.
This is a surface in R3. The height z = f (x, y) over each point gives the
value of f. The equation ax + by + cz = d represents a plane in R3. This
equation can be written less elegantly, expressing z as a function of x and
y, as
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
z=- x- y+
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

When looking at functions of one variable y = f (x) it is possible to plot (x,

y) points to determine the shape of the graph. In the same way, when looking
at a function of two variables z = f (x, y), it is possible to plot the points (x, y,
z) to build up the shape of a surface.

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Definition of Limit:

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Continuity:

Exercise:

Introduction to partial derivatives:

These measure the rate of change of a function with respect to one of the variables, keeping all other vari-
ables fixed. Let f : D ⊂ R2 → R be a function of two variables, and (x0, y0) ∈ D.

Definition: The partial derivative of f with respect to x is:

𝜕𝑓(𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ) 𝑓 (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥,𝑦0) − 𝑓 (𝑥0,𝑦0)
= lim
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

(i.e. differentiate f with respect to x, treating y as a constant).

The partial derivative of f with respect to
y is:

𝜕𝑓(𝑥0 ,𝑦0 ) 𝑓 (𝑥0 ,𝑦0 +∆y) − 𝑓 (𝑥_0,𝑦_0)

= lim
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦→0 ∆𝑦

Geometrical representation:

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tangent line

p0

Tangent to surface in the x direction.

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Sample questions:

1. Choose the critical point of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 is

a. (1,1) b. (1,-1)
c. (-1,1) d. (0,0)
𝑥2𝑦2
2. Calculate 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

a. 0 b. 1
1 d. None of these
c. 2
3. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 then compute 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
a. 1 b. 0
c. 2 d. 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3
4. Choose the correct value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥−𝑦
a. 0 b. 1
1 d. none of these
c. 2
𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 , then calculate =
𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑦
a. b.
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑥
𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑦
c. − 𝑓 d. − 𝑓
𝑦 𝑥
6. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 then calculate 𝑑𝑓 =
a. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 b. 𝑑𝑥
c. 𝑑𝑦 d. None of these
𝑥2
7. If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 then calculate 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 =
𝑦
a. U b. 0
c. 1 d. 2u

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8. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 then calculate 𝑑𝑓 =

a. 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 b. 𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦
c. 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 d. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
9. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 then calculate 𝑑𝑓 =
a. 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 b. 𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦
c. 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 d. 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

10 .

11.

12.

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Short Answer Type

1. Calculate all the second partial derivatives of f(x, y) = x3 e-2y + y-2 cos (x).
𝑑𝑧
2. If z = x2 – y2 , x = sin (t), y = cos (t), evaluate 𝑑𝑡 where t = π/3.
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. Calculate the rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − − at the point (1, 0) in the direction of a unit
4 4
vector 45◦ to the x–axis.

𝑥2 𝑦2
4. Calculate the rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − − at the point (1, 0) in the direction of (0,1).
4 4

2𝑥, 𝑥 < 6
5. Test if the function 𝑔(𝑥) = { is continuous at x=4.
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 6

2𝑥, 𝑥 < 6
6. Test if the function 𝑔(𝑥) = { is continuous at x=6.
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ 6
.
7. Determine if the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 has a local maximum, minimum, or saddle
point at its critical point.

Long Answer Type

1. Calculate the extrema of the following function:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , Establish that 𝑟 2 (𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ) = 1
𝑥𝑦
3. Examine whether the limit of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2−𝑥 2 exist when (𝑥, 𝑦) → (0,0) .
4. Illustrate that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (0,0) for the function
𝑥2𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = , (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 0, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,0)
5.Determine if (1,1) is a saddle point for the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑦
6. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 for the equation 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
7. If 𝑢 = 𝑟 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , establish that 𝑟 (𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 ) = 2

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Study Material

Name of the Faculty

Designation and Department
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