Circuit Theory II – Lab 2 Homework

Name: Hadassah Dorothy Auma Omeddo

Admission number: 161245

Group: 3

A) Lag network
Using op-amps:
Voltage gain, T(s) = Vo (s)

V i (s)

We apply KCL at the nodes to determine the ratio of the output voltage to
the input voltage. Since it is in the s-domain, the resistance is expressed
1
by R while the capacitance is expressed by
sC

t - domain s - domain
R1 R1
R2 R2
R3 R3
R4 R4
C1 1
sC 1
C2 1
sC 2

At node a:

Since the capacitor and resistor are in parallel for R 1 and C1, the
impedance is given by:
1
R1×
Product sC 1
∑ ¿¿ = R 1+
1
sC 1

The case is similar to R2 and C2 , thus impedance is:

1
R2×
Product sC 2
=
∑ ¿¿ R 2+
1
sC 2
V
From Ohm’s Law, I =
Z

Applying KCL at node a:

Vi - 0 + Vm – 0 =0
1 1
R1× R2×
sC 1 sC 2
1 1
R 1+ R 2+
sC 1 sC 2
At node b:

Vm – 0 + V0 – 0 =0

R3 R4

Therefore,

Vm = - V0

R3 R4

Thus Vm = - V0R3

R4
−VoR 3
Replacing the value Vm found into the equation at node a gives:
R4
Vi + -V0R3/R4 =0
1 1
R1× R2×
sC 1 sC 2
1 1
R 1+ R 2+
sC 1 sC 2

Vi = - -V0R3/R4 = V0R3/R4
1 1 1
R1× R2× R2×
sC 1 sC 2 sC 2
1 1 1
R 1+ R 2+ R 2+
sC 1 sC 2 sC 2

1 1
Vi ×(R 1+ ) V 0 R 3 ×(R 2+ )
sC 1 sC 2
=
1 1
R1× R 4 × R 2×
sC 1 sC 2

Dividing both sides of the equation by Vi :

1 1
R 1+ V 0 R 3 ×(R 2+ )
sC 1 sC 2
=
1 1
R1× Vi × R 4 × R 2 ×
sC 1 sC 2
V0
Making the subject of the formula to find the voltage gain:
Vi
 1 1
R 4×R2× (R 1+ )
Vo sC 2 sC 1
=
Vi 1 1
R 3 × R 1× (R 2+ )
sC 1 sC 2

1 ( R 1 × R 1 ) sC 1+ R 1
R 4×R2× ( )
Vo sC 2 R1 sC 1
=
Vi 1 ( R 2× R 2 ) sC 2+ R 2
R 3 × R 1× ( )
sC 1 R 2 sC 2

Vo R 4 × R 2 × ( R 1 R1 sC 1+ R 1 ) × sC 1 × R 2 sC 2
=
Vi R 3 × R 1× ( R 2 R 2 sC 2+ R 2 ) × sC 2× R 1 sC 1

Vo R 4 ×C 1× R 1 ( R 1 sC 1+1 ) × R 2 × R 2 sC 2 ×s
=
Vi R 3 ×C 2 × R 2 ( R 2 sC 2+1 ) × R 1 × R 1 sC 1× s

s Vo(ω) Vo(s)
By multiplying by , it changes from frequency response to
s Vi(ω) Vi (s)
transfer functio
R 1 sC 1+1
R 4C 1×s×
Vo R 1 sC 1
=
Vi R 2 sC 2+1
R 3 C 2× s ×
R 2 sC 2
1
R 4 C 1(s+ )
Vo(s) R1C1
= Hence proven!
Vi (s) 1
R 3 C 2(s+ )
R 2C 2

Substituting:

R1 = 8.2kΩ C1 = 8.2nF

R2 = 33kΩ C2 = 10 nF

R3 = 8.2kΩ s = jω
R4 = 10kΩ

Calculate and fill the following table:

ω in 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 10000 1000000 100000

rads/sec 0 00
13.5296 13.5296 13.5296 13.5338 13.9767 1.2829 -0.0929 -9.1806×10-4 -9.1796
×10-6
20 log|
T(ω)|
(calculate

< T(ω)
d)
-1.5055 - -0.1505 -1.5055 - - -6.7234 -0.6784 -0.06784
(calculate ×10-3 0.01505 14.4161 39.2247
d)
 1 1
10 kΩ ×8.2 nF ×( j ω+ ) jω+ −5
Vo( ω) 8.2 kΩ ×8.2 nF 6.724 ×10
Thus T ( ω )= = = =
Vi (ω) 1 1
8.2 kΩ ×10 nF ( jω + ) jω+
33 kΩ × 10 nF 3.3× 10−4
jω+14872.10
jω+3030.30
2
( jω )2 +(1

|T(ω)| = √
−5
)
6.724 × 10
2
1
( jω )2 +( −4
)
3.3 ×10
2
1
( jω )2 +(
20log|T(ω)| =20log √
−5
)
6.724 × 10
2
1
( jω )2 +( )
3.3 ×10−4

Since the square root is equivalent to ^1/2 it becomes:

2
1
( jω )2 +(
= 20log|T(ω)| = 10 log = 10log
)
6.724 × 10−5 2
−ω + 2.2118 ×10
8
|T(ω)|dB 2 2 6
1 −ω +9.8127 × 10
( jω )2 +( )
3.3 ×10−4

20log|T(ω)| for:

0.1 = 13.5296 1000 = 13.9767

1= 13.5296 10000 = 1.2829

10 = 13.5296 100000= -0.0929

100 = 13.5338 1000000 = -9.1806×10-4

10000000 = -9.1796×10-6

Then

< T(ω) = -90°+ tan-1 –( -90°+ tan-1 ¿=¿ tan-1 - tan-1

ω ω ω
14872.10 3030.30 14872.10
ω
¿
3030.30

< T(ω) for :

0.1= 3.8526×10-4 – 1.8908×10-3 1= 3.8526×10-3 – 1.8908×10-2

10 = 3.8526×10-2 – 1.8908×10-1 10000 = 33.9169 – 73.1416

100 = 3.8526×10-1 – 1.8901 100000 = 81.5409 – 88.2643

1000 = 3.8468 – 1.8263×101 1000000 = 89.1480 – 89.8264

10000000 = 89.9148 - 89.9826

Use MATLAB to plot the bode Frequency Response:

Simulate your design in proteus:

B) Lead Network
 V o (s)
T ( s )=Voltage Gain=
V i (s)

Show that voltage gain is given by;

V o (s)
V i (s )

1
(s+ )
V o (s) R1 C
T ( s )=Voltage gain= =
V i (s) 1 1
(s+ + )
R1 C R 2 C

If R1=250,000 Ω , R2=62,200 , C=8.2 nF

We apply KVL around the loop to determine the ratio of the output voltage
to the input voltage. Since it is in the s-domain, the resistance is
1
expressed by R while the capacitance is expressed by .
sC

t - domain s - domain
R1 R1
R2 R2
C 1
sC

From Ohm’s law = V = I×Z

Since the capacitor and resistor are in parallel for R 1 and C, the impedance
is given by:
 1
R1×
Product sC
∑ ¿¿ = R 1+
1
sC

Therefore:

Let the current passing through the circuit be i:

1
+ i ×R2 = 0
R1×
sC
-Vi +i×
1
R 1+
sC

But V0 = iR2
V0
i=
R2
1
× ×R2 = 0
R1×
V0 sC V0
-Vi + +
R2 1 R2
R 1+
sC
1
R 1×
sC
Vi = V0( +1 ¿
1
R 2 (R1+ )
sC
1
R 1×
Vi sC
= +1
V0 1
R 2 (R1+ )
sC
1
= ×( +1)= R 1 sC+1 =
R 1× sR 1
V i(s ) s sC sC × sR 1
V 0 (s ) s 1 sC × sR 2( ) sC × sR 2 R 1 sC + sR 2
R 2 (R1+ ) sC
sC

1
s+
V o(s ) sC × sR 2 R 1 sC + sR R1C
= =( ) Hence proven!
V i (s ) sC × sR 1 1 1
s+ +
R1C R2C

Substituting:

R1 = 250kΩ C = 8.2nF

R2 = 62.2kΩ s = jω
 Calculate and fill the following table:

ω in 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 10000 1000000 1000000

rads/sec 0 0
- - - - -6.0685 1.6698 1.6694×10-5 1.6686×10-7
12.3438 12.3439 12.3456 12.5196 0.1706 ×10-3
20 log|
T(ω)|
(calculate

< T(ω)
d)
9.4099 9.4099 - 9.2464 41.7807 10.9652 1.1231 0.1124 0.01123
(calculate ×10-3 ×10-2 0.94039
d)

1
j ω+
Vo( ω) 250 kΩ × 8.2nF
Thus T ( ω )= =( ¿ =(
Vi (ω) 1 1
j ω+ +
250 kΩ × 8.2nF 62.2 kΩ × 8.2 nF
1
jω + −3
2.05× 10 j ω+ 487.80
)=
1 1 j ω+2448.44
jω+ −3
+
2.05× 10 5.1004 × 10− 4

( )
2
( j ω ) 2+ 1
2.05× 10−3
|T(ω)| =√(
( )( )
2 2
1 1
( j ω )2 + +
2.05 ×10−3 5.1004 × 10−4 ¿
¿

( )
2
( j ω ) 2+ 1

20log|T(ω)|= 20log√(
−3
2.05× 10
= 10log
( )( )
2 2
1 1
( j ω )2 + −3
+ −4 ¿
2.05 ×10 5.1004 × 10
¿

( )
2
( jω )2+ 1
−3
2.05 ×10
¿
( )( )
2 2
1 1
( j ω )2 + +
2.05 ×10−3 5.1004 × 10−4 ∨¿ ¿
¿

( )
2
2 1
−ω + −3
2.05 ×10
= 10log¿
( )( )
2 2
2 1 1
−ω + +
2.05 × 10−3
5.1004 × 10−4 ∨¿ ¿
¿
= [10log( -ω 2+2.3795×10 5) – 10log( -ω 2+2.3795×10 5+ 3.8441×10 6)]

< T(ω) = -90°+ tan-1 –( -90°+ tan-1 ¿=¿ tan-1 - tan-1

ω ω ω
487.80 2448.44 487.80
ω
¿
2448.44

< T(ω) for :

0.1= 0.01175 – 2.3401×10-3 10000 = 87.2073 – 76.2421

1= 0.1175 – 2.3401×10-2 100000 = 89.7205 – 88.5974

10 = 1.1744 – 2.3401×10-1 1000000 = 89.9721 – 89.8597

100 = 11.5852– 2.3388 10000000 = 89.9972 - 89.9860

1000 = 63.9969 – 22.2162

Use MATLAB to plot the bode Frequency Response:

Simulate your design in proteus:

Equipment to be used in the laboratory :
 2 AD8014Operational Amplifier
 2 resistors of 8.2k Ohms
 1 resistor of 33k Ohms
 1 resistor of 10k Ohms
 1 capacitor of 10nF
 1 capacitor of 8.2nF
 1 oscilloscope
 1 Function generator
 1 resistor of 250k Ohms
 1 resistor of 62.2k Ohms