Lecture Slide-1
EEE3107: Industrial and Medical
Instrumentation
EEE, Dhaka University
November, 2024
This study material is prepared out of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques by William David Cooper
and other documents
Topics
• Electronic Instrumentation: Sine-Wave Generator
• Arbitrary Function Generator
• Pulse Train Generator
• Sweep Frequency Generator
• Spectrum Analyzer
• Frequency Analyzer
• Digital Voltmeter: Stair-Case, Successive Approximation Type
Integrating, Dual Slope Integrating Type
• Delta Pulse Modulation Type
What is Electronic Instrumentation?
• State-of-the-art technology in electronics and the electronic
instruments now being used in labs and many areas of scientific
research.
• Concerned with improving the precision, sensitivity, and ease of
operation of present electronic instruments
• Develop new instruments
Sine-Wave Generator
Band pass filter and amplifier
How many stages? How to optimize the design?
Band pass filter and amplifier in a loop
Wien Bridge RC Oscillator
Design issues of a sine wave signal generator
• Pure sine wave at a particular frequency
• Amplitude stability
• Frequency stability
• Less distortion
• Adjustable gain
• A range of frequency
Wien Bridge RC Oscillator
• The Wien Bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled amplifier circuit that has good
stability at its resonant frequency, low distortion and is very easy to tune making
it a popular circuit as an audio frequency oscillator.
• The circuit is based on a frequency-selective form of the Wien-Bridge network
• Simple and Stable compared to LC-type Oscillator
• The Wien bridge acts as a feedback network
• The Wien bridge also selects frequency of oscillation
• At Resonance, Phase angles of Z1 and Z2 are equal and opposite
• Wien bridge does not introduce any phase shift
• At, Resonance, Z2 = Z1/2, if C1=C2 and R1 = R2
• The bridge is NOT balanced! (if balanced, feedback voltage will be ZERO!)
• To sustain oscillation,
• Here the feedback network need not provide any phase shift. The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback
circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected with a parallel RC of the same component values producing a
phase delay or phase advance circuit depending upon the frequency.
• At low frequencies (the circuit acts like a 'lead circuit') the reactance of the series capacitor is very high so
acts a bit like an open circuit, blocking any input signal, resulting in no input signal to amplifier. Likewise, at
high frequencies (circuit acts as a 'lag circuit') the reactance of the parallel capacitor becomes very low, so this
parallel connected capacitor acts a bit like a short circuit across the output, so again there is no no input signal
to amplifier.
• So there must be a frequency point between these two extremes of being capacitor (series) open-circuited and
being capacitor (parallel) short-circuited where the output voltage of Wien-Bridge reaches its maximum value.
The frequency value of the input waveform at which this happens is called the oscillators Resonant Frequency,
(ƒr). At this resonant frequency, the circuit’s reactance equals its resistance, that is: Xc = R, and the phase
difference between the input and output equals zero degrees.
• A High Pass Filter connected to a Low Pass Filter producing a very selective second-order frequency dependent
Band Pass Filter with a high Q factor at the selected frequency, ƒr.
• The magnitude of the output voltage is therefore at its maximum and is equal to one third (1/3) of the input
voltage as shown
• Continuous variation of frequency is accomplished by varying simultaneously
the two capacitors.
• Different frequency ranges are provided by switching in different values for
the two identical resistors associated with two identical capacitors.
• Regulation of signal amplitude is provided by resistor R2 which provides a
variable feedback gain ‘beta’.
• Resistor R2 is usually tungsten filament light bulb acting as a variable
resistance element.
• If the output of amplifier tends to increase, the increased current through R2
raises its temperature and increases its resistance. Beta would decrease and
would tend to regulate amplifier output.
• The thermal lag of the filament of the tungsten lamp causes its resistance to
remain almost constant during alternating cycle of output current/voltage.
• At very low frequency, a thermistor may be used in the other bridge arm (R1)
• Thermistor has negative temperature coefficient; resistance decreases with
an increases in temperature.
Sine wave generator
Too much gain…saturates…astable multivibrator
Transistors are either on or off
Reduce gain….negative feedback
Increasing negative feedback…
• Emitter resistance have bigger effect from the point of base hfe x re
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Higher feedback
at emitter resister
Light bulb is
used….time delay
at high frequency
• High frequency…FET is used
• At cutoff; R = Xc
High frequency
Wien-Bridge Oscillator
Phase-shift Oscillator
Armstrong Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator
Pulse and Square wave generator
