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MEREOLOGY
 MEREOLOGY

A . J . C O T N O I R A N D A C H I L L E C . VA R Z I

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries

c A. J. Cotnoir and Achille C. Varzi 2021
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021939306
ISBN 978–0–19–874900–4
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198749004.001.0001
Printed and bound in the UK by
TJ Books Limited
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
In memory of Josh Parsons (1973-2017)
CONTENTS

preface xi

list of figures xv

1 what is mereology? 1
1.1 A Bit of History 2
1.2 Contemporary Perspectives 5
1.2.1 Mereology as Formal Ontology 6
1.2.2 Mereology as an Alternative to Set Theory 8
1.3 ‘Part’ and Parthood 12
1.4 Parts and Wholes 15
1.5 The Formal Setting 17

2 classical mereology 21
2.1 A Perspicuous Axiom System 22
2.1.1 A Partial Order 22
2.1.2 Decomposition 25
2.1.3 Composition 29
2.2 Algebraic Models 32
2.2.1 Boolean Algebras 32
2.2.2 Complete Boolean Algebras are Models 35
2.2.3 Models are Complete Boolean Algebras 37
2.3 Set-theoretic Models 40
2.3.1 Finite Models 40
2.3.2 Infinite Models 43
2.4 Other Axiom Systems 44
2.4.1 Proper Parthood as Primitive 45
2.4.2 Overlap or Disjointness as Primitive 47
2.4.3 More Parthood Axiomatizations 49
viii contents

2.4.4 Further Options 50

2.4.5 Primitivity in Mereology 54

3 ordering 57
3.1 Reflexivity and Irreflexivity 59
3.1.1 Concrete Self-parts 60
3.1.2 Abstract Self-parts 62
3.2 Antisymmetry and Asymmetry 65
3.2.1 Loops 65
3.2.2 Irregular Parts 67
3.2.3 Mutual Parts and Extensionality 70
3.3 Transitivity 76
3.3.1 Distinguished Parts 78
3.3.2 Immediate Parts 81
3.3.3 Parts of Parts 86
3.3.4 Local Transitivity and Beyond 91

4 decomposition 95
4.1 Complementation 97
4.1.1 Remainders 98
4.1.2 Boolean Complements 101
4.1.3 Complementation and Composition 106
4.2 Strong Supplementation 108
4.2.1 Supervenience 109
4.2.2 Strong Supplementation and Extensionality 111
4.3 Weak Supplementation 114
4.3.1 Solitary Parts 116
4.3.2 Weak Supplementation and Extensionality 121
4.3.3 Strictly Weak Supplementation 125
4.4 Even Weaker Supplementation 128
4.5 Null Objects 135
4.6 Atoms and Gunk 142
4.6.1 Atomism 145
4.6.2 Atomlessness 151
4.6.3 Hybrid Theories 156

5 composition 159
5.1 Fusions 160
5.1.1 Types of Fusion 160
5.1.2 Comparisons 163
5.2 Existence and Identity 174
5.2.1 Existence 174
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 contents ix

5.2.2 Uniqueness 188

5.2.3 Composition as Identity 193
5.3 Structured Composites 201
5.3.1 Levels 202
5.3.2 Order 205
5.3.3 Repetition 206
5.3.4 Compositional Pluralism 209
5.4 The Universe 212
5.4.1 A Russell Paradox? 213
5.4.2 Super-Universal Wholes 218
5.5 Coatoms and Junk 220

6 logic 231
6.1 Expressive Power 231
6.1.1 Second-Order Mereology 233
6.1.2 Plural Quantification and Megethology 238
6.2 Time and Modality 245
6.2.1 Temporal and Modal Parts 247
6.2.2 More Arguments for Parthood 252
6.2.3 Modal Mereology 260
6.3 Indeterminacy 264
6.3.1 De Dicto and De Re 265
6.3.2 Ontic Indeterminacy 267
6.3.3 Fuzzy Mereology 270
6.3.4 Overdeterminacy and Paraconsistency 274
6.4 Non-classical Logics and Non-classical Mereologies 279

bibliography 283

index 365
Names 365
Subjects 377
Featured Formulas 391
Symbols 394

list of featured formulas 397

P R E FA C E

This book has one purpose and some related, more specific aims. The pur-
pose is to meet a growing demand for a systematic and up-to-date treat-
ment of mereology. Since the publication of Peter Simons’ acclaimed book,
Parts. A Study in Ontology (1987), interest in this discipline has grown tremen-
dously. Mereology is now a central field of philosophical research, not only
in ontology, but in metaphysics more broadly, witness the publication of
two recent volumes of essays devoted to mereological issues in the meta-
physics of identity (Cotnoir and Baxter, 2014) and in the theory of location
(Kleinschmidt, 2014). Mereological questions and techniques have also be-
come central in other areas of philosophy, including logic, the philosophy of
language, and the foundations of mathematics (especially thanks to Lewis,
1991) as well as in neighboring disciplines such as linguistics and formal
semantics (from Moltmann, 1997 to Champollion, 2017) and the information
sciences (Guarino et al., 1996; Lambrix, 2000). Even in the natural sciences
mereology has become an established framework within which to address
long-standing foundational questions, for instance in physics, in chemistry,
or in certain branches of biology; the recent publication of a collection enti-
tled Mereology and the Sciences (Calosi and Graziani, 2014) is but one notable
sign of this broader interest. Most importantly, however, this growth in inter-
est and applications has been accompanied by unprecedented developments
in the study of mereology itself, understood as a field of theoretical inquiry
in its own right, and keeping track of all the findings is an ever-increasing
challenge. In his review of Simons’ book, Timothy Williamson wrote that
“Parts could easily be the standard book on mereology for the next twenty
or thirty years” (Williamson, 1990, p. 210). And Williamson was no doubt
correct. As we passed the third decade mark, Simons’ book has served ad-
mirably in this role. Nonetheless the field has grown tremendously; and
while five other monographs have appeared in the meantime—Massimo
Libardi’s Teorie delle parti e dell’intero (1990), Andrzej Pietruszczak’s Metame-
xii preface

reologia (2000b) and Podstawy teorii cz˛eści (2013), Lothar Ridder’s Mereologie
(2002), and Giorgio Lando’s Mereology: A Philosophical Introduction (2017)—
only one of them is in English* and none covers the latest technical and
philosophical developments in a systematic fashion. The purpose of this
book is to fill that gap.
Our more specific aims are threefold. First, we aim to clarify the varieties
of formal systems that have been put forward and discussed over the years,
including different axiomatizations of the theory known as ‘classical mere-
ology’ along with the motivations and main criticisms of each approach.
Second, we aim to contribute to the development and systematization of
new, non-classical mereological theories, with an eye on their potential im-
pact on debates in relevant areas of metaphysics, philosophical logic, the
philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mathematics. Third, we aim
to do all this in a way that might prove useful to experts in the field and
newcomers alike. This is probably the hardest aim to achieve, but we have
tried to do so by making the text concise and self-contained while at the
same time sacrificing very little in terms of detail and accuracy. We have
also tried to be as neutral as possible in our presentation of philosophically
controversial material—not because we do not have views, or because our
personal views may not coincide, but because we thought a non-opinionated
treatment would better serve our present purpose and aims. We know in ad-
vance that each of these aims can only be attained partially. We hope this is
also true of our failures.
Although the book as a whole has been written from scratch, some parts
have ancestors in material that has previously appeared in print. In chap-
ter 1, sections 1.2.1 and 1.3 draw slightly on Gruszczyński and Varzi (2015,
§§2–3) and on Varzi (2016, §1), respectively. In chapter 2, section 2.1 is based
on the axiom system presented in Cotnoir and Varzi (2019). In chapter 3, sec-
tions 3.1 and 3.2 include some material from Cotnoir (2013b) and Cotnoir
and Bacon (2012), and section 3.3.1 material from Varzi (2006a, 2016, §2.1).
In chapter 4, section 4.1.3 draws sightly on Varzi (2016, §3.3), sections 4.3.2
and 4.4 use results from Varzi (2009) and Cotnoir (2016a), and sections 4.5–
4.6 expand on Varzi (2007a, §1.3.4, 2016, §3.4). In chapter 5, section 5.2.1 and
5.2.3 draw slightly on Varzi (2016, §4.5) and on Cotnoir (2014b), sections
5.3.3–5.3.4 on Cotnoir (2015), and section 5.5 on Cotnoir (2014a). Finally, in
chapter 6, sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.3 draw on Varzi (2016, §5) and section 6.3.4
on Weber and Cotnoir (2015). We are thankful to our co-authors and to the
editors and publishers of the original sources for their kind permission to
reuse this material in the present form.

* As we go to press, an English edition of Pietruszczak’s first book has appeared. We have made
an effort to update our references accordingly. Prof. Pietruszczak informs us that an English
translation of his 2013 book is also scheduled.
 preface xiii

Our further debts of gratitude are extensive and deep. For written com-
ments on the entire manuscript at different stages of its development, our
greatest thanks go to Rafał Gruszczyński, Kris McDaniel, David Nicolas,
Andrzej Pietruszczak, Marcus Rossberg, and two anonymous referees for
Oxford University Press. Moreover, a number of other friends and colleagues
have helped us think through this project in a variety of ways, directly or
indirectly, and our thanks extend to them all: Simona Aimar, Andrew Arlig,
Andrew Bacon, Ralf Bader, Don Baxter, JC Beall, Franz Berto, Arianna Betti,
Einar Bøhn, Andrea Borghini, Martina Botti, Claudio Calosi, Roberto Casati,
Colin Caret, Damiano Costa, Vincenzo De Risi, Tim Elder, Haim Gaifman,
Cody Gilmore, Marion Haemmerli, Joel Hamkins, Katherine Hawley, Paul
Hovda, Ingvar Johansson, Shieva Kleinschmidt, Kathrin Koslicki, Tamar
Lando, Matthew Lansdell, Paolo Maffezioli, Ofra Magidor, Wolfgang Mann,
Massimo Mugnai, Kevin Mulligan, Hans-Georg Niebergall, Daniel Nolan,
the late Josh Parsons, Laurie Paul, Greyson Potter, Graham Priest, Fred
Rickey, Marcus Rossberg, Jeff Russell, Thomas Sattig, Kevin Scharp, Oliver
Seidl, Stewart Shapiro, Anthony Shiver, Ted Sider, Peter Simons, Jereon
Smid, Alex Skiles, Barry Smith, Reed Solomon, Hsing-chien Tsai, Gabriel
Uzquiano, Peter van Inwagen, Zach Weber, and Jan Westerhoff. We would
also like to express a special note of thanks to our students at the University
of St Andrews and at Columbia University, particularly the participants in
the Arché Metaphysics Research Group, who provided detailed feedback on
the very first draft of the manuscript (Spring 2016), and the participants in a
graduate Mereology seminar held at Columbia, who did the same on a later
draft (Fall 2017). And many special thanks to Peter Momtchiloff at the Press,
both for his help and warm encouragement and for his patience through all
the phases of the project. Finally, we are deeply grateful to our families.
Without their unceasing and loving support, the project would never have
been completed, or even started.
The preparation of the book has benefited from financial support from the
Arché Research Centre at the University of St Andrews, from a 2017–2018
Leverhulme Research Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust, and from a
2019–2020 sabbatical leave from Columbia University and a Fellowship at
the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, which we acknowledge most gratefully.

n o t e For convenient reference, all labeled formulas corresponding to defi-

nitions, axioms, and theorems of mereological theories discussed in the text
are reproduced in a list at the end of the volume. In the electronic edition,
the labels of such formulas, when cited in the text, appear as active hyper-
links to the locations where the formulas themselves are first introduced.
LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 A spatial model for the main mereological relations 24

2.2 Cases where ¬Pxy 26
2.3 A boolean algebra 34
2.4 Three-atom powerset boolean algebra without ∅ 43
2.5 Two models of classical mereology 54
3.1 A self-part 59
3.2 A mereological loop 65
3.3 Parthood 2 without parthood 1 69
3.4 Mereological loop for composite objects 72
3.5 A cyclic model 77
3.6 Immediate and mediate parts 81
3.7 A non-transitive model with jump 91
4.1 Two failures of (Unique) Remainder 99
4.2 A model of Additive Remainder without remainders 100
4.3 A model of Remainder with missing complements 102
4.4 A case where neither −a nor a  amounts to a∗ 104
4.5 A model of Strong Complementation∗ with missing remainders 105
4.6 A model of Strong Supplementatiom with missing remainders 108
4.7 A model of Weak Supplementation without strong supplements 115
4.8 A model of Strict Supplementation without weak supplements 126
4.9 A failure of Weak Company 129
4.10 A model of Weak Company 129
4.11 A non-extensional, universalist model of Weak Company 130
4.12 Two more models of Weak Company 130
4.13 Two models of (Super-) Strong Company 131
4.14 Two models of Quasi-Supplementation 134
4.15 Two null objects? 136
4.16 An infinitely descending atomistic model 146
5.1 F∗ -type fusions but no F-type fusions 161
xvi list o f figu res

5.2 F-type fusions but no F  -type or F  -type fusions 163

5.3 F  -type fusions but no F-type or F  -type fusions 166
5.4 F  -type fusions but no F-type fusions 169
5.5 Relationships between types of fusion 173
5.6 Distinct fusions of different types 173
5.7 Common upper bounds and underlap with missing fusions 186
5.8 Uniqueness of F-type fusions versus PP-Extensionality 190
5.9 PP-Extensionality without F  -type and F  -type uniqueness 191
5.10 F-type and F  -type fusions violating CAI 195
5.11 A model violating Associativity 204
5.12 Atoms that are (solid) coatoms 222
5.13 An infinitely ascending coatomistic model 223
6.1 Objects with indeterminate parts 264
6.2 Parts and non-parts 276
6.3 Universal objects with distinct non-parts 277
 W H AT I S M E R E O L O G Y ? 1
Whole and part—partly concrete parts
and partly abstract parts—are at the bottom of everything.
They are most fundamental in our conceptual system.
— Kurt Gödel (reported in Wang, 1996, p. 295)

Mereology (from the Greek μέρος, meaning ‘share’, or ‘part’) is concerned

with the study of parthood relationships: relationships of part to whole and
of part to part within a common whole. The term itself was originally coined
in the last century by the Polish logician Stanisław Leśniewski to designate
a specific theory of such relationships, corresponding to the third compo-
nent of the formal system with which he aimed to provide a comprehensive
foundation for logic and mathematics1 (the other components being devoted
to a generalized theory of propositions and their functions, or Protothetic,
and to the logic of names and functors, or Ontology).2 Today, however, it is
common practice to speak of mereology with reference to any theory of part-
hood, and more generally to the broad field of inquiry within which such
theories originate, and in this book we shall follow suit. In fact, Leśniewski’s
own theory turned out to be enormously influential and will occupy us a
great deal, at least insofar as it can be isolated from the rest of his system,
but it is by no means the only one. More importantly, it certainly does not
epitomize the only way of doing mereology. To see why, and to better appre-
ciate the meaning and scope of mereology as we shall understand it here, it
will be instructive to begin with a brief look at the history of the subject.
1 See Leśniewski (1927–1931), p. 166 of part i; the Polish word is mereologia. As Simons (1997a,
fn. 4) notes, the term was probably chosen by Leśniewski as a variant of ‘merology’ (merolo-
gia), which was already in use to indicate the field of anatomy dealing with elemental tissues
and body fluids (see Robin, 1851, p. 16 for the original French coinage, mérologie, and Dungli-
son, 1857, p. 586 for the English conversion). Following Hutchinson (1978, pp. 214ff), today
‘merology’ is also used for the school of ecological thought that seeks to explain higher levels
of organization in terms of individual organisms (in contrast to the ‘holological’ school, which
focuses instead on the flow of energy and materials at the level of ecosystems).
2 Logically Protothetic comes first, followed by Ontology and then Mereology, though Leśniew-
ski worked out the three components in reverse order. For overviews of the overall system, see
Kearns (1967), Rickey (1977), Clay (1980), and Simons (2009a, 2015); for extensive studies, see
Luschei (1962), Miéville (1984), Urbaniak (2014a), and the essays in Srzednicki and Stachniak
(1984) (on Protothetic) and Srzednicki and Rickey (1984) (on Ontology).

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2 what is mereology?

1.1 a bit of history

As a general field of inquiry, mereology is actually as old as philosophy. Al-

ready among the Presocratics, metaphysical and cosmological controversies
focused to a great extent on the part-whole structure of the world, and some
of the main schools of thought may be seen as disagreeing precisely on a
mereological question, namely, whether everything, something, or nothing
has parts. Thus, the Eleatics held that Being is a uniform, ‘undivided whole’
(Parmenides) and that the very thought that there may be further parts, spa-
tial or temporal, would lead to paradox (Zeno); the Atomists maintained
that some things have parts, though all division must come to an end: at
bottom there must be a layer of partless things, or atoms (literally: ‘indivis-
ibles’), out of which everything else is composed (Democritus); and some
Pluralists went as far as claiming that all things, no matter what size, divide
forever into smaller and smaller parts (Anaxagoras). Similar concerns were
central also to other ancient traditions. The pluralist view, for instance, pre-
vailed among the Míngjiā, the Chinese school of logicians led by Huì Shı̄
and Gōngsūn Lóng, whereas the atomistic stance was prominent in Indian
philosophy, with the Vaiśes.ika cosmology of Kan.āda relying on atoms of
different elemental kinds and the Jain school championing a conception of
the world as consisting wholly of atoms, or Paramān.us, of just one sort,
except for souls.
In the Western tradition, metaphysical analyses in terms of parts and
wholes continue to figure prominently both in the writings of Plato (espe-
cially Parmenides, Theaetetus, and Timaeus) and in those of Aristotle (most
notably in the Metaphysics, where the hylomorphic theory of substances is
presented, but also throughout his logical and natural philosophical trea-
tises, such as the Topics, the Physics, and De partibus animalium, and even his
ethical treatises). In Hellenistic times, too, the Epicurean and Stoic schools
relied on claims about the kinds of parts and wholes that exist in order to
frame some of their central theses, or to challenge the views of their oppo-
nents. Chrysippus, for example, devoted one of his books to what came to
be known as the ‘growing paradox’, which he took from Epicharmus: how
can something gain or lose parts over time without ceasing to be the thing it
is? Similarly, we know from Plutarch’s Lives that the question of mereologi-
cal change was amply discussed in connection with the puzzle of the ship of
Theseus—the ship of the mythical king of Athens that was preserved down
to the time of Demetrius Phalereus by constantly replacing the old, decay-
ing parts with new and stronger timber. (And, again, this was not a question
exclusive to Western philosophy. According to the Nihon Shoki, for instance,
the Grand Shrine of Ise was established by the daughter of the Japanese
emperor Suinin precisely pursuant to the Shinto beliefs concerning the im-
 1.1 a bit of history 3

permanence of all things, with the two main temples being taken apart and
rebuilt on adjacent sites every twenty years.)
The interest in mereology continues throughout antiquity, as evidenced
e.g. by Neoplatonist thinkers such as Plotinus, Proclus, and Philoponus, and
especially Boethius, who played a crucial role in transmitting ancient views
on these matters to the Middle Ages through his treatises De divisione and
In Ciceronis Topica. Among medieval philosophers, mereological questions
were taken up extensively, for instance, by Garland the Computist and by
Peter Abelard, and eventually by all the major Scholastics: William of Sher-
wood, Peter of Spain, Thomas Aquinas, Ramon Llull, John Duns Scotus, Wal-
ter Burley, William of Ockham, Adam de Wodeham, Jean Buridan, Albert
of Saxony, and Paul of Venice, whose monumental treatise on ‘all possible
logic’, the Logica magna (1397–1398), contained ample sections devoted ex-
pressly to various forms of part-whole reasoning.
Mereological questions occupy a prominent place also in modern philos-
ophy, from Jungius’ Logica Hamburgensis (1638) and Cavendish’s Opinions
(1655) through Leibniz’s De arte combinatoria (1666) and Monadology (1714)
(and many shorter essays in between) to Wolff’s Ontologia (1730). Among
the Empiricists, they are central e.g. to the debate on infinite divisibility, wit-
ness Hume’s arguments in the Treatise (1739) and in the Enquiry (1748). And,
of course, we find mereological concerns in Kant, from the early writings
(e.g. the Monadologia physica of 1756) to the famous Second Antinomy in
the Critique of Pure Reason (1781–1787). Thesis: Every composite substance is
made up of simple parts, and nothing anywhere exists save the simple or
what is composed of the simple. Anti-thesis: No composite thing is made
up of simple parts, and there nowhere exists in the world anything simple.
With all this, it is not an exaggeration to say that mereological theorizing
forms a central chapter of philosophy throughout its history.3 Nonetheless
it should be noted that such extensive theorizing focused by and large on
substantive treatments of metaphysical questions concerning the actual part-
whole structure of the world. Few philosophers engaged in the systematic
study of part-whole relations as such, as if the properties of such relations
were in some sense obvious, or easily recoverable. For example, it is natural
to consider whether parthood behaves transitively, so that the parts of a

3 For a fuller picture, see Kaulbach et al. (1974), Burkhardt and Dufour (1991), and the historical
entries in Burkhardt et al. (2017). On ancient theories, especially Plato’s and Aristotle’s, see also
Bogaard (1979), Barnes (1988), Harte (2002), Koslicki (2006, 2008), and Arci (2012). On medieval
mereology, see Henry (1989, 1991a), Arlig (2011a,b, 2019), Normore and Brown (2014), and the
essays in Klima and Hall (2018) and Amerini et al. (2019). On modern views, see Costa (in press)
along with Peterman (2019) on Cavendish; Schmidt (1971), Burkhardt and Degen (1990), Cook
(2000), Hartz (2006), and Mugnai (2019) on Leibniz; Favaretti Camposampiero (2019a,b) on
Wolff; and Baxter (1988c), Jacquette (1996), and Holden (2002) on Hume. On Kant, see Bell
(2001) together with Van Cleve (1981), Engelhard (2005), Marschall (2019), and Watt (2019).
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D 20
Oct
11482 Finlay A Art 7D
26
Aug
6215 Fish L V “ 7B
20
179 July
4412 Fish H
A 31
52 Aug
5752 Fish F
K 15
12 Sept
9723 Fish J W, S’t Cav
C 25
17 Apr
279 Fish Wm
H 1
124 Oct
11651 Fisher C P
C 30
Sept
10049 Fisher Conrad Cav 1E
29
5104 Fisher Daniel 45 Aug
F 9
125 June
2389 Fisher D
K 24
59 Jan
12542 Fisher H 65
K 27
39 Oct
10966 Fisher L 64
D 15
Oct
10171 Fitch A 3F
1
24 Aug
4819 Fitch C Bat
- 5
111 July
3569 Fitzgerald N
C 19
24 Aug
6453 Fitzgerald Thos Bat
- 22
10 Jan
12400 Fitzpatrick Cav 65
G 5
100 Aug
6961 Fitzpatrick O 64
E 27
Aug
6500 Flagler Wm Art 7M
22
Sept
7452 Flanigan Ed “ 7C
1
40 Aug
5558 Flenigan P
D 13
22 Sept
8583 Fleming P Cav
E 12
Fletcher Wm, 13 Mar
190 Cav
Cor G 27
102 Jan
12537 Flintkoff F 65
E 27
774 Florence B 99 Apr 64
 H 28
76 Sept
7690 Fluke J
K 3
24 Sept
8379 Flynn J Bat
- 10
13 Nov
11958 Flynn J
K 11
71 Sept
9242 Flynn Wm
E 19
169 Sept
9283 Fohnsbelly C
A 19
Sept
8042 Folden H Art 7B
6
July
3987 Folet D Cav 1A
26
Oct
10841 Follard Jas “ 1 I
13
100 Aug
4807 Foulke Peter
F 5
112 Mar
175 Ford E B
K 26
13 Aug
7344 Foreber A Cav
F 31
77 Nov
11736 Foley F
B 2
85 June
1589 Forget G H, Cor
K 3
June
2470 Foster H Cav 1B
25
Apr
759 Foster J “ 5G
27
Apr
408 Foster James “ 2D
6
 6115 Fox A 49 Aug
K 19
152 Oct
11173 Fox D
A 19
15 July
2830 Fox M Art
K 3
57 Sept
9432 Frahworth F
I 21
11 Sept
8393 Frake S
G 10
July
2863 Francis P L Cav 2H
4
39 Sept
9997 Franklin J
I 28
22 July
4227 Franklin J C Cav
L 29
73 Oct
10484 Fraser J H
C 7
Oct
11353 Freilander C Cav 2B
23
52 Aug
4820 Freburg E
F 5
85 Aug
6619 Fredinburg Jas
H 23
30 Aug
6668 Free C
B 24
Oct
11363 French J Cav 2H
23
22 Oct
10968 French James “
G 15
Aug
6998 French John C “ 5H
27
1395 Freiser John 111 May
 K 2
111 Aug
5125 Frisby W L, Cor
B 9
16 Oct
11421 Frositer F Cav
L 24
49 July
3806 Fuller A
K 22
52 Oct
11638 Fuller C
H 30
85 July
3713 Fuller J B
F 21
18 Oct
11050 Fuller N
C 17
122 Oct
10295 Fuller W
A 4
39 Oct
10328 Funday F
B 4
62 Oct
10140 Fricks A
L 1
85 June
2472 Gagan Thos
C 25
Aug
5773 Gale George 2A
15
May
1148 Gallagher G Cav 5D
16
47 Aug
6106 Gallagher P
D 18
20 Aug
4699 Gallewin Thos Art
F 4
Oct
10489 Galush W Cav 5F
7
Sept
7678 Gandley J “ 3F
3
6993 Gannon S Art 7E Aug
27
94 Apr
385 Gansey ——
B 5
52 Oct
1153 Gardner H
A 19
155 Aug
5251 Gardner R
K 10
132 May
982 Gardner H
E 9
104 May
1313 Gardner O
C 24
Sept
9206 Gardner Wm Cav 7 I
18
46 Sept
7926 Garlock Jno
B 5
126 Sept
8982 Gaman J
H 17
40 Sept
8383 Garney C
A 10
95 Aug
7033 Garry Jas 64
C 27
65 June
2688 Garrison J
H 30
22 Aug
7216 Gartill H Cav
L 29
169 Aug
7044 Gartland ——
- 27
32 Mar
94 Garbey Jno
K 22
82 Oct
10539 Gatiff H
D 8
5270 Garette C 134 Aug
 G 10
142 Aug
6868 Gear Jas
A 26
95 Aug
7120 Gees A
I 28
39 Sept
7930 Geiser Chas
D 5
6 Sept
8878 Gemminge J Art
- 16
65 Sept
7650 Gesler Jas
E 3
11 Aug
6728 Gian Benj
- 24
Oct
10967 Gibbs Chas Art 4B
15
22 Aug
6259 Gibbs M H Cav
E 20
170 July
3218 Gibson J
A 12
82 Nov
12017 Gibson J
I 15
115 Aug
6942 Giddings J
H 26
111 June
2042 Gifford H N
- 15
43 July
4185 Gilbert E
D 28
22 Oct
10925 Gilbert E Cav
B 14
111 June
1834 Gilbert J
K 11
85 Oct
11270 Gillis G
G 21
10160 Gill Jno F Cav 1B Oct
1
111 June
2413 Gill Jas
K 24
107 July
3339 Gillen M
E 15
85 Sept
7898 Gillett Wm
F 5
17 Dec
12345 Gilmore M
B 27
Gimrich P, July
3106 C 2K
Bugler 10
June
1678 Gleick Wm Cav 1A
6
97 July
3946 Gleason Thos
D 25
16 Oct
10336 Goaner F
K 4
104 June
2553 Goffney J
D 27
Sept
8639 Goldsmith Wm 2F
13
104 July
2962 Gond E
C 6
147 Aug
7088 Goodbread J F
B 28
122 Jan
12529 Goodell F, Cor 65
K 26
Goodenough 140 July
4145 64
Jas, Cor D 28
154 Aug
7342 Goodman J A
A 31
3042 Goodrich F 154 July
 B 8
Goodrich Geo, Aug
4561 Cav 2D
Cor 2
June
1415 Gorman G Art 3K
17
64 Sept
8228 Goodnow J
I 9
49 Feb
12604 Golt C 65
D 7
132 June
2203 Goss Jas 64
G 19
61 July
3322 Gould Richard
D 14
146 Nov
11985 Gough H
B 13
147 July
3765 Gower J
B 22
14 Oct
10499 Graff F Cav
M 8
15 Sept
9347 Graham J “
L 20
12 Aug
7089 Graham Wm “
F 28
52 Sept
10093 Grampy M J
D 30
111 June
2640 Grandine D S
E 29
98 July
3638 Granger A
I 20
107 Aug
5798 Granger John
H 15
62 July
4131 Granner H
I 28
3212 Grant C 96 July
B 12
125 July
3875 Grant James, S’t
K 24
Aug
6449 Grant J K 9D
22
42 Sept
9511 Grass H
G 22
Dec
12200 Graves E Cav 2 I
1
Aug
4787 Graves W F 2H
5
Aug
5354 Gray John Art 6H
11
85 May
1342 Green E
C 24
146 Jan
12522 Green H W 65
E 26
109 Oct
10277 Green J H 64
K 3
76 Aug
6863 Greer John
B 26
154 Aug
5202 Green O 64
G 10
Greenman J S, June
2184 Cav 2D
S’t 19
120 Sept
7634 Gregory A D L
E 2
61 July
4322 Gregory John
E 30
Sept
7492 Gregory L Art 7M
1
7201 Grenals H 70 Aug
 F 29
Oct
11502 Griffin J B Cav 7D
26
40 July
3816 Griffin John
H 23
52 Aug
5766 Griffin N
F 15
24 July
3101 Griffith A Bat
- 10
85 Oct
11185 Griffith E P
D 19
69 Sept
8351 Gilmartin A
- 10
Griswold B F, 109 July
3815
Cor F 23
47 May
1220 Groncly M
E 19
68 Oct
10944 Gross C
E 14
140 Sept
9553 Gross J
I 24
151 Sept
9981 Gross J
B 29
49 July
3092 Groven Josh
F 10
73 Oct
10997 Grundy R J
G 16
Oct
10813 Gunan Wm Cav 8D
12
95 Aug
5867 Gundaloch F
A 16
12 May
1459 Gunn Calvin Cav
G 29
6651 Gunnahan J 85 Aug
G 23
Sept
9372 Gunnell Jno Cav 2B
20
154 Sept
8317 Guile A L, S’t
C 10
15 Nov
12145 Guyer F Art
A 24
69 Dec
12328 Gwin Chas
H 24
12 Aug
6495 Hack J
K 22
43 Oct
10194 Hackett C
C 2
12 June
2623 Hackett —— Cav
F 28
Aug
7113 Hackett J Art 7D
28
10 Aug
6876 Hagate Jacob Cav
F 26
52 Aug
4677 Hager ——
H 4
59 July
3646 Hager J
B 20
147 Aug
6869 Hagerty Wm
E 26
20 Sept
8275 Hadden C
- 9
14 Apr
473 Haddish T
A 9
Sept
7721 Hadsell F Art 2L
3
8924 Haight J E “ 8H Sept
 16
89 July
2887 Hair G
A 4
85 Oct
11036 Halbert A H, Cor
D 16
July
3342 Halbert L 1D
15
12 Mch
170 Haline Gotfred C
K 26
Oct
11310 Hall C Drag 1H
28
12 June
2214 Hall Chas Cav
K 20
109 Aug
5003 Hall Chas
G 8
40 Jan
12370 Hall C W 65
I 1
111 May
870 Hall Ed 64
C 3
July
2846 Hall Jas Cav 9E
3
109 Aug
4459 Hall Jno
E 1
14 Sept
9661 Hall S Cav
L 24
Sept
7731 Hall W C Cav 8K
3
Sept
7819 Hall William 2K
4
145 Oct
10865 Hallembeck S
B 13
146 July
4175 Halloway J
D 28
9253 Halpin P 68 Sept
- 19
134 Oct
11049 Halper Jno
F 17
132 Sept
8213 Hamilton H
D 8
111 Jan
12405 Hamilton J 65
G 6
Sept
10032 Hamilton Jno Art 6L 64
29
Aug
6601 Hamilton Thos Art 6L
23
66 Aug
5634 Hammond M
G 14
May
1104 Hand L Cav 5C
15
180 Sept
9862 Hanlon Thos
F 27
169 Oct
11076 Hand H S
A 17
July
3589 Hanks J Cav 1L
19
22 July
3857 Hanley D
B 24
29 Jan
12448 Hanley Wm 65
D 13
Aug
6009 Hancock R Cav 2D 64
17
12 May
1207 Hanor Frank
G 19
67 Aug
6432 Hansom C
F 22
11149 Hardy J 95 Oct
 C 19
Sept
9363 Hardy I, S’t Cav 5 I
20
95 Sept
10101 Hardy W
E 30
Hannom Jno, 164 Sept
7929
Cor I 5
85 May
1411 Haines Philip
I 27
95 June
2383 Harp M
I 23
126 Sept
8323 Harper J
G 10
52 Oct
10115 Hanen F J
C 1
63 Aug
5550 Harris C
E 13
Aug
5482 Haynes H Cav 5 I
13
85 Aug
6784 Harris Thos
C 25
July
4056 Harris V S Cav 8M
27
71 May
1378 Harrington Pat
D 26
76 Oct
10384 Harrison Henry
K 5
14 Sept
8362 Harrison O
K 10
143 June
2726 Harry A
K 26
109 Aug
4705 Hart D R
D 4
5148 Hart J Cav 12 Aug
F 15
Oct
11524 Hart J Art 7K
21
146 Sept
8287 Hart S, Cor
B 9
22 Sept
8337 Hart S Cav
M 10
40 Aug
7432 Hartman J N
H 31
April
766 Harty John Cav 2M
27
39 Oct
10812 Hasket A
I 12
119 Sept
8758 Hasler M
C 14
49 Nov
11947 Hass J F
F 10
24 June
1891 Hathaway Chas Bat
- 13
Oct
10878 Hanse John Cav 1L
13
6 June
2262 Haveland H Art
- 21
22 Oct
11461 Havens Geo
G 25
141 July
3826 Havens H
A 23
104 Aug
4814 Havens S, S’t
A 5
66 July
8523 Haverslight H
E 18
11629 Hawley W L Cav 2D Oct
 28
76 Oct
10646 Hawley F
E 11
Aug
5355 Hayatt L P, Cor Cav 1A
11
Nov
11786 Hayes C 2F
4
69 Sept
8022 Hayes Edward
G 6
Sept
9080 Hayes J 6A
18
39 Oct
10904 Hayes James
E 14
35 Oct
1264 Hayes P
H 21
Sept
9134 Head Thos Art 6A
18
July
3394 Haynes W C Art 6G
16
125 Oct
10220 Hayner L
H 2
66 Oct
10662 Heacock R, S’t
H 11
47 July
3581 Hecker C
C 19
Aug
6181 Heddle Wm Cav 5M
19
132 July
3155 Hefferman D
C 11
63 Sept
8135 Helafsattan J
K 8
Oct
11382 Helf J C Cav 1G
24
6828 Heller D Art 14 Aug
- 25
85 Aug
7330 Henderson N J
K 30
100 Oct
10206 Hendfest J B
K 2
15 Oct
11380 Henertes B
I 24
Nov
11733 Hilbert G 5E
2
Sept
8336 Hennesy M Art 3K
10
85 Aug
7196 Henyon W
H 29
Oct
10870 Heratage Thos 8C
13
111 Mch
196 Herget Jno
A 27
Hermance F C, 20 July
3119 StM
Cor A 10
100 Nov
11996 Hermance J
C 13
39 Aug
4496 Herrick Chas
M 1
140 Aug
6627 Henning C
I 23
69 Oct
10566 Hestolate Jno 64
- 9
Nov
12104 Hewes J Cav 1A
20
100 Oct
11193 Hewes R, Cor
C 20
7605 Hicks W H 99 Sept
 I 2
52 Mch
99 Hietzel C
B 22
43 Sept
9937 Higgins J
G 28
99 May
888 Higgins Wm
B 4
85 July
4058 Higley Geo
F 27
85 Sept
7652 Hildreth H
K 3
88 July
3698 Hildreth L C
D 21
44 April
777 Hill A A
G 28
Sept
8643 Hill A J, Cor 2F
13
July
8970 Hill Frank Cav 2K
25
22 Nov
11998 Hill L
B 13
24 Nov
11912 Hill Wm Cav
E 8
85 July
3316 Hillman Geo
B 14
126 Aug
4454 Hines J
G 1
140 Sept
9060 Hingman A
G 17
Mch
31 Hinkley B Cav 9B
9
Aug
6255 Hinkley D “ 1E
20