HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT
Prof. Nitin Ramteke
SRM College of Social Work,
Chandrapur
Human Development: The Concept
Focuses on the ends rather than the means of
development and progress
The real objective of development should be to
create an enabling environment for people to enjoy
long, healthy and creative lives.
Denotes both the process of widening people's
choices and improving their well-being.
Human Development: The Concept
Denotes both, the process of widening people's
choices and improving their well-being.
Dimensions of human development are:
a long and healthy life
knowledge
a decent standard of living
May include social and political freedoms
Human Development: The Concept
Two sides of human development: One is the
formation of human capabilities, such as
improved health or knowledge. The other is
the enjoyment of these acquired capabilities
for work or for leisure.
the concept of human development is a
holistic one putting people at the centre of all
aspects of the development process.
Human development, as an approach,
is concerned with what I take to be the
basic development idea: namely,
advancing the richness of human life,
rather than the richness of the economy
in which human beings live, which is
only a part of it."
Prof. Amartya Sen
Fundamental to enlarging human
choices is building human capabilities
—the range of things that people can
do or be in life. The most basic
capabilities for human development
are to lead long and healthy lives, to
be knowledgeable, to have access to
the resources needed for a decent
standard of living and to be able to
participate in the life of the
community.
Human Development is a development
paradigm that is about much more than
the rise or fall of national incomes. It is
about creating an environment in which
people can develop their full potential and
lead productive, creative lives in accord
with their needs and interests. People are
the real wealth of nations.
"The basic purpose of development
is to enlarge people's choices. In
principle, these choices can be
infinite and can change over time.
The objective of development is to
create an enabling environment for
people to enjoy long, healthy and
creative lives.“
Mahbub ul Haq
Issues Central to Human Development
Social progress - greater access to knowledge, better
nutrition and health services.
Economics – the importance of economic growth as a
means to reduce inequality and improve levels of
human development.
Efficiency - in terms of resource use and availability.
human development is pro-growth and productivity as
long as such growth directly benefits the poor, women
and other marginalized groups.
Equity - in terms of economic growth and other
human development parameters.
Issues Central to Human Development
Participation and freedom - particularly
empowerment, democratic governance, gender
equality, civil and political rights, and cultural
liberty, particularly for marginalized groups defined
by urban-rural, sex, age, religion, ethnicity,
physical/mental parameters, etc.
Sustainability - for future generations in
ecological, economic and social terms.
Human security - security in daily life against such
chronic threats as hunger and abrupt disruptions
including joblessness, famine, conflict, etc.
Human Development Profile of India
HDI .547 Rank: 134
65.4
Life Expectancy (in years)
.450
Education index
3468
GNI percapita (PPP$)
.392
Inequality adjusted HDI
.283
Multi-dimension Poverty
Index
.617
Gender Inequality Index
Human Development Index (India) :
Health, Education and Income
Human Development Progress in India
Year HDI
1980 .344
1985 .380
1990 .410
1995 .437
2000 .461
2005 .504
2010 .542
2011 .547
Human development Trends
Health
Indicators Value
Expenditure on health, public (% of GDP) 1.1
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 66
Life expectancy at birth (years) 65.4
Health index (life expectancy) 0.717
Education
Indicators Value
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP) 3.1
Expected years of schooling (of children under 7) (years) 10.3
Adult literacy rate, both sexes (% aged 15 and above) 62.8
Mean years of schooling (of adults over 25) (years) 4.4
Education index (expected and mean years of schooling) 0.450
Combined gross enrolment in education (both sexes) (%) 62.6
Income
Indicators Value
GDP per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005
2,993
international $)
GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005
3,468
international $)
Income index (GNI per capita) 0.508
Inequality
Indicators Value
Income Gini coefficient 36.8
Loss due to inequality in life expectancy (%) 27.1
Loss due to inequality in education (%) 40.6
Loss due to inequality in income (%) 14.7
Inequality-adjusted education index 0.267
Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index 0.522
Inequality-adjusted income index 0.433
Inequality-adjusted HDI 0.392
Poverty
Indicators Value
Multidimensional Poverty Index (%) 0.283
MPI: Intensity of deprivation 52.7
Headcount of MPI poor (% of population) 53.7
Population living below $1.25 PPP per day (%) 41.6
Gender
Indicators Value
Population with at least secondary education (Ratio of
0.528
female to male rates)
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged
86.3
15-19)
Labour force participation rate (Ratio of female to
0.404
male shares)
Gender Inequality Index 0.617
Shares in parliament, female-male ratio 0.119
Maternal mortality ratio (deaths of women per
230
100,000 live births)
State –wise HDI &IHDI
