Scribd
Upload
13 views4 pages

03 - Data Transmission Problems - 241029 - 063113

Uploaded by

test46.aman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views4 pages

03 - Data Transmission Problems - 241029 - 063113

Uploaded by

test46.aman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

03 Data Transmission (Problems)

Figure of Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other with four signal levels

We send 1 bit per level in part a of the figure and 2 bits per level in part b of the figure. In
general, if a signal has M levels, each level needs log 2M bits.

1. A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are needed per level? We calculate the
number of bits from the formula
Solution
Number of bits per level =log2 8 =3
Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

2. The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1  W; what are the values of
SNR and SNRdB?
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:
10000 W
SNR   10000
1 mW
SNRdB  10 log10 10000  10 log10 104  40

• Nyquist Formula : C = 2B log2M


• Shannon Capacity: C=B log2(1+SNR)

1
3. Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two
signal levels. The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Solution
BitRate =2 x 3000 x log2 2 =6000 bps

4. Consider the same noiseless channel transmitting a signal with four signal levels (for each
level, we send 2 bits). The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Solution
BitRate =2 x 3000 x log2 4 = 12,000 bps

5. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many
signal levels do we need?
Solution
We can use the Nyquist formula as shown:
265,000 = 2 x 20,000 x log2 M
log2 M =6.625 M =26.625 = 98.7 levels
Since this result is not a power of 2, we need to either increase the number of levels or
reduce the bit rate. If we have 128 levels, the bit rate is 280 kbps. If we have 64 levels,
the bit rate is 240 kbps.

6. We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone line
normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 to 3300 Hz) assigned for data communications.
The signal- to-noise ratio is usually 3162. For this channel the capacity is calculated as
C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = 3000 log2 (l + 3162) = 3000 x 11.62 = 34,860 bps
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line is 34.860 kbps. If we want to send
data faster than this, we can either increase the bandwidth of the line or improve the
signal-to-noise ratio.

7. The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume that SNRdB = 36 and the channel
bandwidth is 2 MHz. The theoretical channel capacity can be calculated as
SNRdB  10 log10 SNR  SNR  10 SNRdB /10  SNR  103.6  3981
C  B log 2 1  SNR  =2 106  log 2 3982=24 Mbps

8. We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 63. What are the
appropriate bit rate and signal level?
Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper limit.
C  B log 2 1  SNR  =106 log 2 1  63 =106 log 2  64  =6 Mbps

2
The Shannon formula gives us 6 Mbps, the upper limit. For better performance we
choose something lower, 4 Mbps, for example. Then we use the Nyquist formula to find
the number of signal levels.
4Mbps = 2 x 1 MHz x log2 L  L=4
The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells us how many
signal levels we need.

9. Let us consider an example that relates the Nyquist and Shannon formulations. Suppose that
the spectrum of a channel is between 3 MHz and 4 MHz and SNRdB = 24 dB. Then
B = 4 MHz - 3 MHz = 1 MHz
SNRdB = 24 dB = 10 log10(SNR)
SNR = 251

Using Shannon’s formula,

C = 10 6 × log2 (1 + 251) ≈ 106 × 8 = 8 Mbps


This is a theoretical limit and, as we have said, is unlikely to be reached. But assume
we can achieve the limit. Based on Nyquist’s formula, how many signal-ing levels are
required?

We have
C = 2B log2 M
6 6
8 × 10 = 2 × (10 ) × log2 M
4= log2 M
M=16

10. What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300-Hz bandwidth and a signal-
to-noise ratio of 3 dB, where the noise is white thermal noise?
Solution
Using Shannon's equation: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
We have B = 300 Hz (SNR)dB = 3
Therefore, SNR = 10 0.3
C = 300 log2 (1 + 100.3) = 300 log2 (2.995) = 474 bps

11. A digital signaling system is required to operate at 9600 bps.


a. If a signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the minimum required bandwidth of
the channel?
b. Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit words.
Solution
Using Nyquist's equation: C = 2B log2M
We have C = 9600 bps
a. log2M = 4, because a signal element encodes a 4-bit word
Therefore, C = 9600 = 2B × 4, and B = 1200 Hz

3
b. 9600 = 2B × 8, and B = 600 Hz

12. Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20 Mbps, the bandwidth of the channel is 3
MHz. Assuming white thermal noise, what signal-to-noise ratio is required to achieve this
capacity
Solution
C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
20 × 106 = 3 × 10 6 × log2(1 + SNR)
log2(1 + SNR) = 6.67
1 + SNR = 102
SNR = 101

You might also like